CN110261583B - Experimental method for accurately measuring water characteristic curve of porous medium with low water holding capacity - Google Patents
Experimental method for accurately measuring water characteristic curve of porous medium with low water holding capacity Download PDFInfo
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 109
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000005373 porous glass Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000007791 dehumidification Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004746 geotextile Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010061307 Neck deformity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005338 frosted glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005337 ground glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
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- G01N33/245—Earth materials for agricultural purposes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural water and soil engineering, in particular to an experimental method for accurately measuring a characteristic curve of water of a porous medium with low water-holding capacity, which comprises the following steps: preparing a measurement experimental device; soaking the porous medium in water to saturate, weighing for many times, and calculating the average saturated water content; injecting water from the upper sealing of the glass funnel until the liquid level in the glass funnel is just to the upper surface of the porous plate; putting a porous medium on a porous plate to ensure that no bubbles are generated on a contact surface; keeping the vent pipe smooth, opening the rubber pipe clamp I, plugging the rubber plug on the glass tightly for sealing, and marking the liquid level position in the initial balance state on the piezometric pipe; then, the vent hole is closed by a rubber pipe clamp I; the experimental method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple and convenient operation method, economy and practicability, and can be used for accurately measuring the moisture characteristic curve of the porous medium with low water holding capacity.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural water and soil engineering, in particular to an experimental method for accurately measuring a characteristic curve of water of a porous medium with low water-holding capacity.
Background
The water characteristic curve, also called water retention curve, is a curve representing the relationship between capillary pressure, water content and saturation in porous media. The water characteristic curve plays an important role in researching the water infiltration, evaporation and solute transfer processes of the unsaturated zone, and the specific water capacity index of the porous medium can be determined according to the water characteristic curve so as to evaluate the water conductivity coefficient of the porous medium.
In order to determine the moisture characteristic curve (the relationship between the moisture content of the porous medium and the suction force thereof) of the porous medium, a lot of efforts have been made to invent several measuring methods. The traditional methods for measuring the characteristic curve of water include a sand core funnel method, a negative pressure meter method, a pressure membrane method, a centrifuge method and the like. Wherein, the pressure membrane method and the centrifuge method are both used in the measuring range that the suction force of the porous medium is more than 1 Bar; the negative pressure meter method can be used for measuring the range of suction force smaller than 1Bar, but is mainly used for field environment, and the precision is not high; the sand core funnel method is used for laboratory determination of porous media with suction less than 1 Bar. For porous media with lower water holding capacity, the water characteristic curve is generally determined by a sand core funnel method. However, the conventional core funnel method is difficult to achieve due accuracy in measuring an ultra-thin sample with a small suction force.
The working principle of the sand core funnel for measuring the suction force of the porous medium is as follows: the method comprises the following steps of (1) generating negative pressure in a funnel by draining the funnel which is sealed and contains water, so as to cause the water-containing porous medium in the funnel to drain; the water holding capacity of the porous medium can be obtained by reading the water quantity discharged by the porous medium and the corresponding negative pressure value in the funnel. By adopting the method, the negative pressure value in the funnel is changed, different water amounts discharged by the porous medium can be obtained, and the moisture characteristic curve of the porous medium can be obtained. Because the suction range of the porous medium measured by the sand core funnel method is small, the test method can be used for measuring the moisture characteristic curve of the porous medium with low water holding capacity (such as sandy soil or macroporous medium) and can also be used for measuring the moisture characteristic curve of the geotextile.
In a common experimental method for measuring the moisture characteristic curve, a sand core funnel of a test device is used, and after a porous medium sample containing water is filled in the sand core funnel, the opening of the funnel needs to be covered, so that the funnel is closed. However, if the funnel mouth is covered with ground glass, if the negative pressure value in the funnel is slightly large, the contact surface between the glass plate and the funnel mouth is likely to be subjected to air intake, and the negative pressure state is broken, so that the measurement pressure range is too small. If the funnel mouth is sealed by the rubber plug, although the sealing effect is good and the range of the measured negative pressure value is enlarged, when the rubber plug is plugged tightly, a part of air is easily blocked in the funnel, so that the pressure in the funnel is increased, and the negative pressure state in the funnel is also damaged. In addition, when a common sand core funnel is used for extracting a water sample discharged by a porous medium, water is taken from the pipe opening of the pressure measuring pipe, the water taking opening is high, and the surface tension effect of the water is added, so that the water flow is insensitive, namely when the water taking amount is less, the water is difficult to flow out, and the water taking precision is influenced.
