CN110258438B - System for preventing reservoir evaporation by utilizing graphite powder - Google Patents
System for preventing reservoir evaporation by utilizing graphite powder Download PDFInfo
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- CN110258438B CN110258438B CN201910489211.9A CN201910489211A CN110258438B CN 110258438 B CN110258438 B CN 110258438B CN 201910489211 A CN201910489211 A CN 201910489211A CN 110258438 B CN110258438 B CN 110258438B
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- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 173
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 170
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 159
- 230000003405 preventing effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 106
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- AEEAZFQPYUMBPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [I].[W] Chemical compound [I].[W] AEEAZFQPYUMBPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002396 Polyurea Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 abstract description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 15
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005662 Paraffin oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036760 body temperature Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 description 2
- WETNLNHFLSQYAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)O.C1CO1 Chemical compound C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)O.C1CO1 WETNLNHFLSQYAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000001398 Typha domingensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013043 chemical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008239 natural water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
- E03B3/00—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water
- E03B3/04—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water from surface water
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N5/00—Analysing materials by weighing, e.g. weighing small particles separated from a gas or liquid
- G01N5/04—Analysing materials by weighing, e.g. weighing small particles separated from a gas or liquid by removing a component, e.g. by evaporation, and weighing the remainder
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
The application provides a system for utilize graphite powder to prevent reservoir evaporation, include: the device comprises a reservoir, a reservoir bank, an anti-adsorption layer, a water pump and flake graphite powder; the flake graphite powder is paved on the surface layer of the liquid level of the reservoir to form a discontinuous graphite powder film so as to prevent the water of the reservoir from evaporating; when the system is used for preventing water evaporation in a reservoir, on one hand, the discontinuous film formed by the crystalline flake graphite powder plays a role in preventing the water evaporation in the reservoir, and on the other hand, the discontinuous film is provided with cracks which play a role in gas exchange, so that oxygen in air can enter a water body, the breathing requirement of aquatic animals and plants in the reservoir can be met, and meanwhile, the release of harmful gas in the water body of the reservoir can be facilitated; the method has the functions of purifying the water body of the reservoir, reducing the leakage loss of the reservoir and saving water, and meanwhile, the graphite powder has little pollution to the water body of the reservoir and low price.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of hydraulic engineering, in particular to a system for preventing reservoir evaporation by utilizing graphite powder.
Background
Evaporation is one of the dominant factors in the natural water circulation process, and is an important component factor of three factors of water balance. The northwest arid region is one of regions with the most serious water resource shortage in China, the average annual precipitation is 230mm, and the evaporation capacity is 8-10 times of the precipitation.
Taking Xinjiang as an example, the average evaporation capacity of the boiler is 2463.6mm for many years, and the average precipitation capacity of the boiler is only 147mm for many years. Currently, sinkiang has built a 489-base reservoir with a total reservoir capacity of 83.78 ×10 8 m 3 . Studies have shown that the annual evaporation capacity of the Xinjiang plain reservoir is 26.1X10 8 m 3 The evaporation loss of the lake surface exceeds 40% of the total storage capacity of the reservoir. The effective utilization rate of the reservoir is greatly reduced by the amount of water lost by ineffective evaporation. If the ineffective evaporation of the reservoir can be effectively restrained, a large amount of water resources can be saved.
For arid and semiarid regions with limited total water resources, the crisis of water resources can be fundamentally solved only by continuously improving the utilization efficiency of the water resources. Meanwhile, the method for inhibiting the ineffective evaporation of the reservoir not only has great economic benefit, ecological benefit and social benefit, but also plays a positive role in sustainable development of arid and semiarid regions. Therefore, research on inhibiting evaporation of the lake surface of the reservoir is significant and necessary in arid and semiarid regions.
The current main modes for inhibiting evaporation of the lake surface of the reservoir are as follows:
1. adding chemical agents, for example: adding 16 carbon alcohol (CH 3 (CH 2) 14CH2 OH), or 18 carbon alcohol (C18H 38O); the chemical reagent has strong volatility, so that the effect of inhibiting evaporation of the lake surface of the reservoir is affected under the hot climatic conditions in summer;
2. physical coverage methods such as: covering a benzene plate, a polyethylene film, an ethylene foam plastic plate, paraffin and cattail on the lake surface of the reservoir or floating a solar panel;
because the mode is mostly covered by polyethylene products, the cover plate is easy to weather under hot and windy weather conditions, and plastic products produced after weather are not easy to decompose, so that secondary pollution is caused, and the growth of aquatic organisms in a reservoir is influenced;
meanwhile, although the floating solar panel can give consideration to power generation and water surface evaporation prevention, as the area of the reservoir is reduced when the water level of the reservoir is reduced, the solar panel is easy to overlap and squeeze, so that the solar panel is damaged, the effect of evaporation on the lake surface of the reservoir is reduced, and the economic cost for replacing the solar panel is increased;
3. monolayer coating methods such as: OED is adopted, and the main components of the OED are ethylene oxide behenate and paraffin oil soap film;
although the monomolecular film has good effect of inhibiting evaporation on the lake surface of the reservoir, the monomolecular film is not ideal to popularize and apply due to the high manufacturing cost of the monomolecular film, the restriction of wind power, sand dust, wind waves and other factors of the external environment.
