CN110250333A - 一种混合果渣青贮料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种混合果渣青贮料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
- A23K10/38—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material from distillers' or brewers' waste
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K30/10—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder
- A23K30/15—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging
- A23K30/18—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging using microorganisms or enzymes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
- A23K50/15—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants containing substances which are metabolically converted to proteins, e.g. ammonium salts or urea
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
- A23V2400/11—Lactobacillus
- A23V2400/169—Plantarum
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
- A23V2400/41—Pediococcus
- A23V2400/427—Pentosaceus
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
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- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开一种混合果渣青贮料,属于饲料加工技术领域,是由下述重量份的原料制成:苹果渣30‑40份、梨渣20‑30份、山楂渣10‑20份、玉米秸秆8‑15份、酒糟3‑5份、油渣3‑5份、玉米粉5‑8份、麸皮5‑10份、尿素0.6‑1.0份、甲酸钠0.3‑0.6份、偏亚硫酸氢钾0.3‑0.6份、乳酸菌液1‑2份。本发明的青贮料中添加乳酸菌液,酒糟含有大量的酵母菌与乳酸菌复合菌剂配合,可以较迅速的降低青贮基质的pH,提高饲料的安全性,同时最大限度的保持饲料的营养成分。并且甲酸钠和偏亚硫酸氢钾起酸度调节剂的作用,使饲料的适口性性能提高。
Description
技术领域
本发明饲料加工技术领域,特别涉及一种苹果渣与玉米混合青贮料及其制备方法。
背景技术
水果渣是水果加工业的副产品,主要有苹果渣、山楂渣、梨渣等,是水果压汁后的干物质部分,含有果胶、钠、钾、钙等多种矿物质及多种维生素,尤其是B族维生素丰富,可提高饲料的适口性。但作为一种饲料来源,还没有得到人们的重视,大部分都被丢弃,不但造成环境污染,也造成资源浪费。但新鲜的果渣由于富含各种营养物质,易变质,作为饲料可利用率也太低。将新鲜果渣进行青贮处理是目前研究的重点。
青贮原理为:新鲜苹果渣中酵母菌含量多且活力强,为果渣的青贮奠定了良好的基础。新鲜果渣进入青贮池,首先是酵母菌繁殖生长,并将果渣中的糖类物质通过发酵转化为酒精。同时在发酵初期,由于果渣中仍有一定量的氧气,醋酸菌会有一定的繁殖,当果渣中有酒精产生后,醋酸菌便能将其转化为醋酸,使果渣的pH值下降。随着发酵的进行,氧气很快被消耗,在厌氧、酸性及多水分的条件下,乳酸菌快速繁殖生长,pH值进一步下降,使其他杂菌很难侵染,从而形成一个安全自卫的青贮小生态环境,使果渣能够长期保存。