Therefore, the conventional test device cannot achieve the required high sensitivity and accuracy for the ultra-thin porous medium sample with small suction force in the experimental method for measuring the moisture characteristic curve.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention aims to provide an experimental method for accurately measuring the water characteristic curve of the porous medium with low water holding capacity, which is simple and convenient to operate, economical and practical, and greatly improves the sensitivity and the accuracy aiming at an ultrathin porous medium sample with small suction by using a newly designed experimental device.
The invention discloses an experimental method for accurately measuring a characteristic curve of water content of a porous medium with low water-holding capacity, which is characterized by mainly comprising the following operation steps of:
(1) preparing a measurement experiment device, wherein the measurement experiment device comprises a main support, an adjusting support I and an adjusting support II are arranged on the main support, a glass funnel is arranged on the adjusting support I, the glass funnel is provided with an upper seal and a lower flow port, an exhaust rubber plug structure is arranged at the upper seal, a porous plate is arranged at the inner bottom, the exhaust rubber plug structure comprises a truncated cone-shaped rubber plug, a vent pipe, a rubber tube I and a rubber tube clamp I, the vent pipe penetrates through the middle of the rubber plug and communicates the inside and the outside space of the glass funnel, the upper part of the vent pipe is communicated with the rubber tube I, and the rubber tube clamp I is arranged on the rubber tube I;
the pressure measuring pipe is arranged on the adjusting support II, a scale ruler is arranged on the outer wall of the pressure measuring pipe, the pressure measuring pipe is provided with an upper port and a lower port, a sealing cover with micropores is arranged at the upper port, the structure of the adjusting support II comprises a half clamping ring I, a half clamping ring II, a hinged shaft, a twisting handle and a clamping ring III, the half clamping ring I and the half clamping ring II are buckled to clamp the pressure measuring pipe, the half clamping ring I is fixedly connected with the twisting handle and hinged to the half clamping ring II through the hinged shaft, the clamping ring III is sleeved on the main support, the half clamping ring II is connected with the clamping ring III through a connecting rod II, a strip-shaped concave hole is formed in the middle of the connecting rod II, and the arrangement position of the twisting handle corresponds to the strip-shaped concave hole;
or the structure of the adjusting support II comprises a half clamping ring I, a half clamping ring II, a hinged shaft, a twisting handle and an adjustable clamping ring, wherein the half clamping ring I and the half clamping ring II are buckled to clamp the pressure measuring pipe, the half clamping ring I is fixedly connected with the twisting handle and hinged with the half clamping ring II through the hinged shaft, the adjustable clamping ring is sleeved on the main support, the half clamping ring II is connected with the adjustable clamping ring through a connecting rod II, a strip-shaped concave hole is formed in the middle of the connecting rod II, and the arrangement position of the twisting handle corresponds to the strip-shaped concave hole; the adjustable clamping ring structure comprises a U-shaped clamp, an adjusting gear, a rotating shaft and an adjusting button, wherein the U-shaped clamp is sleeved on the main support, the adjusting gear is arranged on one side of the main support and positioned in the middle of the U-shaped clamp, the rotating shaft is arranged on the adjusting gear, penetrates through the U-shaped clamps on the two sides and is in clearance connection with the U-shaped clamps on the two sides, and the adjusting button is arranged at the outer end part of the rotating shaft;
the lower flow port of the glass funnel is connected with the lower port of the piezometric tube through a U-shaped hose, the lower end part of the U-shaped hose is provided with an outflow controller, the outflow controller structurally comprises a glass three-way pipe, a rubber pipe II and a rubber pipe clamp II, two ports of the glass three-way pipe are respectively communicated with the U-shaped hose, the other port of the glass three-way pipe is communicated with the rubber pipe II, and the rubber pipe II is provided with the rubber pipe clamp II;
(2) soaking the porous medium of the test object in water for 24 hours to saturate, weighing for many times, and calculating the average saturated water content;
(3) respectively fixing the glass funnel and the pressure measuring pipe on an adjusting bracket I and an adjusting bracket II, and adjusting the pressure measuring pipe to an appropriate height according to the height of the upper surface of a porous plate in the glass funnel in the fixing process;
(4) injecting water from the upper sealing opening of the glass funnel until the liquid level in the glass funnel is just higher than the upper surface of the porous plate, so as to ensure that the liquid level in the pressure measuring tube is the same as the upper surface of the porous plate in the glass funnel in height; meanwhile, no bubble is generated in the lower side of the porous plate, the hole of the porous plate and the outflow controller, and if bubbles exist, the bubbles need to be sucked or discharged by a tool;