Therefore, in the related art, a solution for better solving the evaporation of water in the reservoir is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The application provides a system for preventing reservoir evaporation by utilizing graphite powder, so as to solve the problems in the related art.
To solve the above problems, the present application discloses a system for preventing evaporation of a reservoir using graphite powder, comprising: reservoir 1, reservoir bank 2, anti-adsorption layer 3, water pump 4 and flake graphite powder 5;
the flake graphite powder 5 is paved on the surface layer of the liquid level of the reservoir 1 to form a discontinuous graphite powder film so as to prevent the water of the reservoir from evaporating;
the inner side of the reservoir bank 2 is provided with an anti-adsorption layer 3 in an outward extending manner along the circumferential direction, and the inner side of the anti-adsorption layer 3 is coated with an anti-sticking coating material for preventing the crystalline flake graphite powder 5 from being adsorbed onto the reservoir bank 2;
the water pump 4 is arranged outside the reservoir 1, and the water intake 6 of the water pump 4 is below the lowest water level of the reservoir 1.
Optionally, the flake graphite powder 5 is one of flake graphite powder of 200 meshes, 1000 meshes, 5000 meshes and 10000 meshes.
Optionally, the concentration of the crystalline flake graphite powder is 9.07g/m 2 、13.6g/m 2 、18.13g/m 2 22.66g/m 2 One of them.
Optionally, the 200-mesh flake graphite powder adopts the concentration of 9.07g/m 2 The concentration of the flake graphite powder with 1000 meshes, 5000 meshes and 10000 meshes is 18.13g/m 2 。
Optionally, in the area with high solar radiation intensity, the flake graphite powder 5 is one of 1000 mesh flake graphite powder and 10000 mesh flake graphite powder.
Optionally, the anti-adsorption layer 3 is provided with a height L at least greater than L':
L′＝(h u -h l +Δh)/sini
wherein hx is: the elevation of the reservoir 1 at a high water level; h is a l The method comprises the following steps: the elevation of the reservoir 1 at a low water level; Δh is: the maximum wave height of the reservoir 1; i is: the inner side of the reservoir 1 is declined.
Optionally, the flake graphite powder 5 adsorbs water suspended matters and deposits at the bottom of the reservoir to form an anti-leakage layer 13.
Optionally, the anti-sticking coating material is made of the following materials: one of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurea, organic silicon resin nano-paint and fluorocarbon nano-paint.
Optionally, the flake graphite powder 5 is selected by an outdoor experimental system for preventing evaporation of a reservoir by using graphite powder, the outdoor experimental system comprising: a plurality of first test systems, the first test systems comprising: a plurality of evaporating dishes 8 and a plurality of electronic scales 9;
in each first test system, each electronic scale 9 is provided with an evaporation dish 8, and tap water with the same height is placed in each evaporation dish 8;
the same flake graphite powder 5 with different concentrations is respectively placed in each evaporation pan 8 except one evaporation pan.
Optionally, the selection of the flake graphite powder 5 is obtained by an indoor experimental system for preventing evaporation of a reservoir by using graphite powder, the indoor experimental system comprising:
a plurality of second test systems, each of the second test systems comprising: a plurality of iodine tungsten lamps 7, a plurality of evaporating dishes 8, a plurality of electronic scales 9 and a slide rheostat 10;
in each second test system, each electronic scale 9 is provided with the evaporation dish 8, and tap water with the same height is placed in each evaporation dish 8;
the same height above each evaporation dish 8 except one is respectively provided with an iodine-tungsten lamp 7 with different powers, and the outer side of each iodine-tungsten lamp 7 is provided with a lampshade 11;
each iodine tungsten lamp 7 is connected in parallel, a main line after the parallel connection is connected with one end of the sliding rheostat 10, and the other end of the sliding rheostat 10 is connected with an external power supply;
the tap water surface in each evaporation pan 8 in each of the second test systems except one is provided with an equal amount of the flake graphite powder 5;
the particle sizes of the flake graphite powder 5 in the second test systems are different from each other except one.
