CN110267689A - 准备移植物方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及准备由动物或人类组织获得的移植物的方法。在此，将所述移植物首先存放在第一液体中，所述第一液体含有至少一种引发和/或活化胶原交联的物质。在从第一液体中除去该移植物后，对被第一液体润湿的移植物施以紫外辐射，然后施以加速低能电子。
Description
在人类医学中，越来越经常地使用动物或人类来源的移植物，以延长人类的寿命时长和/或提高他们的生活品质。在将该移植物装入接受人员之前准备这种移植物的挑战是将待移植的组织的灭菌与生物功能性和生物相容性的维持相组合。如果移植物与活组织直接接触对其代谢没有负面影响，则它们是生物相容的。这涉及人或动物来源的所有可移植组织。这里示例性地可以提及心脏瓣膜、筋膜、脑膜、肌腱、韧带、皮肤、血管、骨骼和角膜。
基于胶原的移植物在身体中经受由于基质金属蛋白酶所致的降解，如描述在Goo;Hwang; Choi; Cho; Suh; Development of collagenase-resistant collagen and itsinteraction with adult human dermal fibroblasts, Biomaterials 24, 2003, 第5099-5113页。通过有针对性地使用交联剂，可以影响降解速率。在Arcidiacono; Corvi;Severiist, Functional analysis of bioprosthetic heart valves, Journal ofBiomechanics 38, 2005, 第1483-1490页中公开了心包组织可以通过使用有毒的戊二醛以化学的方式交联并然后用作生物心脏瓣膜假体的材料。在此，戊二醛交联同时还降低组织的抗原性、提高机械稳定性和起消毒作用。尽管这些优点，也存在在这种操作方式中指出由于戊二醛交联所致的材料加速钙化的公开物（Gendler; Nimni, Toxic reactionsevoked by glutaraldehyde-fixed pericardium and cardiac valve tissuebioprosthesis, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 第18卷, 1984, 第727-736页）。
由于钙化和降解，严重限制瓣膜的作用寿命。取决于患者的年龄，直至戊二醛交联的瓣膜假体失效的平均时间为10至15年。
作为化学交联的替代方案，已知移植物组织的物理改性。胶原的交联例如通过在110℃的真空炉中干热（dehydrothermal）处理3至5天来实现（Weadock; Olson; Silver,Evaluation of Collagen Crosslinking Techniques, Biomaterials, MedicalDevices, and Artificial Organs, 第11卷, 第4期, 1983, 第293-318页）。该方法的优点在于它不引起细胞毒性副作用并且导致经处理的胶原的足够高的拉伸强度。相反，几天的长治疗时间以及胶原的变性和降解是不利的。
另一种交联方法是用UV辐射处理胶原纤维，该处理通常只导致发生在表面的改性，Weadock, Miller, Bellincampi, Zawadsky, Dunn, Physical crosslinking ofCollagen fibers: Comparison of ultraviolet Irradiation and dehydrothermaltreatment, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 第29卷, 1995, 第1373-1379页。相反，缺点是这一方法也导致降解的事实。
还已知通过γ射线将含胶原的材料进行改性。与UV射线相反，γ射线具有非常长的能量范围（da Silva Aquino, Sterilization by Gamma Irradiation, GammaRadiation, 2012, 第171-206页）并且因此通常辐射穿过包括包装的整个基底。除了所需的胶原交联和基底灭菌之外，该方法还伴随着材料中的严重降解和变性现象。
最后，US 6 203 755 B1描述了用高能电子束对生物组织进行灭菌。在此，使用具有MeV范围的能量的加速电子。在该操作方式中不利的是胶原多肽链的构型的变化。
因此，本发明所基于的技术问题是提供准备动物或人类来源的移植物的方法，借助于该方法可以克服现有技术的缺点。特别地，通过本发明方法还应该可以实现移植物中胶原的良好交联和移植物的灭菌，而不使用有毒物质，并在此保持移植物的生物相容性。
该技术问题的解决方案由具有权利要求1的特征的主题产生。由从属权利要求获知本发明的其它有利实施方式。
在准备由动物或人类组织获得的移植物的本发明方法中，将所述移植物首先存放在第一液体中，其中在第一液体中含有至少一种引发和/或活化胶原交联的物质。作为这种物质，例如可以使用酶、氨基酸和/或糖。当光引发剂用作引发和/或活化胶原交联的物质时，对于本发明的方法是特别有利的。光引发剂被理解为是指化学化合物，其在吸收紫外光后在光解反应中分解，并在此形成反应性物类，其又可以引发或活化反应。作为光引发剂，例如可以使用维生素，例如核黄素。
移植物在第一液体中的存放（其中应该用第一液体和其中包含的光引发剂充分浸渍该移植物）可以取决于移植物的性质而包括几分钟直至数天的时长。可以通过实验室实验来确定在具体任务中何种时长是适宜的。
经过用于用第一液体充分浸渍移植物的时间后，从第一液体中除去移植物，并在仍被第一液体润湿的状态下尽可能对该移植物的整个表面施以波长范围为310 nm至450nm的电磁辐射，即紫外辐射，以实现移植物中胶原的交联。第一液体中含有的在存放在第一液体中时被该移植物吸收的物质在此具有辅助作用。对该移植物整面施以紫外（UV）辐射可以例如通过如下方式实现：通过用多个UV辐射源全面地同时辐射该移植物，或通过用一个或多个UV辐射源对该移植物的不同表面区域相继施以紫外辐射。在本发明方法的一个实施方案中，对移植物施以紫外辐射是通过100 mJ/cm2至2500 mJ/cm2 的剂量进行的。