在青贮的果渣中添加乳酸菌,可以较迅速的降低青贮基质的pH,抑制其中有害微生物的活动,能够延长饲料的保存时间,提高饲料的安全性,同时最大限度的保持饲料的营养成分。但青贮饲料的酸度会过高,酸度过高的青贮饲料不但适口性较差,而且对奶山羊的牙齿有腐蚀性,对其肠胃有有较大的刺激性和腐蚀性,这样的青贮料不但不利于奶山羊的产奶量,而且还会危害其身体健康。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种混合果渣青贮料及其制备方法,解决现有的果渣青贮处理时酸度过高的问题。
本发明提供一种混合果渣青贮料,是由下述重量份的原料制成:苹果渣30-40份、梨渣20-30份、山楂渣10-20份、玉米秸杆8-15份、酒糟3-5份、油渣3-5份、玉米粉5-8份、麸皮5-10份、尿素0.6-1.0份、甲酸钠0.3-0.6份、偏亚硫酸氢钾0.3-0.6份、乳酸菌液1-2份。
其中,优选地,所述苹果渣中干物质的含量大于90%、粗蛋白的含量大于5%。
其中,优选地,所述梨渣中干物质含量大于90%、粗蛋的含量大于5%。
其中,优选地,所述乳酸菌液中乳酸菌由戊糖片球菌和植物乳杆菌组成,乳酸链球菌与植物乳杆菌的比例为1:0.1~10.0。
其中,优选地,:所述乳酸菌液的浓度为1.0×108cfu/ml~1.0×1010cfu/ml。
本发明并提供了一种混合果渣青贮料的制备方法,包括下述步骤:
(1)按配比称取尿素、甲酸钠和偏亚硫酸氢钾,混合均匀,得混合料1,备用;
(2)按配比称取玉米秸杆、酒糟、油渣、玉米粉麸皮,混合均匀后,再加入苹果渣、梨渣和山楂渣,混合均匀,得混合料2;
(3)装填前青贮窖四周用塑料薄膜衬垫严密,在窖底铺一层20-40cm厚的小麦秸杆,然后将混合料2逐层铺平后压实,每层混合料2的厚度为15-20cm,喷洒乳酸菌液,然后将混合料1均均的洒在每层上;
(4)在原料高出窖口30-40cm时,用塑料薄膜密封,然后用厚度为30-50cm的土压实拍平。
本发明的有益效果:
本发明的青贮料中添加乳酸菌液,酒糟含有大量的酵母菌与乳酸菌复合菌剂配合,可以较迅速的降低青贮基质的pH,抑制其中有害微生物的活动,能够延长饲料的保存时间,提高饲料的安全性,同时最大限度的保持饲料的营养成分。
配方中的麸皮为微生物发酵提供了适宜的培养基,玉米粉提供糖分营养,并具有一定有吸收水份作用,尿素提供氮源增加蛋白质含量,甲酸钠和偏亚硫酸氢钾起酸度调节剂的作用,使饲料的适口性性能提高。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明具体实施例,对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
下述实施例中,采用的苹果渣中干物质含量90.43%,粗蛋白含量7.84%,粗脂肪含量24.28%,粗灰分含量2.55%,钙含量0.29%,磷含量0.10%。梨渣中干物质的含量为92.43%,粗蛋白含量为5.16%。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种混合果渣青贮料,是由下述重量份的原料制成:苹果渣35份、梨渣25份、山楂渣15份、玉米秸杆12份、酒糟4份、油渣4份、玉米粉6份、麸皮8份、尿素0.8份、甲酸钠0.5份、偏亚硫酸氢钾0.4份、乳酸菌液1.5份。
其中,所述乳酸菌液中乳酸菌由戊糖片球菌和植物乳杆菌组成,乳酸链球菌与植物乳杆菌的比例为1:5,所述乳酸菌液的浓度为1.0×109cfu/ml。
本发明并提供了一种混合果渣青贮料的制备方法,包括下述步骤:
(1)按配比称取尿素、甲酸钠和偏亚硫酸氢钾,混合均匀,得混合料1,备用;
(2)按配比称取玉米秸杆、酒糟、油渣、玉米粉麸皮,混合均匀后,再加入苹果渣、梨渣和山楂渣,混合均匀,得混合料2;
(3)装填前青贮窖四周用塑料薄膜衬垫严密,在窖底铺一层20cm厚的小麦秸杆,然后将混合料2逐层铺平后压实,每层混合料2的厚度为20cm,喷洒乳酸菌液,然后将混合料1均均的洒在每层上;
(4)在原料高出窖口30-cm时,用塑料薄膜密封,然后用厚度为50cm的土压实拍平。
实施例2
本实施例提供一种混合果渣青贮料,是由下述重量份的原料制成:苹果渣30-份、梨渣30份、山楂渣10份、玉米秸杆15份、酒糟3份、油渣5份、玉米粉5份、麸皮10份、尿素0.6份、甲酸钠0.6份、偏亚硫酸氢钾0.3份、乳酸菌液2份。
