CN110266416A - A kind of double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol coexisted towards multiple wireless body area networks - Google Patents
A kind of double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol coexisted towards multiple wireless body area networks Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
- H04B17/30—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels
- H04B17/382—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels for resource allocation, admission control or handover
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/04—Wireless resource allocation
- H04W72/044—Wireless resource allocation based on the type of the allocated resource
- H04W72/0446—Resources in time domain, e.g. slots or frames
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/50—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources
- H04W72/54—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on quality criteria
- H04W72/541—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on quality criteria using the level of interference
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/50—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources
- H04W72/56—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on priority criteria
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/50—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources
- H04W72/56—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on priority criteria
- H04W72/566—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on priority criteria of the information or information source or recipient
Abstract
The invention discloses one kind towards multiple wireless body area networks (Wireless Body Area Network, WBAN the double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol (the Medium Access Control) coexisted, MAC), using two layers of scheduling mode, first layer carries out channel distribution using the stronger data center of computing capability, interference matrix is established for each WBAN network, using new channel selection algorithm, different channels are distributed into the WBAN there may be interference, avoid interference, in the second layer, according to WBAN interior nodes service priority and arrival rate self-adjusted block time slot.The advantage that the present invention is big using multi-channel transmission handling capacity, delay is low improves the performance of original IEEE 802.15.6 agreement, to improve the network performance in the case of WBAN network-intensive.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of communication technology, in particular to a kind of double-deck multichannel coexisted towards multiple wireless body area networks
Dispatch MAC protocol.
Background technique
Wireless body area network (Wireless Body Area Network, WBAN) is one kind centered on human body and in small model
Enclose the interior wireless network for keeping high reliability, it by a central node and it is several utilize with central node wireless signal connect and
Depend on or be implanted in the sensor node composition of human body.Wireless network, wearable device the technology of WBAN in the groove gradually
It has been developed that, the efficient and convenient inherent characteristic of round-the-clock monitoring key health data is designed to, but also WBAN exists
Wide intensification is promptly opened up in the application in health monitoring field.Thus, WBAN leading health monitoring technique (e-healthcare) at
In order to alleviate contradictory effective means between limited medical resource and increasingly serious Aging Problem.
However, the internet interference problem of tradition WBAN has seriously affected the internetworking of WBAN in WBAN intensive region
Can, the reliability of transmission is reduced, the delay of transmission is increased, becomes a major challenge of medical diagnosis on disease and health monitoring.?
Under many crowded scenes, such as hospital and sanatorium, this defect causes the incomplete or overtime of medical data transmission.
Therefore we are badly in need of the interference between the novel scheduling mechanism reduction WBAN of one kind, to improve overall network performance.
Currently, some interference deduction and exemption mechanism have been proposed for improving network performance, such as:
(1) using between the beacon based on time division multiple acess access (Time Division Multiple Address, TDMA)
Every adjustable strategies.Such as researcher S.Kim (S.Kim, J.W.Kim, and D.S.Eom.A beacon interval
shifting scheme for interference mitigation in body area networks,Sensors,
Vol.12, no.8, pp.10930-10946,2012.) propose one kind before beacon frame be added carrier monitoring to avoid wake up week
Collision between interim WBAN is to reduce interference, but the beacon frame between difference WBAN is it is possible to because can not know it
The switchover policy of his WBAN and generate interference.
(2) WBAN is reduced using the double-deck MAC protocol to interfere.Such as researcher G.T.Chen (G.T.Chen,
W.T.Chen,S.H.Shen.2L-MAC:A MAC Protocol with Two-layer Interference
Mitigation in Wireless Body Area Networks for Medical Applications,in
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications(ICC),
Sydney, Australia, pp.3523-3528,10-14 Jun.2014.) propose a kind of double-deck MAC protocol (2L-MAC) drop
Low interference.However the WBAN of plural number tends to competition same channel in 2L-MAC agreement and leads to higher collision possibility,
The node of low priority, which is likely to occur, extremely starves situation.