(5) the porous medium saturated by water is put on the porous plate in the glass funnel lightly, flatly and quickly, and no bubble is generated on the contact surface in the process;
(6) keeping the vent pipe on the rubber plug smooth, and opening the rubber pipe clamp I; then, slowly plugging a rubber plug on the upper seal of the glass funnel, standing for 10-15 min, and marking the liquid level position of the initial equilibrium state on the piezometer tube; then, closing a vent hole on the rubber tube I on the rubber plug by using a rubber tube clamp I;
(7) adjusting the height of the pressure measuring pipe to slowly reduce the pressure measuring pipe for a certain distance and recording the reduced height, and formally starting the dehumidification determination process of the porous medium; opening a rubber pipe clamp II on the outflow controller to take a water sample, and recording the volume or mass of the outflow until the liquid level height in the pressure measuring pipe slowly returns to the liquid level mark position in the initial balance state; care was taken to give sufficient time for the conditioning process of the porous media to dehumidify and rebalance;
(8) repeating the step (7), and measuring the liquid level descending height of the pressure measuring pipe and the effluent flow of the effluent controller corresponding to the dehumidification process of the multiple groups of porous media; when bubbles begin to appear on the lower surface of the porous plate in the glass funnel, the moisture removal process of the porous medium is determined to be finished because the hydraulic connection between the pore water in the porous medium and the lower surface of the porous plate is destroyed;
(9) calculating the relative saturation Vi by using the average saturated water content and the effluent water quantity of the porous medium; and calculating capillary suction forces hi corresponding to different water contents of the porous medium by using the initial equilibrium liquid level height and the liquid level descending heights in the multiple groups of dehumidification processes, thereby drawing a water characteristic curve of the porous medium.
Preferably, the structure of the adjusting support I of the measurement experiment device in the measurement experiment device comprises a clamping ring I, a screwing bolt, a clamping ring II and a connecting rod I, wherein the clamping ring I is sleeved on the main support and can slide up and down, the screwing bolt transversely penetrates through the clamping ring I, the clamping ring I and the main support are fixed through the screwing bolt, the clamping ring II is sleeved on the glass funnel, and the clamping ring II is connected with the clamping ring I through the connecting rod I.
Preferably, the diameter of the pressure measuring pipe in the experimental device is the same as that of the U-shaped hose, and the total length of the pressure measuring pipe is greater than the height of the glass funnel; and the lower port of the pressure measuring pipe is vertically connected with the outflow end of the U-shaped hose.
Preferably, the perforated plate in the measurement experimental device is any one of a sand core filter plate, a porous clay plate and a uniform porous glass partition plate.
Preferably, the porous medium to be tested in the measurement test apparatus may be sandy soil having low water holding capacity, the porous plate used may be a sand core filter plate or a porous clay plate, the porous medium may be geotextile, and the porous plate used may be a porous glass partition plate.
The rubber plug structure capable of exhausting in the experimental device comprises a round table-shaped rubber plug, a vent pipe, a rubber pipe I and a rubber pipe clamp I, wherein the rubber plug is round table-shaped, the diameter of the upper bottom surface of the rubber plug is slightly larger than the inner diameter of a funnel opening, the diameter of the lower bottom surface of the rubber plug is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the funnel opening, and the axis of the rubber plug is provided with the vent pipe penetrating through the upper bottom surface and the lower bottom surface of the rubber plug; a section of rubber tube I is connected to the breather pipe upper end, and rubber tube I utilizes rubber pipe clamp I to realize opening or sealing. The function of the rubber plug structure capable of exhausting is to seal the space of the glass funnel from the upper part.
The glass funnel is a cylindrical short-neck glass funnel. The bottom in the glass funnel is provided with a porous plate. The porous plate can be a sand core filter plate, a porous clay plate and a uniform porous glass partition plate, and is flexibly arranged according to the characteristics of the porous medium to be detected.
The diameter of the U-shaped hose is the same as that of the neck of the glass funnel, the total length is about 2 meters, and the U-shaped hose can be increased or decreased according to the characteristics of the porous medium to be measured. One end of the U-shaped hose is connected with the lower end of the neck of the glass funnel and is an inlet end of the U-shaped hose, and the other end of the U-shaped hose is connected with the lower end of the piezometer tube and is an outlet end of the U-shaped hose.