Compared with the prior art, the application has the following advantages:
(1) The graphite powder forms a discontinuous film on the surface layer of the liquid level of the reservoir, on one hand, the film plays a role in preventing water in the reservoir from evaporating, on the other hand, the discontinuous film is provided with cracks 12, the cracks 12 play a role in gas exchange, so that oxygen in air can enter a water body, the breathing requirements of aquatic animals and plants in the reservoir 1 can be met, and meanwhile, the release of harmful gases in the water body of the reservoir 1 can be facilitated;
(2) The graphite powder is used for adsorbing suspended matters floating on the surface layer of the liquid level of the reservoir by utilizing strong adsorptivity, so that larger particles are formed and then are sunk into the bottom of the reservoir, and the effect of purifying the water body is achieved;
(3) The graphite powder is small-particle simple substance carbon, has good chemical stability at normal temperature, can resist acid, alkali, organic solvents and the like, is difficult to chemically react with water, has the effect of small pollution, and simultaneously has larger specific surface area, so that the consumption of the graphite powder in unit area is small, and the graphite is low-cost fossil fuel, so that the price is low;
(4) The graphite powder has high temperature resistance (the melting point is 3850+50 ℃ and the boiling point is 4250 ℃), so that evaporation prevention materials such as OED, paraffin oil soap film and the like cannot volatilize at high temperature, and the evaporation prevention effect is stable;
(5) The graphite powder floating on the surface of the water body can gradually perform adsorption with suspended matters on the surface of the water body, and the suspended matters in the water body are adsorbed in the sinking process, so that a mixture formed by the graphite powder and the suspended matters is sunk into the bottom of the water body, and the mixture gradually accumulates at the bottom of the reservoir to form a compact anti-seepage layer 13, thereby reducing the seepage loss of the reservoir and playing a role in saving water.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings that are needed in the description of the embodiments of the present application will be briefly described below, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for preventing evaporation of a reservoir using graphite powder according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a positional relationship between a reservoir bank and an anti-adsorption layer according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the structure of a discontinuous graphite powder film formed of flake graphite powder according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing cumulative evaporation capacity of 200 mesh flake graphite powder with time under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing cumulative evaporation capacity of 1000 mesh flake graphite powder with time under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the cumulative evaporation capacity of 5000 mesh flake graphite powder with time under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing cumulative evaporation capacity of 10000 mesh flake graphite powder with time under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the variation of the evaporation intensity with time of 200 mesh flake graphite powder under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the variation of the evaporation intensity with time of 1000 mesh flake graphite powder under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the change of the evaporation intensity with time of 5000 mesh flake graphite powder under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the change of evaporation intensity with time of 10000 mesh flake graphite powder under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 12 is a bar graph of water saving efficiency of flake graphite powder of different mesh numbers under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system shown in an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 13 is a schematic system diagram of an indoor experiment system for preventing evaporation of a reservoir using graphite powder according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 14 is a graph showing cumulative evaporation capacity of flake graphite powder of different mesh numbers with time at a radiation intensity of 1000w/h according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 15 is a graph showing the variation of the evaporation intensity of flake graphite powder of different mesh numbers with time at a radiation intensity of 1000w/h according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 16 is a bar graph of water conservation efficiency for different mesh numbers of flake graphite powder at a radiation intensity of 1000w/h as shown in one embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 17 is a schematic vertical cross-section of the relationship between the height of the anti-adsorption layer and the highest/lowest water level of the reservoir according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
In the figure: reservoir-1; reservoir bank-2; an anti-adsorption layer-3; a water pump-4; flake graphite powder-5; a water intake port-6; iodine tungsten lamp-7; evaporating dish-8; an electronic scale-9; a slide rheostat-10; the lampshade is 11, and the slit is 12; and an anti-seepage layer-13.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present application will be made clearly and fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is evident that the embodiments described are some, but not all, of the embodiments of the present application. All other embodiments, which can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments herein without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the present application.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a system for preventing evaporation of a reservoir using graphite powder according to an embodiment of the present application. Referring to fig. 1, the system for preventing evaporation of a reservoir of the present application includes: reservoir 1, reservoir bank 2, anti-adsorption layer 3, water pump 4 and flake graphite powder 5;
the flake graphite powder 5 is paved on the surface layer of the liquid level of the reservoir 1 to form a discontinuous graphite powder film so as to prevent the water of the reservoir from evaporating;
the inner side of the reservoir bank 2 is provided with an anti-adsorption layer 3 in an outward extending manner along the circumferential direction, and the inner side of the anti-adsorption layer 3 is coated with an anti-sticking coating material for preventing the crystalline flake graphite powder 5 from being adsorbed onto the reservoir bank 2;
the water pump 4 is arranged outside the reservoir 1, and the water intake 6 of the water pump 4 is below the lowest water level of the reservoir 1.