(3) allow simultaneous transmission using multi-channel protocol to reduce potential interference and Strengthens network performance.Such as study people
(B.S.Kim, J.Cho, D.Y.Kim, et al.ACESS:adaptive channel the estimation and such as member B.S.Kim
selection scheme for coexistence mitigation in WBANs.in Proceedings of the
10th ACM International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and
Communication (ACM IMCOM 2016), Danang, Viet Nam, pp.1-4,4-6 Jan.2016.) propose it is adjustable
Whole channel estimating selection strategy (ACESS) is maintained a history table and is controlled using the series based on Markov chain
Channel history records to predict the channel usage between WBAN.
But most of existing interference mitigation mechanism only rely upon the central node in each WBAN to safeguard and update
Between WBAN and WBAN in resource allocation historical information, thus increase central node storage and processing complexity.In addition, having
The single or multiple channels of node contention access of different user priority.Priority node occupies most of time slot and channel money
Source, leading to low priority node, there are hunger phenomenons.In competition process, existing protocol only considered transmission User Priority,
Have ignored data variability and different service quality (Quality of Service, the QoS) requirement of different nodes.It is coexisting
WBAN scene in, different WBAN can provide different types of service simultaneously for people.It is also contemplated that service priority.With
The relevant data of medical services should also be transmitted even if User Priority is lower prior to non-medical service.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to overcome the problems of the above-mentioned prior art, propose a kind of novel towards multiple wireless
The double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol that body area network coexists, the advantage big using multi-channel transmission handling capacity, delay is low are improved former
The performance of IEEE 802.15.6 agreement, to improve the network performance in the case of WBAN network-intensive.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution used in the present invention is:
A kind of double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol coexisted towards multiple wireless body area networks, the agreement is using two layers
Scheduling mode:
In first layer, data center gives channel distribution to each WBAN, comprising the following steps:
S1. comprehensively consider User Priority and service priority, the priority of each WBAN is determined using APACHE method, and
Each WBAN is ranked up according to priority;
S2. interference matrix is generated according to the distance between each WBAN, to obtain mutual status information between each WBAN;
S3. channel distribution is carried out to each WBAN from high priority to low priority, and makes the WBAN there may be interference
With different channels;
In the second layer, for the channel that each WBAN is assigned to, central node is according to the sensor section inside the WBAN
The service priority and data arrival rate self-adjusted block time slot of point.
Further, each when carrying out channel distribution to each WBAN from high priority to low priority in the step S3
A WBAN at least possesses a channel, and the channel that high priority WBAN is assigned to is more than the letter that low priority WBAN is assigned to
Road.
Further, in the second layer, when distributing time slot according to the service priority of WBAN internal sensor node, by servicing
The sequence of priority from high to low successively occupies currently near preceding channel time slot.
Further, in the second layer, central node checks the Time Slot Occupancy situation of each channel, when selection is current occupied
First choice of the least channel of gap as distribution, in the initial phase of each superframe, scheduling information is stored in by central node
To all the sensors node broadcasts in beacon frame, after receiving beacon frame, each node switches to destination channel and starts and center
Node communication.
Further, in the step S3, channel distribution is carried out to each WBAN, comprising the following steps:
S3-1. WBAN each in network is arranged into W according to priority descending1, W2..., Wm;
S3-2. by W1It is set as current WBAN;
S3-3. a unappropriated channel is distributed to current WBAN;
S3-4. from W2Traverse Wm;
S3-5. the WBAN W that will currently traverseiWith higher priority WBAN W traversed beforejIt compares, if two
There is no interference and W by a WBANiThe interference WBAN of surrounding does not occupy WjThe channel C of occupancyj, WiJust and WjShared channel
Cj, otherwise just give WiDistribute a new available channel;
S3-6. busy channel number N is calculated around current WBANi;
S3-7. step S3-3~S3-6 is repeated, until NiEqual to maximum channel number n in network;
S3-8. by W2-WmIt is set as current WBAN in turn, and repeats step S3-3~S3-7, the letter around each WBAN
Road is all utilized.