The outflow controller structurally comprises a glass three-way pipe, a rubber pipe II and a rubber pipe clamp II, wherein two ends of the glass three-way pipe are respectively connected with the U-shaped hose at the bottom of the U-shaped hose, the other end of the glass three-way pipe is connected with the rubber pipe II, and the rubber pipe II can be opened or closed by utilizing the rubber pipe clamp II. When the rubber pipe clamp II is in a closed state, the outflow controller does not outflow; when the opening size of the rubber pipe clamp II is changed, the water discharge amount can be controlled.
The structure of adjusting support II contains half clamp ring I, half clamp ring II, articulated shaft, turns round handle, clamp ring III, half clamp ring I, half clamp ring II looks lock are used for cliping the piezometer tube, and half clamp ring I is articulated with half clamp ring II, can open or close half clamp ring I through turning round the handle, and during the open mode, can adjust the height that the piezometer tube was held, because of being equipped with the scale on the piezometer tube outer wall, can see the change of height-adjusting at this moment directly perceivedly.
The sealing cover with the micropores is arranged at the upper end of the vertical glass short pipe, so that the influence of evaporation on an experimental result is reduced.
Using the test method of the present invention, the corresponding suction cmH was measured for non-woven fabrics of different specifications as the test objects2O and relative saturation (%), as shown in tables 1-3 below.
According to the obtained test data, the correlation between the suction force of the non-woven water distribution and the energy and quantity of the non-woven water distribution represented by the relative saturation can be drawn, namely a moisture characteristic curve. As shown in fig. 10.
Shown in FIG. 10: the correlation (water characteristic curve) between the energy and the quantity of the nonwoven water distribution represented by the suction force and the relative saturation of the nonwoven water distribution is a nonlinear relation, and the water characteristic curves of the nonwoven fabrics with different specifications have regularity difference. When no water suction force exists in the non-woven fabric, the water in the non-woven fabric can be almost completely discharged by the small suction force appearing outside, and the relation between the energy and the quantity of the water is close to a horizontal line. The curve in the figure shows that when the non-woven fabric has certain water suction force, the external suction force required for discharging certain water quantity from the non-woven fabric is larger than the force during free water discharge, and the scientificity and feasibility of the experimental device are verified.
As can be seen from the values shown in fig. 10: the experimental method can not only accurately measure the content of less than 30 cmH2The water holding capacity of the porous medium is corresponding to the suction force of O (the value is far less than the ultralow suction force value of 1 Bar), and the initial 0.1 cmH of the dehydration process2The change of the water holding capacity of the non-woven fabric corresponding to the change of the suction force of the O can be accurately measured, and the characteristic of higher sensitivity and accuracy when the water characteristic curve of the porous medium with low water holding capacity is measured by the experimental method is verified.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
compared with the traditional experimental method, the experimental method for accurately measuring the characteristic curve of the water content of the porous medium with low water holding capacity, which is to be protected by the invention, utilizes a novel measurement experimental device, and changes the mode of sealing the frosted glass in the traditional sand core funnel method in the novel measurement experimental device.
Compared with the traditional sand core funnel method for taking water from the orifice of the piezometric tube, the measurement experiment device provided by the invention provides a water taking method of arranging the outflow controller at the bottom of the U-shaped hose, so that the problems that the flow of water is not sensitive due to the surface tension of water, and the water is difficult to flow out from the orifice of the piezometric tube particularly when the water quantity is small are solved, the water taking precision is improved, the water discharge can be flexibly controlled according to different water containing stages of a porous medium, and the whole experiment period is shortened.
The glass funnel in the experimental device used by the invention is internally provided with the porous plate, aiming at different porous media to be measured, the measurement can be realized by converting the porous plates in different forms, such as a sand core filter plate or a porous clay plate, the experimental device is suitable for measuring sandy soil, such as a uniform porous glass partition plate with larger pores is needed for measuring the moisture characteristic curve of geotextile, the resistance of water passing through the pores of the porous plate is reduced, and the structure increases the application range of the experimental device used by the invention.
The experimental method provided by the invention has simple and convenient operation method, can improve the range of the measured negative pressure by utilizing the sealing cover design of the sand core funnel in the experimental device, does not cause the positive pressure in the measuring container to rise, can conveniently extract a small amount of water by utilizing the water taking structure of the outflow controller, greatly improves the water taking precision, can be used for accurately measuring the moisture characteristic curve of the porous medium with low water holding capacity, and is an economic and practical experimental method for accurately measuring the moisture characteristic curve of the porous medium with low water holding capacity.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of an experimental apparatus used in the experimental method of the present invention in the examples.