In this embodiment, since the graphite powder is a non-grease single-molecule film, the formed film has discontinuity, referring to fig. 3, fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a discontinuous graphite powder film formed by flake graphite powder 5, and as can be seen from fig. 3, the discontinuous graphite powder film has a large number of irregular cracks 12, on one hand, the surface layer of the liquid surface of the reservoir 1 is covered with the film, so as to play a role in preventing evaporation of water, and on the other hand, the film has the cracks 12, so that the cracks 12 play a role in gas exchange, thereby being beneficial to oxygen in air to enter into the water body of the reservoir, meeting the breathing requirements of aquatic animals and plants in the water body, and simultaneously being beneficial to release of harmful gases in the water body.
Referring to fig. 2, fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the positional relationship between the reservoir bank 2 and the anti-adsorption layer 3, wherein the anti-adsorption layer 3 is used for preventing waves in the reservoir 1 from impacting the crystalline flake graphite powder 5 on the surface layer of the liquid level of the reservoir 1 onto the reservoir bank 2 around the reservoir 1, so as to reduce the evaporation efficiency of the waterproof component of the crystalline flake graphite powder 5, and meanwhile, the anti-adhesion coating material on the inner side of the anti-adsorption layer 3 is used for preventing the crystalline flake graphite powder 5 from adhering to the adsorption layer 3.
Because the reservoir 1 has the drinking water requirement of surrounding industry and agriculture, the water intake 6 of the water pump 4 is arranged below the lowest water level of the reservoir 1, so that the reduction of the coverage area of the graphite powder film caused by the loss of the flake graphite powder 5 film on the surface layer of the liquid surface along with water intake due to water intake from the upper layer of the liquid surface of the reservoir 1 is prevented, and the reduction of the evaporation prevention effect is caused.
The flake graphite powder 5 is one of 200-mesh, 1000-mesh, 5000-mesh and 10000-mesh flake graphite powder.
The concentration of the crystalline flake graphite powder is 9.07g/m 2 、13.6g/m 2 、18.13g/m 2 22.66g/m 2 One of them.
The 200-mesh flake graphite powder adopts the concentration of 9.07g/m 2 The concentration of the flake graphite powder with 1000 meshes, 5000 meshes and 10000 meshes is 18.13g/m 2 。
In this embodiment, the flake graphite powder 5 is any one of 200 mesh, 1000 mesh, 5000 mesh and 10000 mesh flake graphite powder, and when in use, flake graphite powder with different concentrations and different mesh numbers can be used, and optimally, the optimal concentration of the 200 mesh flake graphite powder is 9.07g/m 2 The concentration of the flake graphite powder with 1000 meshes, 5000 meshes and 10000 meshes is 18.13g/m 2 Flakes of different mesh numbersThe selection of the corresponding concentration of the graphite powder is obtained through an outdoor experimental system for preventing reservoir evaporation by using the graphite powder, and the outdoor experimental system comprises: a plurality of first test systems, the first test systems comprising: a plurality of evaporating dishes 8 and a plurality of electronic scales 9;
in each first test system, each electronic scale 9 is provided with an evaporation dish 8, and tap water with the same height is placed in each evaporation dish 8;
the same flake graphite powder 5 with different concentrations is respectively placed in each evaporation pan 8 except one evaporation pan.
| Date of test | 4 months and 22 days | 4 months and 23 days | 24 days of 4 months | Day of 4 months and 25 days | 4 months and 26 days | 4 months and 27 days |
| Average temperature/. Degree.C | 25 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 27 | 28 |
| Wind speed m.s -1 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.2 |
| Rainfall/mm | 5 | 6 | 12 | 11 | 5 | 15 |
| Relative humidity/% | 74 | 83 | 86 | 90 | 68 | 99 |
TABLE 1 Meteorological index for experimental time period
Referring to table 1, the academy of engineering of south China and the west was taken as an experimental area, and the experimental time period was: the outdoor weather indexes of 4 months 22 days 13:30 in 4 months of 2019 to 20:30 in 27 months of 4 months of 2019 are as follows according to the table 1: the average temperature is 25 ℃, and the wind speed is 2.6m.s -1 The rainfall is 5mm, and the relative humidity is 74%; outdoor weather indexes of 23 days of 4 months are as follows: average temperature of 24 ℃ and wind speed of 2.4m.s -1 The rainfall is 6mm, and the relative humidity is 83%; outdoor weather indexes of 24 days of 4 months are as follows: average temperature of 24 ℃ and wind speed of 2.6m.s -1 The rainfall is 12mm, and the relative humidity is 86%; outdoor weather indexes of 25 days of 4 months are as follows: the average temperature was 25 c,wind speed of 3.4m.s -1 The rainfall is 11mm, and the relative humidity is 90%; outdoor weather indexes of 26 days of 4 months are as follows: the average temperature is 27 ℃ and the wind speed is 3.6m.s -1 The rainfall is 5mm, and the relative humidity is 68%; outdoor weather indexes of the 4 months and 27 days are as follows: the average temperature is 28 ℃, and the wind speed is 3.2m.s -1 The rainfall was 15mm and the relative humidity was 99%.