Further, in the second layer, the time slot allocation of each WBAN internal sensor node, comprising the following steps:
It S4-1. is UP to any priorityi, data arrival rate is λiSensor node, calculating transmitted in a superframe
Time span T needed for all data packetsd:
Td=num × (tp+tACK)+pSIFS+GT
Wherein, tpFor physical layer protocol data unit transmission time, tACKTo receive the ACK time, pSIFS is interframe space
Time, GT are guard time, and num is segment number;
S4-2. central node is again by single time slot length TslotCalculating priority is UPiThe timeslot number assigned to of node
Nis:
The beneficial effects of adopting the technical scheme are that
The invention proposes a kind of double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol (Two- coexisted towards multiple wireless body area networks
Tier Multi-Channel Medium Access Control Protocol, 2TM-MAC agreement), it uses multichannel and assists
View multi-path transmission data simultaneously, and devises new channel allocation algorithm, is greatly reduced between WBAN and interferes, and passes through dispatching party
Formula avoids interference in WBAN, avoids low priority node phenomenon hungry to death, so as to greatly improve network throughput, and
Reduce packet delay.
(1) present invention has comprehensively considered User Priority and service priority first, uses APACHE method to WBAN
Priority is defined, and the high WBAN of service priority has higher competitiveness in a network;(2) interference matrix is established, is remembered
The disturbed condition between different WBAN is recorded, channel distribution is carried out according to this matrix;(3) two layers of scheduling mode, first layer benefit are used
With computing capability, stronger data center carries out channel distribution, and using new channel selection algorithm, different channels are distributed to can
The WBAN that interference can be generated, avoids interference, in the second layer, is adaptively divided according to WBAN interior nodes service priority and arrival rate
With time slot.(4) present invention has carried out performance evaluation by experiment, the results showed that, the network of 2TM-MAC agreement proposed by the present invention
Entire throughput greatly improves, and delay reduces, and emergency data can obtain response more preferably, and it is close to efficiently solve the stream of people
Collect the interference problem of regional deployment wireless body area network.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is first layer allocation algorithm flow chart of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is request of data frame format of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the channel quantity simulation comparison figure that each priority is assigned under different WBAN numbers.
Fig. 4-1 and Fig. 4-2 is the different protocol capabilities comparison diagrams coexisted under WBAN quantity.
Fig. 5-1 and Fig. 5-2 is the protocol capabilities comparison diagram under different data arrival rate.
Specific embodiment
The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
The health data information that sensor receives is carried out according to priority classification to adapt to different priorities number first
According to different performance requirements, the data of high priority will obtain higher channel selection power.The present invention assigns to medical data
Tri- priority of 5-7, to guarantee medical data as the prioritised transmission of emergency data.Different sensor nodes possesses different
Data arrival rate, thus it requires different numbers of timeslots, the present invention only considers the data periodically acquired in this agreement.
The invention proposes a kind of double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol coexisted towards multiple wireless body area networks, the associations
View uses two layers of scheduling mode:
In first layer, data center gives channel distribution to each WBAN, comprising the following steps:
S1. comprehensively consider User Priority and service priority, the priority of each WBAN is determined using APACHE method, and
Each WBAN is ranked up according to priority;
S2. interference matrix is generated according to the distance between each WBAN, to obtain mutual status information between each WBAN;
S3. channel distribution is carried out to each WBAN from high priority to low priority, and makes the WBAN there may be interference
With different channels, to reduce collision probability;
In the second layer, for the channel that each WBAN is assigned to, central node is according to the sensor section inside the WBAN
The service priority and data arrival rate self-adjusted block time slot of point.