Fig. 2 is a schematic sectional structural view of the adjusting bracket I in fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is an enlarged structural schematic diagram of the adjusting bracket II in fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is a schematic sectional structural view of the adjusting bracket II in fig. 1.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the structure of the multi-well plate of FIG. 1.
Fig. 6 is a schematic structural view of the sealing cap of fig. 1.
FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the tuning stent II of FIG. 1.
Fig. 8 is a schematic structural view of the main support of fig. 7 with bar-shaped teeth.
Fig. 9 is a side view of the main support of fig. 8.
FIG. 10 is a characteristic curve of moisture of single-layer non-woven fabrics with different specifications measured by the experimental device provided by the present invention.
Shown in fig. 1-9: the device comprises a main support 1, a down-flow port 2, an adjusting support I3, a glass funnel 4, an upper seal 5, a rubber tube I6, a rubber tube clamp I7, a rubber plug 8, a vent tube 9, a porous glass partition plate 10, a U-shaped hose 11, a glass three-way tube 12, a rubber tube II 13, a rubber tube II 14, a rubber tube clamp II 15, a lower port 15, an adjusting support II 16, a pressure measuring tube 17, a sealing cover 18, an upper port 19, a screwing bolt 20, a connecting rod I21, a clamping ring I22, a clamping ring II 23, a clamping ring I24, a half clamping ring II 25, a hinge shaft 26, a twisting handle 27, a clamping ring III 28, a connecting rod II 29, a strip-shaped concave hole 30, a hole 31, a micropore 32, an adjustable clamping ring 33, a U-shaped clamp 35, an adjusting gear 36, a rotating shaft 37, an adjusting button 38, strip-shaped teeth 39 and a scale.
Detailed Description
Example 1:
referring to fig. 1-6, an experimental method for accurately measuring a characteristic moisture curve of a porous medium with low water-holding capacity is characterized by mainly comprising the following operation steps:
(1) prepare to measure experimental apparatus, measure experimental apparatus and contain main support 1 on the main support 1, be equipped with regulation support I3, adjust support II 16, be equipped with glass funnel 4 on adjusting support I3, glass funnel 4 is equipped with and seals 5, lower stream mouth 2, seals 5 department at last and is equipped with the plug structure that can exhaust, and the interior bottom is equipped with the perforated plate, porous glass baffle 10 promptly, the plug structure that can exhaust contains round platform shape rubber buffer 8, breather pipe 9, rubber tube I6, rubber tube clamp I7, breather pipe 9 passes from rubber buffer 8 middle part, communicates 4 inside and exterior spaces of glass funnel, is linked together with rubber tube I6 on breather pipe 9 upper portion, is equipped with rubber tube clamp I7 on rubber tube I6.
It is equipped with pressure-measuring pipe 17 on II 16 to adjust the support, is equipped with the scale on the pressure-measuring pipe 17 outer wall, pressure-measuring pipe 17 is equipped with port 19 and lower port 15, is equipped with at last port 19 and takes microporous airtight lid 18, the structure of adjusting support II 16 contains half clamp ring I24, half clamp ring II 25, articulated shaft 26, twists handle 27, clamp ring III 28, half clamp ring I24, half clamp ring II 25 are buckled mutually and are used for cliping pressure-measuring pipe 17, and half clamp ring I24 and twist handle 27 fixed connection to articulated through articulated shaft 26 and half clamp ring II 25, clamp ring III 28 cover is established on main support 1, is connected through connecting rod II 29 between half clamp ring II 25 and the clamp ring III 28, connecting rod II 29 middle part is equipped with bar shrinkage pool 30, and the setting position of twisting handle 27 is corresponding with bar shrinkage pool 30.
The lower flow port 2 of the glass funnel 4 is connected with the lower port 15 of the piezometric tube 17 through a U-shaped hose 11, an outflow controller is arranged at the lower end part of the U-shaped hose 11, the outflow controller structurally comprises a glass three-way pipe 12, a rubber pipe II 13 and a rubber pipe clamp II 14, two ports of the glass three-way pipe 12 are respectively communicated with the U-shaped hose 11, the other port of the glass three-way pipe is communicated with the rubber pipe II 13, and the rubber pipe II 13 is provided with the rubber pipe clamp II 14.