本发明方法还包括对该移植物的整个表面施以加速低能电子的方法步骤，其在对该移植物施以紫外辐射之后进行。通过对该移植物施以加速低能电子，该移植物一方面灭菌，另一方面施以加速低能电子导致提高移植物中胶原的交联程度。
在另一个实施方案中，将所述移植物在施以紫外辐射和施以加速低能电子之间存放在第二液体中。当在对基底施以紫外辐射和对基底施以加速低能电子之间设置更大的时长（这伴随着移植物的干燥）时，则是特别有利的。在这种情况下，当第二液体也含有引发和/或活化胶原交联的物质，由此在施以加速低能电子的过程中辅助该移植物中胶原的进一步交联时，是有利的。
在另一种选项中，在将该移植物放入例如可由塑料、金属或玻璃构成的包装中后，才对该移植物施以加速低能电子。
下面参考实施例更详细地解释本发明。应将猪的心包组织准备作为移植物。为此，首先用已知的方法步骤除去心包组织的毗邻组织残余物以及心包组织的所有细胞成分。心包组织的在该处理后剩余的成分在下面被称为移植物。
根据本发明，将移植物存放在含有2％葡聚糖T500的浓度为260 μmol/l的核黄素溶液中20小时的时长，以用光引发剂核黄素充分浸渍该移植物。如果在本发明方法中使用核黄素作为光引发剂，例如浓度为0.1 μmol/l至300 mmol/l的核黄素溶液适合作为第一液体。此后，从该核黄素溶液中除去移植物，并对仍被核黄素溶液润湿的扁平（flächig）移植物从两面上施以功率密度为0.3 mW/cm2 的紫外辐射各30分钟，以导致该移植物中的胶原交联。
根据本发明，所述移植物中的胶原的进一步交联以及该移植物的灭菌通过如下方式实现：通过在用UV辐射处理之后在工作室中对该移植物在两面上施以加速低能电子。为了维持该移植物的生物功能性，在本发明的方法中仅使用低能电子。在这种情况下，使用能量为100 keV至500 keV的加速电子，并且对该移植物施以低能电子根据本发明是通过1kGy至500 kGy的剂量进行的。
在该实施例中，在工作室中使用大气压，并且使处于工作室中的空气富含氮气，直至设定最多100 ppm的氧气含量。或者，根据本发明，在对该移植物施以加速低能电子时，也可以工作室中设定其它压力情况，并且也可以将其它气体或气体混合物引入工作室中。适用于本发明方法的是例如空气、氦气、氩气、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、一氧化氮、氧气、氖气、甲烷、氪气、氢气、或至少两种上述组分的混合物。
本发明的方法仅示例性地参考心包组织来描述，但不限于该组织类型。相反，本发明的方法适用于动物和人类来源的所有可移植的组织类型。在此示例性地列出心脏瓣膜组织、筋膜组织、脑膜组织、肌腱组织、韧带组织、皮肤组织、血管组织、骨骼组织和角膜组织。
在将本发明的方法应用于不同组织类型的移植物组织时可以提供实验证据，即在不使用有毒物质并且在维持生物相容性的情况下也可以实现移植物中胶原的非常好的交联和移植物的灭菌。在根据本发明准备的移植物组织中，仅可以发现轻微的至完全不发现组织钙化，因为在本发明方法中不使用促进钙化的物质戊二醛。因此可以认为该移植物具有更长的保质期。
Claims (10)
1.准备由动物或人类组织获得的移植物的方法，其特征在于以下方法步骤，
a) 将所述移植物存放在第一液体中，所述第一液体含有引发和/或活化胶原交联的物质；
b) 从第一液体中除去移植物，并对被第一液体润湿的移植物施以紫外辐射；
c) 对所述移植物施以加速低能电子。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于，酶、氨基酸和/或糖用作引发和/或活化胶原交联的物质。
3.根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于，光引发剂用作引发和/或活化胶原交联的物质。
4.根据权利要求3的方法，其特征在于，维生素用作光引发剂。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，对所述移植物施以紫外辐射是在所述移植物的整个表面上进行的。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，对所述移植物施以紫外辐射是通过100 mJ/cm2至2500 mJ/cm2 的剂量进行的。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，使用能量为100 keV至500keV的加速电子。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，对基底的表面区域施以低能电子是通过1 kGy至500 kGy的剂量进行的。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，将所述移植物在施以紫外辐射和施以加速低能电子之间存放在第二液体中。
10.根据权利要求7的方法，其特征在于使用第二液体，所述第二液体含有引发和/或活化胶原交联的物质。
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| PCT/EP2017/079364 WO2018091553A1 (de) | 2016-11-16 | 2017-11-15 | Verfahren zum aufbereiten eines transplantates |
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| US6203755B1 (en) * | 1994-03-04 | 2001-03-20 | St. Jude Medical, Inc. | Electron beam sterilization of biological tissues |
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| EP3541441A1 (de) | 2019-09-25 |
| CN110267689B (zh) | 2022-10-04 |
| US20200054004A1 (en) | 2020-02-20 |
| DE102016121982B3 (de) | 2017-11-09 |
| WO2018091553A1 (de) | 2018-05-24 |
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