In above-mentioned steps S3, when carrying out channel distribution to each WBAN from high priority to low priority, each WBAN is extremely
Possess a channel less, and the channel that high priority WBAN is assigned to is more than the channel that low priority WBAN is assigned to.
In above-mentioned steps S3, channel distribution is carried out to each WBAN, comprising the following steps:
S3-1. WBAN each in network is arranged into W according to priority descending1, W2..., Wm;
S3-2. by W1It is set as current WBAN;
S3-3. a unappropriated channel is distributed to current WBAN;
S3-4. from W2Traverse Wm;
S3-5. the WBAN W that will currently traverseiWith higher priority WBAN W traversed beforejIt compares, if two
There is no interference and W by a WBANiThe interference WBAN of surrounding does not occupy WjThe channel C of occupancyj, WiJust and WjShared channel
Cj, otherwise just give WiDistribute a new available channel;
S3-6. busy channel number N is calculated around current WBANi;
S3-7. step S3-3~S3-6 is repeated, until NiEqual to maximum channel number n in network, it is ensured that around current WBAN
Channel has all been fully utilized;
S3-8. by W2-WmIt is set as current WBAN in turn, and repeats step S3-3~S3-7, the letter around each WBAN
Road is all utilized, it is ensured that the channel around each WBAN has been fully utilized.
In the second layer, when distributing time slot according to the service priority of each WBAN internal sensor node, by service priority
Sequence from high to low successively occupies currently near preceding channel time slot, to guarantee each priority section in each transmission cycle
Point can transmit data and high priority is leading.
In the second layer, to increase operation rate, central node checks the Time Slot Occupancy situation of each channel, and selection is current occupied
Use the least channel of time slot as the first choice of distribution, in the initial phase of each superframe, central node is by scheduling information
Be stored in beacon frame in all the sensors node broadcasts, after receiving beacon frame, each node switch to destination channel start with
Central node communication.Under multi-channel model, each channel simultaneous transmission data, this agreement can effectively increase handling capacity and reduce
Time delay.
In the second layer, the time slot allocation of each WBAN internal sensor node, comprising the following steps:
It S4-1. is UP to any priorityi, data arrival rate is λiSensor node, calculating transmitted in a superframe
Time span T needed for all data packetsd:
Td=num × (tp+tACK)+pSIFS+GT (1)
Wherein, tpFor physical layer protocol data unit transmission time, tACKTo receive the ACK time, pSIFS is interframe space
Time, GT are guard time, and num is segment number;
S4-2. central node is again by single time slot length TslotCalculating priority is UPiThe timeslot number assigned to of node
Nis:
In above-mentioned steps S4-1, guard time GT, which ensure that, will not generate overlapping between the adjacent time-slots of distribution, when protection
Between GT can be calculated by formula (8):
GT=pSIFS+pExtraIFS+mClockResolution (8)
In formula (8), pExtraIFS is synchronous fault-tolerant rate, and mClockResolution is the uncertainty of timing.
In above-mentioned steps S4-1, segment number num can be calculated by formula (7):
In formula (7), TsFor superframe length.
In above-mentioned steps S4-1, physical layer protocol data unit transmission time tpReferring to IEEE 802.15.6 protocol contents
It can be calculated according to formula (2):
In formula (2), RsIt is character rate (Symbol Rate), LpreambleAnd LheaderRespectively physical layer convergence protocol
(PLCP) and its head length, SheaderFor the head of invasin (Spreading Factor), SPSDUFor under transmission mode
Invasin, M are the size of modulation constellation (Modulation Constellation);LtotalIt, can be by public affairs for total bit length
Formula (3) is calculated:
Ltotal=LPSDU+LCW×(n-k)+Lpad (3)
In formula (3), LPSDUFor service data unit (Physical Service Data Unit, PSDU) length, by
MAC header LMheader, MAC load LMload, frame detection sequence (Frame Check Sequence, FCS) LFCSComposition;LCWFor BCH
Code length, LpadFor filling bit length, they are provided by formula (4)-(6) respectively:
LPSDU=8 × (LMheader+LMload+LFCS) (4)
In formula (4)-(6), n and k are determined according to BCH code.