The structure of adjusting support I3 include clamp ring I22, screw bolt 20, clamp ring II 23, connecting rod I21, clamp ring I22 cover is established on main support 1, and can slide from top to bottom, screw bolt 20 traversing clamp ring I22, through the position of the fixed clamp ring I22 of the bolt 20 of screwing and main support 1, clamp ring II 23 cover is established on glass funnel 4, is connected through connecting rod I21 between clamp ring II 23 and the clamp ring I22.
The diameter of the pressure measuring pipe 17 is the same as that of the U-shaped hose 11, and the total length of the pressure measuring pipe 17 is greater than the height of the glass funnel 4; and the lower port 15 of the pressure measuring pipe 17 is vertically connected with the outflow end of the U-shaped hose 11.
Because the test object of the test device is non-woven fabric, the porous plate is a uniform porous glass partition plate.
(2) And soaking the porous medium of the test object in water for 24 hours to saturate, weighing for multiple times, and calculating the average saturated water content.
(3) The glass funnel 4 and the pressure measuring pipe 17 are respectively fixed on the adjusting support I3 and the adjusting support II 16, and in the fixing process, the pressure measuring pipe 17 is adjusted to a proper height according to the height of the upper surface of the porous glass partition plate 10 in the glass funnel 4.
(4) Injecting water from the upper seal 5 of the glass funnel 4 until the liquid level in the glass funnel 4 is just to the upper surface of the porous glass partition plate 10, and ensuring that the liquid level in the pressure measuring pipe 17 is the same as the height of the upper surface of the porous glass partition plate 10 in the glass funnel 4; meanwhile, no bubble is detected under the porous glass partition plate 10, in the hole of the porous glass partition plate 10 and in the outflow controller, and if the bubble exists, the bubble needs to be sucked or discharged by a tool.
(5) The porous medium saturated by water is put on the porous glass clapboard 10 in the glass funnel in a light, flat and fast way, and no bubbles are generated on the contact surface in the process.
(6) Keeping the vent pipe 9 on the rubber plug 8 smooth, and opening the rubber pipe clamp I7; then, slowly plugging the upper seal 5 of the glass funnel 4 by a rubber plug 8, standing for 10-15 min, and marking the liquid level position of the initial balance state on a piezometric tube 17; then, the rubber stopper is closed by a rubber tube clamp I7, and the vent hole on the rubber tube I6 is closed.
(7) Adjusting the height of the pressure measuring pipe 17 to slowly reduce the height by a certain distance and recording the reduced height, and formally starting the dehumidification determination process of the porous medium; opening a rubber pipe clamp II 14 on the outflow controller to take a water sample, and recording the volume or the mass of the outflow until the liquid level in the piezometer tube 17 slowly returns to the liquid level mark position in the initial balance state; care was taken to give sufficient time for the conditioning process of the porous media to dehumidify and rebalance.
(8) Repeating the step (7), and measuring the liquid level descending height of the corresponding pressure measuring pipe 17 and the effluent flow of the effluent controller in the dehumidification process of the multiple groups of porous media; when bubbles begin to appear on the lower surface of the porous glass separator 10 in the glass funnel 4, the moisture removal process of the porous medium is determined to be completed because the hydraulic connection between the pore water of the non-woven fabric and the lower surface of the porous glass separator 10 is broken.
(9) Calculating the relative saturation Vi by using the average saturated water content and the effluent flow of the non-woven fabric; and calculating capillary suction forces hi corresponding to different water contents of the porous medium by using the initial equilibrium liquid level height and the liquid level descending heights in the multiple groups of dehumidification processes, thereby drawing a water characteristic curve of the non-woven fabric.