其中,所述乳酸菌液中乳酸菌由戊糖片球菌和植物乳杆菌组成,乳酸链球菌与植物乳杆菌的比例为1:0.1。所述乳酸菌液的浓度为1.0×1010cfu/ml。
本发明并提供了一种混合果渣青贮料的制备方法,包括下述步骤:
(1)按配比称取尿素、甲酸钠和偏亚硫酸氢钾,混合均匀,得混合料1,备用;
(2)按配比称取玉米秸杆、酒糟、油渣、玉米粉麸皮,混合均匀后,再加入苹果渣、梨渣和山楂渣,混合均匀,得混合料2;
(3)装填前青贮窖四周用塑料薄膜衬垫严密,在窖底铺一层30cm厚的小麦秸杆,然后将混合料2逐层铺平后压实,每层混合料2的厚度为18cm,喷洒乳酸菌液,然后将混合料1均均的洒在每层上;
(4)在原料高出窖口35cm时,用塑料薄膜密封,然后用厚度为40cm的土压实拍平。
实施例3
本实施例提供一种混合果渣青贮料,是由下述重量份的原料制成:苹果渣40份、梨渣20份、山楂渣20份、玉米秸杆8份、酒糟5份、油渣3份、玉米粉8份、麸皮5份、尿素1.0份、甲酸钠0.3份、偏亚硫酸氢钾0.6份、乳酸菌液1份。
其中,所述乳酸菌液中乳酸菌由戊糖片球菌和植物乳杆菌组成,乳酸链球菌与植物乳杆菌的比例为1:10.0。所述乳酸菌液的浓度为1.0×108cfu/ml。
本发明并提供了一种混合果渣青贮料的制备方法,包括下述步骤:
(1)按配比称取尿素、甲酸钠和偏亚硫酸氢钾,混合均匀,得混合料1,备用;
(2)按配比称取玉米秸杆、酒糟、油渣、玉米粉麸皮,混合均匀后,再加入苹果渣、梨渣和山楂渣,混合均匀,得混合料2;
(3)装填前青贮窖四周用塑料薄膜衬垫严密,在窖底铺一层40cm厚的小麦秸杆,然后将混合料2逐层铺平后压实,每层混合料2的厚度为15cm,喷洒乳酸菌液,然后将混合料1均均的洒在每层上;
(4)在原料高出窖口40cm时,用塑料薄膜密封,然后用厚度为30cm的土压实拍平。
实施例4
本实施例提供一种混合果渣青贮料,是由下述重量份的原料制成:苹果渣32份、梨渣28份、山楂渣12份、玉米秸杆12份、酒糟4.5份、油渣3.5份、玉米粉7份、麸皮9份、尿素0.8份、甲酸钠0.4份、偏亚硫酸氢钾0.4份、乳酸菌液1.2份。
其中,所述乳酸菌液中乳酸菌由戊糖片球菌和植物乳杆菌组成,乳酸链球菌与植物乳杆菌的比例为1:2。所述乳酸菌液的浓度为5.0×109cfu/ml。
本发明并提供了一种混合果渣青贮料的制备方法,包括下述步骤:
(1)按配比称取尿素、甲酸钠和偏亚硫酸氢钾,混合均匀,得混合料1,备用;
(2)按配比称取玉米秸杆、酒糟、油渣、玉米粉麸皮,混合均匀后,再加入苹果渣、梨渣和山楂渣,混合均匀,得混合料2;
(3)装填前青贮窖四周用塑料薄膜衬垫严密,在窖底铺一层25cm厚的小麦秸杆,然后将混合料2逐层铺平后压实,每层混合料2的厚度为18cm,喷洒乳酸菌液,然后将混合料1均均的洒在每层上;
(4)在原料高出窖口35cm时,用塑料薄膜密封,然后用厚度为45cm的土压实拍平。
实施例5
本实施例提供一种混合果渣青贮料,是由下述重量份的原料制成:苹果渣38份、梨渣22份、山楂渣18份、玉米秸杆10份、酒糟4份、油渣3.5份、玉米粉6份、麸皮7份、尿素0.8份、甲酸钠0.5份、偏亚硫酸氢钾0.4份、乳酸菌液1.5份。
其中,所述乳酸菌液中乳酸菌由戊糖片球菌和植物乳杆菌组成,乳酸链球菌与植物乳杆菌的比例为1:6。所述乳酸菌液的浓度为9×108cfu/ml。
本发明并提供了一种混合果渣青贮料的制备方法,包括下述步骤:
(1)按配比称取尿素、甲酸钠和偏亚硫酸氢钾,混合均匀,得混合料1,备用;
(2)按配比称取玉米秸杆、酒糟、油渣、玉米粉麸皮,混合均匀后,再加入苹果渣、梨渣和山楂渣,混合均匀,得混合料2;
(3)装填前青贮窖四周用塑料薄膜衬垫严密,在窖底铺一层35m厚的小麦秸杆,然后将混合料2逐层铺平后压实,每层混合料2的厚度为20cm,喷洒乳酸菌液,然后将混合料1均均的洒在每层上;
(4)在原料高出窖口35cm时,用塑料薄膜密封,然后用厚度为35cm的土压实拍平。
青贮料性能试验
1.试验设计选择60只体况相近健康的泌乳期(产奶量1.75±0.21kg/d.只)关中奶山羊,采用单因子随机区组设计随机分为四组,包括对照组和五个试验组,各组除饲喂等量的干草和精料外,对照组饲喂全株玉米青贮料,试验组分别饲喂实施例1-5中的青贮料替代50%的玉米青贮料,整个试验分为3个阶段,每阶段为10天,共30d。