The double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol (Two-Tier proposed by the present invention coexisted towards multiple wireless body area networks
Multi-Channel Medium Access Control Protocol, hereinafter referred to as 2TM-MAC agreement), use more letters
Road agreement multi-path transmission data simultaneously, and devises new channel allocation algorithm, is greatly reduced between WBAN and interferes, and passes through tune
Degree mode avoids interference in WBAN, low priority node phenomenon hungry to death is avoided, so as to greatly improve network throughput
Amount, and reduce packet delay.
As shown in figure 3, compared by network simulation, in 2TM-MAC agreement proposed by the present invention, the WBAN energy of high priority
The number of channel assigned to is more than low priority, and the WBAN of low priority also will at least get a channel, with WBAN number
Purpose increases, and the channel that each priority WBAN can be assigned to is reduced.This can dramatically increase the transmission of priority node
Advantage, to improve the transmission performance of priority node.
2TM-MAC agreement proposed by the present invention has being averaged for single WBAN to gulp down compared with traditional IEEE 802.15.6 agreement
The advantage of the average delay smaller (as shown in the Fig. 4-2) of the amount of spitting bigger (as shown in Fig. 4-1) and each packet, and with altogether
The increase of WBAN quantity, the average throughput decline of single WBAN are deposited, the average delay of each packet rises, and 2TM-MAC is assisted at this time
View has more obvious advantage than IEEE802.15.6 agreement, and in the case where 8 WBAN coexist, the 2TM-MAC of 8 channels is assisted
For the average throughput of view up to twice of IEEE 802.15.6 agreement, time delay then only has 50% left side of IEEE 802.15.6 agreement
It is right.2TM-MAC agreement is more suitable for the staggered use environment of densely populated place, WBAN compared to IEEE 802.15.6 agreement.Meanwhile
Coexist that WBAN quantity is constant, in the increased situation of the number of channel, the handling capacity of 2TM-MAC agreement obviously increases, and time delay is decreased obviously.
Biography with the increase of data arrival rate, under 2TM-MAC agreement proposed by the present invention and IEEE 802.15.6 agreement
The average throughput of defeated single WBAN first increases reaches saturation (as shown in fig. 5-1) afterwards, after the average delay of each packet first increases
Reach saturation (as shown in Fig. 5-2), and data arrival rate is bigger, 2TM-MAC agreement is with respect to IEEE 802.15.6 agreement advantage
It is more obvious, under the data arrival rate of 20kbps, the average delay of 2TM-MAC agreement only IEEE 802.15.6 agreement
60%, and average throughput has 5 times of IEEE 802.15.6.2TM-MAC agreement is more suitable compared to IEEE 802.15.6 agreement
Close the big application scenarios of volume of transmitted data.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol coexisted towards multiple wireless body area networks, it is characterised in that: the agreement is adopted
Scheduling mode with two layers:
In first layer, data center gives channel distribution to each WBAN, comprising the following steps:
S1. comprehensively consider User Priority and service priority, determine the priority of each WBAN using APACHE method, and according to
Priority is ranked up each WBAN;
S2. interference matrix is generated according to the distance between each WBAN, to obtain mutual status information between each WBAN;
S3. channel distribution is carried out to each WBAN from high priority to low priority, and makes there may be the WBAN of interference using not
Same channel;
In the second layer, for the channel that each WBAN is assigned to, central node is according to the sensor node inside the WBAN
Service priority and data arrival rate self-adjusted block time slot.
2. the double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol according to claim 1 coexisted towards multiple wireless body area networks, feature
Be: in the step S3, when carrying out channel distribution to each WBAN from high priority to low priority, each WBAN is at least gathered around
There is a channel, and the channel that high priority WBAN is assigned to is more than the channel that low priority WBAN is assigned to.