Example 2:
referring to fig. 7 to 9, this embodiment is different from embodiment 1 in that:
the structure of the adjusting support II in the used measuring experiment device comprises a half clamping ring I24, a half clamping ring II 25, a hinge shaft 26, a twisting handle 27 and an adjustable clamping ring 33, wherein the half clamping ring I24 and the half clamping ring II 25 are buckled to be used for clamping the pressure measuring tube 17, the half clamping ring I24 is fixedly connected with the twisting handle 27 and is hinged with the half clamping ring II 25 through the hinge shaft 26, the adjustable clamping ring 33 is sleeved on the main support 1, the half clamping ring II 25 is connected with the adjustable clamping ring 33 through a connecting rod II 29, a strip-shaped concave hole 30 is formed in the middle of the connecting rod II 29, and the arrangement position of the twisting handle 27 corresponds to the strip-shaped concave hole 30; the adjustable clamping ring 33 structurally comprises a U-shaped clamp 34, an adjusting gear 35, a rotating shaft 36 and an adjusting button 37, the U-shaped clamp 34 is sleeved on the main support 1, the adjusting gear 35 is arranged on one side of the main support 1 and in the middle of the U-shaped clamp 34, the rotating shaft 36 is arranged on the adjusting gear 35, the rotating shaft 36 penetrates through the U-shaped clamps 34 on the two sides and is in clearance connection with the U-shaped clamps 34 on the two sides, the adjusting button 37 is arranged at the outer end of the rotating shaft 36, strip teeth 38 and a scale 39 are arranged on the main support 1 clamped by the U-shaped clamps 34, the adjusting gear 35 is meshed with the strip teeth 38, and when the rotating shaft 36 drives the adjusting gear 35 to rotate, the adjusting gear 35 can drive the adjustable clamping ring 33 to move up and down along the strip teeth 38 on the main support.
Example 3:
this embodiment differs from embodiment 1 in that: in the used measuring experiment device, a perforated plate in the glass funnel 4 is set as a sand core filter plate or a perforated argil plate; the porous medium as the experimental object is sandy soil.
Claims (6)
1. An experimental method for accurately measuring a characteristic curve of moisture of a porous medium with low water-holding capacity is characterized by mainly comprising the following operation steps:
(1) preparing a measurement experiment device, wherein the measurement experiment device comprises a main support, an adjusting support I and an adjusting support II are arranged on the main support, a glass funnel is arranged on the adjusting support I, the glass funnel is provided with an upper seal and a lower flow port, an exhaust rubber plug structure is arranged at the upper seal, a porous plate is arranged at the inner bottom, the exhaust rubber plug structure comprises a truncated cone-shaped rubber plug, a vent pipe, a rubber tube I and a rubber tube clamp I, the vent pipe penetrates through the middle of the rubber plug and communicates the inside and the outside space of the glass funnel, the upper part of the vent pipe is communicated with the rubber tube I, and the rubber tube clamp I is arranged on the rubber tube I;
the pressure measuring pipe is arranged on the adjusting support II, a scale ruler is arranged on the outer wall of the pressure measuring pipe, the pressure measuring pipe is provided with an upper port and a lower port, a sealing cover with micropores is arranged at the upper port, the structure of the adjusting support II comprises a half clamping ring I, a half clamping ring II, a hinged shaft, a twisting handle and a clamping ring III, the half clamping ring I and the half clamping ring II are buckled to clamp the pressure measuring pipe, the half clamping ring I is fixedly connected with the twisting handle and hinged to the half clamping ring II through the hinged shaft, the clamping ring III is sleeved on the main support, the half clamping ring II is connected with the clamping ring III through a connecting rod II, a strip-shaped concave hole is formed in the middle of the connecting rod II, and the arrangement position of the twisting handle corresponds to the strip-shaped concave hole;
or the structure of the adjusting support II comprises a half clamping ring I, a half clamping ring II, a hinged shaft, a twisting handle and an adjustable clamping ring, wherein the half clamping ring I and the half clamping ring II are buckled to clamp the pressure measuring pipe, the half clamping ring I is fixedly connected with the twisting handle and hinged with the half clamping ring II through the hinged shaft, the adjustable clamping ring is sleeved on the main support, the half clamping ring II is connected with the adjustable clamping ring through a connecting rod II, a strip-shaped concave hole is formed in the middle of the connecting rod II, and the arrangement position of the twisting handle corresponds to the strip-shaped concave hole; the adjustable clamping ring structure comprises a U-shaped clamp, an adjusting gear, a rotating shaft and an adjusting button, wherein the U-shaped clamp is sleeved on the main support, the adjusting gear is arranged on one side of the main support and positioned in the middle of the U-shaped clamp, the rotating shaft is arranged on the adjusting gear, penetrates through the U-shaped clamps on the two sides and is in clearance connection with the U-shaped clamps on the two sides, and the adjusting button is arranged at the outer end part of the rotating shaft;
the lower flow port of the glass funnel is connected with the lower port of the piezometric tube through a U-shaped hose, the lower end part of the U-shaped hose is provided with an outflow controller, the outflow controller structurally comprises a glass three-way pipe, a rubber pipe II and a rubber pipe clamp II, two ports of the glass three-way pipe are respectively communicated with the U-shaped hose, the other port of the glass three-way pipe is communicated with the rubber pipe II, and the rubber pipe II is provided with the rubber pipe clamp II;