During the experiment, the radius of evaporation pan 8 that adopts is 16.215cm, to every place the clear water of 1cm department from evaporation pan 8 top edge in the evaporation pan 8 in the first test system, simultaneously, put into in proper order in the evaporation pan 8 except that one: 0.5g (i.e. the concentration of the crystalline flake graphite powder is 9.07g/m 2 ) 0.75g (i.e. the concentration of the flake graphite powder is 13.6 g/m) 2 ) 1g (i.e. the concentration of the crystalline flake graphite powder is 18.13g/m 2 ) And 1.25g (i.e. crystalline flake graphite powder concentration of 22.66 g/m) 2 ) The electronic scale 9 is used for measuring the evaporation capacity, the measurement precision of the electronic scale is 0.1g, the measurement range is 30kg, taking 2h sampling intervals as an example, the weight of the electronic scale 9 is recorded every two hours to obtain the evaporation capacity in the sampling intervals, and therefore a relation chart of the accumulated evaporation capacity of the evaporation dish 8 in each first test system changing with time is obtained.
Referring to fig. 4, 5, 6 and 7, fig. 4 is a graph showing the cumulative evaporation amount of 200 mesh flake graphite powder with time change under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system, and as can be obtained according to fig. 4, for 200 mesh flake graphite powder, the cumulative evaporation amount of the same evaporation time is, in turn, that the clear water is more than 22.66g/m 2 ＞18.13g/m 2 ≈13.60g/m 2 ＞9.07g/m 2 The overall performance shows that the larger the concentration is, the larger the accumulated evaporation capacity is, and the 200-mesh flake graphite powder is 9.07g/m 2 The evaporation preventing effect is best under the concentration condition.
Fig. 5 is a graph showing the cumulative evaporation capacity of 1000 mesh flake graphite powder with time change under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system, and according to fig. 5, for 1000 mesh flake graphite powder, the cumulative evaporation capacity of four concentrations within the range of 0-70h has little difference, and the cumulative evaporation capacity after 70h is sequentially: clear water > 22.66g/m 2 ＞9.07g/m 2 ＞13.60g/m 2 ＞18.13g/m 2 200-mesh flake graphite powder with the particle size of 18.13g/m 2 The evaporation preventing effect is best under the concentration condition.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the cumulative evaporation capacity of 5000 mesh flake graphite powder with time change under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system, wherein for 5000 mesh flake graphite powder, the cumulative evaporation capacity of four concentrations within the range of 0-50h has little difference with the same evaporation time, and the cumulative evaporation capacity after 50h is sequentially as follows: clear water > 9.07g/m 2 ＞22.66g/m 2 ＞13.60g/m 2 ≈18.13g/m 2 5000 mesh flake graphite powder at 18.13g/m 2 The evaporation preventing effect is best under the concentration condition.
Fig. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between cumulative evaporation capacity of 10000 mesh flake graphite powder under different concentration conditions and time change under an outdoor experimental system, wherein the cumulative evaporation capacity is as follows in sequence for 10000 mesh flake graphite powder: clear water > 9.07g/m 2 ＞22.66g/m 2 ＞13.60g/m 2 ＞18.13g/m 2 10000 mesh flake graphite powder is 18.13g/m 2 The evaporation preventing effect is best under the concentration condition.
As can be seen from fig. 4, 5, 6 and 7, in the outdoor experimental system, that is, under the natural condition of solar radiation, the accumulated evaporation amounts of four different concentrations of four meshes are gradually increased with time, and the effect of preventing the evaporation of water is achieved after the flake graphite powder of different meshes is added as compared with the clear water.
Calculating the evaporation intensity according to the accumulated evaporation quantity, wherein the evaporation intensity is calculated by dividing the accumulated evaporation quantity of two adjacent points by the evaporation time in unit time, and the calculation formula of the evaporation intensity is as follows:
wherein I is evaporation intensity, t is evaporation time, Δt is adjacent time step, I t The accumulated evaporation amount at time t.