3. the double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol according to claim 1 coexisted towards multiple wireless body area networks, feature
It is: in the second layer, when distributing time slot according to the service priority of each WBAN internal sensor node, by service priority from height
It successively occupies currently to low sequence near preceding channel time slot.
4. the double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol according to claim 1 coexisted towards multiple wireless body area networks, feature
Be: in the second layer, central node checks the Time Slot Occupancy situation of each channel, selects the current occupied least channel of time slot
As the first choice of distribution, in the initial phase of each superframe, scheduling information is stored in beacon frame to institute by central node
There are sensor node broadcasts, after receiving beacon frame, each node switches to destination channel and starts to communicate with central node.
5. the double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol according to claim 1 coexisted towards multiple wireless body area networks, feature
It is: in the step S3, channel distribution is carried out to each WBAN, comprising the following steps:
S3-1. WBAN each in network is arranged into W according to priority descending1, W2..., Wm;
S3-2. by W1It is set as current WBAN;
S3-3. a unappropriated channel is distributed to current WBAN;
S3-4. from W2Traverse Wm;
S3-5. the WBAN W that will currently traverseiWith higher priority WBAN W traversed beforejIt compares, if two
There is no interference and W by WBANiThe interference WBAN of surrounding does not occupy WjThe channel C of occupancyj, WiJust and WjShared channel Cj,
Otherwise W is just giveniDistribute a new available channel;
S3-6. busy channel number N is calculated around current WBANi;
S3-7. step S3-3~S3-6 is repeated, until NiEqual to maximum channel number n in network;
S3-8. by W2-WmIt is set as current WBAN in turn, and repeats step S3-3~S3-7, the channel around each WBAN
It is utilized.
6. the double-deck multi-channel scheduling MAC protocol according to claim 1 coexisted towards multiple wireless body area networks, feature
It is: in the second layer, the time slot allocation of each WBAN internal sensor node, comprising the following steps:
It S4-1. is UP to any priorityi, data arrival rate is λiSensor node, calculate transmitted in a superframe it is all
Time span T needed for data packetd:
Td=num × (tp+tACK)+pSIFS+GT
Wherein, tpFor physical layer protocol data unit transmission time, tACKTo receive the ACK time, pSIFS is interframe space time,
GT is guard time, and num is segment number;
S4-2. central node is again by single time slot length TslotCalculating priority is UPiThe timeslot number N that assigns to of nodeis:
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CN111917490A (en) * | 2020-07-21 | 2020-11-10 | 山东省人工智能研究院 | Wireless body area network coexistence numerical value calculation method based on random geometry |
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CN113613255A (en) * | 2021-07-02 | 2021-11-05 | 山东大学 | Method for coexistence of same-frequency-band multi-protocol wireless communication technology |
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袁晓铭: "《无线体域网媒体接入控制关键技术研究》", 《中国博士学位论文全文数据库 信息科技辑》 * |
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CN111132261A (en) * | 2019-12-03 | 2020-05-08 | 华南理工大学 | Power control, relay selection and time slot allocation method based on gait cycle |
CN111132261B (en) * | 2019-12-03 | 2022-09-20 | 华南理工大学 | Power control, relay selection and time slot allocation method based on gait cycle |
CN111917490A (en) * | 2020-07-21 | 2020-11-10 | 山东省人工智能研究院 | Wireless body area network coexistence numerical value calculation method based on random geometry |
CN113284608A (en) * | 2021-02-26 | 2021-08-20 | 湖南万脉医疗科技有限公司 | Health monitoring system with wireless transmission function |
CN113613255A (en) * | 2021-07-02 | 2021-11-05 | 山东大学 | Method for coexistence of same-frequency-band multi-protocol wireless communication technology |
CN113613255B (en) * | 2021-07-02 | 2022-07-22 | 山东大学 | Method for coexistence of same-frequency-band multi-protocol wireless communication technology |
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