(2) soaking the porous medium of the test object in water for 24 hours to saturate, weighing for many times, and calculating the average saturated water content;
(3) respectively fixing the glass funnel and the pressure measuring pipe on an adjusting bracket I and an adjusting bracket II, and adjusting the pressure measuring pipe to an appropriate height according to the height of the upper surface of a porous plate in the glass funnel in the fixing process;
(4) injecting water from the upper sealing opening of the glass funnel until the liquid level in the glass funnel is just higher than the upper surface of the porous plate, so as to ensure that the liquid level in the pressure measuring tube is the same as the upper surface of the porous plate in the glass funnel in height; meanwhile, no bubble is generated in the lower side of the porous plate, the hole of the porous plate and the outflow controller, and if bubbles exist, the bubbles need to be sucked or discharged by a tool;
(5) the porous medium saturated by water is put on the porous plate in the glass funnel lightly, flatly and quickly, and no bubble is generated on the contact surface in the process;
(6) keeping the vent pipe on the rubber plug smooth, and opening the rubber pipe clamp I; then, slowly plugging a rubber plug on the upper seal of the glass funnel, standing for 10-15 min, and marking the liquid level position of the initial equilibrium state on the piezometer tube; then, closing a vent hole on the rubber tube I on the rubber plug by using a rubber tube clamp I;
(7) adjusting the height of the pressure measuring pipe to slowly reduce the pressure measuring pipe for a certain distance and recording the reduced height, and formally starting the dehumidification determination process of the porous medium; opening a rubber pipe clamp II on the outflow controller to take a water sample, and recording the volume or mass of the outflow until the liquid level height in the pressure measuring pipe slowly returns to the liquid level mark position in the initial balance state; care was taken to give sufficient time for the conditioning process of the porous media to dehumidify and rebalance;
(8) repeating the step (7), and measuring the liquid level descending height of the pressure measuring pipe and the effluent flow of the effluent controller corresponding to the dehumidification process of the multiple groups of porous media; when bubbles begin to appear on the lower surface of a porous plate in the glass funnel, the determination of the dehumidification process of the porous medium is finished because the hydraulic connection between the pore water of the porous medium and the lower surface of the porous plate is damaged;
(9) calculating the relative saturation Vi by using the average saturated water content and the effluent water quantity of the porous medium; and calculating capillary suction forces hi corresponding to different water contents of the porous medium by using the initial equilibrium liquid level height and the liquid level descending heights in the multiple groups of dehumidification processes, thereby drawing a water characteristic curve of the porous medium.
2. The experimental method for accurately measuring the moisture characteristic curve of the porous medium with low water holding capacity as claimed in claim 1, wherein the structure of the adjusting bracket I of the measurement experimental device comprises a clamping ring I, a screwing bolt, a clamping ring II and a connecting rod I, the clamping ring I is sleeved on the main bracket and can slide up and down, the screwing bolt transversely penetrates through the clamping ring I, the positions of the clamping ring I and the main bracket are fixed through the screwing bolt, the clamping ring II is sleeved on the glass funnel, and the clamping ring II is connected with the clamping ring I through the connecting rod I.
3. An experimental method for accurately measuring the moisture characteristic curve of a porous medium with low water-holding capacity according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the diameter of the pressure measuring tube in the experimental device is the same as that of the U-shaped hose, and the total length of the pressure measuring tube is greater than the height of the glass funnel; and the lower port of the pressure measuring pipe is vertically connected with the outflow end of the U-shaped hose.
4. An experimental method for accurately measuring the moisture characteristic curve of a porous medium with low water holding capacity as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the porous plate in the measuring experimental device is any one of a sand core filter plate, a porous clay plate and a uniform porous glass partition plate.
5. The experimental method for accurately measuring the moisture characteristic curve of the porous medium with low water holding capacity as claimed in claim 3, wherein the porous plate in the experimental measurement device is any one of a sand core filter plate, a porous clay plate and a porous glass partition plate.
6. The experimental method for accurately measuring the moisture characteristic curve of a porous medium with low water holding capacity as claimed in claim 5, wherein the porous medium to be tested in the experimental device is sandy soil with low water holding capacity, the porous plate used is a sand core filter plate or a porous clay plate, the porous medium is geotextile, and the porous plate used is a porous glass partition plate.
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