Referring to fig. 8, 9, 10 and 11, fig. 8 is a graph showing the change of the evaporation intensity of 200 mesh flake graphite powder with time under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system; FIG. 9 is a graph showing the change of the evaporation intensity of 1000 mesh flake graphite powder with time under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system; FIG. 10 is a graph showing the change of the evaporation intensity of 5000 mesh flake graphite powder with time under different concentration conditions under an outdoor experimental system; FIG. 11 is a graph showing the change of evaporation intensity with time of 10000 mesh flake graphite powder under different concentration conditions in an outdoor experimental system.
As can be seen from fig. 8, 9, 10 and 11, under the condition of different concentrations, the evaporation intensity of the flake graphite powder with different mesh numbers is affected by weather conditions, the evaporation intensity is maximum at 12-14 pm, the evaporation intensity is smaller at 24 pm to 2 am, and the influence of the concentration of the flake graphite powder on the evaporation intensity of the water body is consistent with the influence of the concentration on the accumulated evaporation amount, which is not described herein.
Under the condition of not adding flake graphite powder, namely the evaporation capacity of clear water is P 0 The evaporation capacity after adding flake graphite powder is P c The water-saving efficiency is eta, and the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein eta is more than or equal to 0 and represents no water conservation, and eta is less than 0 and represents no water conservation.
Referring to FIG. 12, FIG. 12 is a water saving efficiency bar graph of flake graphite powder of different mesh numbers under different concentration conditions under an outdoor experimental system, i.e. under natural condition of solar radiation, for flake graphite powder of 200 mesh, the concentration is 9.07g/m 2 The water saving efficiency is highest, the water saving efficiency is above 26%, and for 1000, 5000 and 10000 meshes of flake graphite powder, the concentration is 18.13g/m 2 The evaporation prevention effect is better, wherein the water saving efficiency of the flake graphite powder with 5000 meshes is highest, and the water saving efficiency is more than 28%.
Therefore, under the natural condition of solar radiation, the flake graphite powder with 5000 meshes is 18.13g/m 2 The evaporation prevention effect is best under the concentration condition.
In areas with high solar radiation intensity, the crystalline flake graphite powder 5 adopts one of crystalline flake graphite powder of 1000 meshes and 10000 meshes.
In this embodiment, the selection of the flake graphite powder 5 is obtained by an indoor experimental system for preventing evaporation of a reservoir by using graphite powder, the indoor experimental system comprising:
a plurality of second test systems, each of the second test systems comprising: a plurality of iodine tungsten lamps 7, a plurality of evaporating dishes 8, a plurality of electronic scales 9 and a slide rheostat 10;
in each second test system, each electronic scale 9 is provided with the evaporation dish 8, and tap water with the same height is placed in each evaporation dish 8;
the same height above each evaporation dish 8 except one is respectively provided with an iodine-tungsten lamp 7 with different powers, and the outer side of each iodine-tungsten lamp 7 is provided with a lampshade 11;
each iodine tungsten lamp 7 is connected in parallel, a main line after the parallel connection is connected with one end of the sliding rheostat 10, and the other end of the sliding rheostat 10 is connected with an external power supply;
the tap water surface in each evaporation pan 8 in each of the second test systems except one is provided with an equal amount of the flake graphite powder 5;
the particle sizes of the flake graphite powder 5 in the second test systems are different from each other except one.
Referring to fig. 13, fig. 13 is a schematic diagram of a system of an indoor experiment system for preventing evaporation of a reservoir by using graphite powder, the lamp housing 11 is disposed at the outer side of the tungsten-iodine lamps 7, for converging light sources to the upper side of the evaporation dish 8 at the bottom, each tungsten-iodine lamp 7 is connected in parallel, each tungsten-iodine lamp 7 is regarded as a whole, and then is connected in series with one end of the sliding rheostat 10 through a power line, the maximum resistance value of the sliding rheostat 10 is 50Ω, the other end of the sliding rheostat 10 is connected with an external power source, the power source can be supplied with power by adopting an external power socket or a storage battery, and the sliding rheostat 10 is used for controlling the radiation intensity of the tungsten-iodine lamps 7.
The radius of an evaporation dish 8 in the indoor experiment system is 16.215cm, an iodine tungsten lamp 7 is used for simulating a light source of solar radiation, a lamp tube of the iodine tungsten lamp 7 is 1.2m away from a water surface in the evaporation dish 8, tap water which is 1cm away from the upper edge of the evaporation dish 8 is placed in each evaporation dish 8, an electronic scale 9 is used for measuring evaporation capacity, the measuring precision of the electronic scale is 0.1g, the measuring range is 30kg, the simulated evaporation time is 24h, 0.75g of flake graphite powder 5 is placed on the tap water surface in each evaporation dish 8 in each test system except one, the indoor air humidity is 65%, the temperature is 24 ℃, the wind speed is 0km/h, the data sampling interval is 2h, and the power of the iodine tungsten lamp 7 is as follows: 1000w/h, 500w/h and 200 w/h.
Taking 1000w/h of iodine tungsten lamp 7 as an example, after 1h of iodine tungsten lamp 7 is irradiated, the surface temperature of evaporating dish 8 is 32 ℃, the surface air humidity of evaporating dish 8 is 32%, according to the accumulated evaporation amount, evaporation intensity and water saving efficiency, referring to fig. 14, fig. 14 is a graph showing the relationship of the accumulated evaporation amount of flake graphite powder with different meshes with time under the radiation intensity of 1000w/h, and according to fig. 14, the accumulated evaporation amount of water corresponding to the flake graphite powder with different meshes shows a gradually increasing change trend with time after the evaporation is started; under the same evaporation time, the accumulated evaporation amount is as follows in sequence: 200 meshes > 5000 meshes > 1000 meshes > 10000 meshes of clear water.
Referring to FIG. 15, FIG. 15 is a graph showing the variation of the evaporation intensity of flake graphite powder with different mesh numbers with time under the radiation intensity of 1000w/h, and as can be seen from FIG. 15, the evaporation intensity of each water body with different mesh numbers of graphite powder is in an increasing variation trend within the range of 0-10 h, and basically tends to be stable after 10h, because the water body absorbs heat gradually within the range of 0-10 h, the evaporation intensity is also increased gradually with the increase of the water body temperature, and the water body temperature tends to be stable after 10h, and the evaporation intensity is not changed any more; simultaneously, the same evaporation time, the evaporation intensity size is in proper order on the whole: 200 meshes > 5000 meshes > 1000 meshes > 10000 meshes of clear water.
As can be seen from fig. 14 and 15, under the condition of high simulated solar radiation intensity, the 200 mesh and 5000 mesh flake graphite powder does not have the effect of preventing water evaporation, but accelerates water evaporation, at this time, the 1000 mesh and 10000 mesh flake graphite powder has the effect of preventing water evaporation, because the 500 mesh and 5000 mesh flake graphite powder forms a deeper film on the surface of the water, the deeper film has better water absorption performance to light, the surface water temperature increases faster, the evaporation intensity is higher, the 1000 mesh and 10000 mesh flake graphite powder forms a shallower film (light silvery white) on the surface of the water, the reflection effect of the shallower film on light is stronger, the surface water temperature increases slower, the evaporation intensity is smaller, and therefore, the 200 mesh and 5000 mesh flake graphite powder is not suitable for the area with higher solar radiation intensity.
Referring to FIG. 16, FIG. 16 is a water saving efficiency bar graph of flake graphite powder of different mesh numbers at a radiation intensity of 1000w/h, and it is known from FIG. 16 that 10000 mesh graphite powder of four different mesh numbers has the best evaporation preventing effect and the water saving efficiency of about 15% at a radiation intensity of 1000 w/h.
The anti-adsorption layer 3 is provided with a height L at least greater than L':
L′＝(h u -h l +Δh)/sini
wherein h is u The method comprises the following steps: the elevation of the reservoir 1 at a high water level; h is a l The method comprises the following steps: the elevation of the reservoir 1 at a low water level; Δh is: the maximum wave height of the reservoir 1; i is: the inner side of the reservoir 1 is declined.
In this embodiment, referring to fig. 17, fig. 17 is a schematic vertical section view showing the relationship between the height L of the anti-adsorption layer 3 and the highest/lowest water level of the reservoir 1, and it can be seen from the relationship between the schematic vertical section view and the trigonometric function that the minimum height L of the anti-adsorption layer 3 is: l= (h u -h l +Δh)/sin i, the anti-adsorption layer 3 is set to a height L of at least L ', which L' =l= (h) u -h l +Deltah)/sin i, the adsorption preventing layer 3 can prevent waves in the reservoir 1 from impacting crystalline flake graphite powder 5 on the surface layer of the liquid level of the reservoir 1 to the reservoir bank 2 around the reservoir 1, so that the efficiency of preventing water evaporation of the crystalline flake graphite powder 5 is reduced.
The flake graphite powder 5 adsorbs water suspension and deposits on the bottom of the reservoir 1 to form an anti-seepage layer 13.
In this embodiment, because graphite powder possesses strong adsorptivity, can adsorb the suspended solid that floats at reservoir 1 liquid level top layer, sink into reservoir 1 bottom after forming great granule, have the effect of purifying the water, simultaneously, can form fine and close antiseep layer 13 after the graphite carbon that sinks into reservoir 1 bottom is accumulated to reduce the seepage loss of reservoir 1, indirectly play the effect of water conservation.
The anti-sticking coating material is made of the following materials: one of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurea, organic silicon resin nano-paint and fluorocarbon nano-paint.
In this specification, each embodiment is described in a progressive manner, and each embodiment is mainly described by differences from other embodiments, and identical and similar parts between the embodiments are all enough to be referred to each other.
The above system for preventing evaporation of a reservoir by using graphite powder provided by the present application has been described in detail, and specific examples are applied herein to illustrate the principles and embodiments of the present application, and the above examples are only used to help understand the method and core ideas of the present application; meanwhile, as those skilled in the art will have modifications in the specific embodiments and application scope in accordance with the ideas of the present application, the present description should not be construed as limiting the present application in view of the above.
Claims (8)
1. A system for preventing evaporation from a reservoir using graphite powder, comprising: the device comprises a reservoir, a reservoir bank, an anti-adsorption layer, a water pump and flake graphite powder;
the scale graphite powder is paved on the surface layer of the liquid level of the reservoir to form a discontinuous graphite powder film for preventing water in the reservoir from evaporating, wherein the discontinuous graphite powder film comprises a plurality of irregular cracks, the irregular cracks are used for realizing gas exchange of water in the reservoir, and the scale graphite powder adopts one of 200-mesh, 1000-mesh, 5000-mesh and 10000-mesh scale graphite powder;
the inside of reservoir dyke outwards extends along the circumferencial direction and is equipped with prevent the adsorbed layer, prevent that the adsorbed layer inboard coating has antiseized coating material, be used for preventing the crystalline flake graphite powder adsorbs to on the reservoir dyke, wherein, antiseized coating material adopts the material to be: one of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurea, organic silicon resin nano-paint and fluorocarbon nano-paint;
the water pump is arranged outside the reservoir, and the water intake of the water pump is below the lowest water level of the reservoir.
2. A system for preventing evaporation from a reservoir using graphite powder as defined in claim 1, wherein the concentration of said flake graphite powder is 9.07g/m 2 、13.6g/m 2 、18.13g/m 2 22.66g/m 2 One of them.
3. A system for preventing evaporation from a reservoir using graphite powder as defined in claim 2, wherein said 200 mesh flake graphite powder is used at a concentration of 9.07g/m 2 ；
The concentration of the flake graphite powder with 1000 meshes, 5000 meshes and 10000 meshes is 18.13g/m 2 。
4. The system for preventing evaporation from a reservoir using graphite powder as claimed in claim 1, wherein the flake graphite powder is one of 1000 mesh and 10000 mesh flake graphite powder in a region where solar radiation intensity is high.
5. A system for preventing evaporation from a reservoir using graphite powder as defined in claim 1, wherein said anti-adsorption layer is provided at a height ofAt least greater than->：
Wherein,the method comprises the following steps: the elevation of the reservoir at a high water level; />The method comprises the following steps: the elevation of the reservoir at a low water level; />The method comprises the following steps: the maximum wave height of the reservoir; />The method comprises the following steps: the inner side of the reservoir is declined.
6. The system for preventing evaporation from a reservoir using graphite powder as defined in claim 1, wherein said flake graphite powder adsorbs water suspension and deposits on the bottom of said reservoir to form an anti-leakage layer.
7. A system for preventing evaporation from a reservoir using graphite powder as defined in claim 3, wherein said flake graphite powder is selected by an outdoor experimental system for preventing evaporation from a reservoir using graphite powder, the outdoor experimental system comprising: a plurality of first test systems, the first test systems comprising: a plurality of evaporating dishes and a plurality of electronic scales;
in each first test system, each electronic scale is provided with an evaporation dish, and tap water with the same height is placed in each evaporation dish;
the same flake graphite powder with different concentrations is respectively placed in each evaporation dish except one evaporation dish.
8. The system for preventing evaporation from a reservoir using graphite powder as defined in claim 4, wherein said flake graphite powder is selected by an indoor laboratory system for preventing evaporation from a reservoir using graphite powder, the indoor laboratory system comprising:
a plurality of second test systems, each of the second test systems comprising: a plurality of iodine tungsten lamps, a plurality of evaporating dishes, a plurality of electronic scales and a sliding rheostat;
in each second test system, each electronic scale is provided with an evaporation dish, and tap water with the same height is placed in each evaporation dish;
iodine-tungsten lamps with different powers are respectively arranged at the same height above each evaporation dish except one, and a lampshade is arranged on the outer side of each iodine-tungsten lamp;
each iodine tungsten lamp is connected in parallel, a main line after the parallel connection is connected with one end of the sliding rheostat, and the other end of the sliding rheostat is connected with an external power supply;
the surface of tap water in each evaporation dish in each second test system except one is provided with an equal amount of flake graphite powder;
the particle size of the flake graphite powder in each of the second test systems except one is different.
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