2.饲养管理将六组奶山羊同舍饲养,试验羊以组为单位饲养于独立圈舍内。试验前进行奶山羊防疫、驱虫,试验期间专人饲养,每日8:00~9:00饲喂青贮料+精料混合饲料,10:00~11:00饲喂花生蔓干草,14:30~15:00饲喂青贮料+精料混合饲料,16:30~18:00饲喂花生蔓干草,每日专人挤奶2次,打扫羊圈两次,所有试验羊有充足清凉的饮水、并有足够的运动场地。
3试验测定项目与方法
3.1采食量和产奶量记录
每日在饲喂前收集并详细记录各组奶山羊的剩料量,给料量和剩料量之差即为每组当天实际食入量。每日记录产奶量,每个试验阶段结束时计算各组的平均产奶量。
3.2奶样采集与常规成分测定每个试验阶段开始和结束时连续两天采集奶样(早7:00,下午5:00,10mL/次·只),暂时存放于不加防腐剂的采样瓶内,储存于4℃冰箱中,当天混合并取20mL奶样用傅立叶红外全谱扫描乳品成分快速分析仪(MILKOSCAN FT120)进行乳常规成分的测定。
3.3血液生化指标的测定试验开始和试验结束时,清晨空腹颈静脉采血10mL置于加有抗凝剂的具塞离心管中,3500r/min离心10min分离血清,-20℃冰箱保存备用。利用中生北控公司生化试剂盒测定血液生化指标,测定项目:高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、葡萄糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯。处理后的血清在西北农林科技大学动物科技学院兽医院用XD-811半自动生化分析仪进行分析,各个指标的具体测定步骤严格按照试剂盒使用说明书进行操作。
4.结果与分析
4.1对奶山羊采食量的影响
表1中可以看出,各试验组奶山羊的(青贮料+精料)混合料日均采食量均显著高于对照组,试验组奶山羊花生蔓干草日均采食量差异不显著(P﹥0.05)。
表1平均日采食量(kg/d.只)
4.2对奶山羊产奶量的影响
试验期间记录每只奶山羊的日均产奶量,经SPSS统计分析后,结果见表2。
从表中的统计结果可以看出,整个试验期各试验组奶山羊的日均产奶量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
4.3对奶山羊乳品质的影响
从表3中统计结果可以看出,采食不同苹果渣青贮料替代50%玉米青贮料的各试验组奶山羊与对照组比较,乳成分中乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳糖、干物质、非脂乳固体含量均有不同程度的改善,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表3对奶山羊乳品品质的影响
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (6)
1.一种混合果渣青贮料,其特征在于是由下述重量份的原料制成:苹果渣30-40份、梨渣20-30份、山楂渣10-20份、玉米秸杆8-15份、酒糟3-5份、油渣3-5份、玉米粉5-8份、麸皮5-10份、尿素0.6-1.0份、甲酸钠0.3-0.6份、偏亚硫酸氢钾0.3-0.6份、乳酸菌液1-2份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种混合果渣青贮料,其特征在于:所述苹果渣中干物质的含量大于90%、粗蛋白的含量大于5%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种混合果渣青贮料,其特征在于:所述梨渣中干物质含量大于90%、粗蛋的含量大于5%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种混合果渣青贮料,其特征在于:所述乳酸菌液中乳酸菌由戊糖片球菌和植物乳杆菌组成,乳酸链球菌与植物乳杆菌的比例为1:0.1~10.0。
5.根据权利要求3所述的一种混合果渣青贮料,其特征在于:所述乳酸菌液的浓度为1.0×108cfu/ml~1.0×1010cfu/ml。
6.一种权利要求1-5任一项所述的混合果渣青贮料的制备方法,其特征在于包括下述步骤:
(1)按配比称取尿素、甲酸钠和偏亚硫酸氢钾,混合均匀,得混合料1,备用;
(2)按配比称取玉米秸杆、酒糟、油渣、玉米粉麸皮,混合均匀后,再加入苹果渣、梨渣和山楂渣,混合均匀,得混合料2;
(3)装填前青贮窖四周用塑料薄膜衬垫严密,在窖底铺一层20-40cm厚的小麦秸杆,然后将混合料2逐层铺平后压实,每层混合料2的厚度为15-20cm,喷洒乳酸菌液,然后将混合料1均均的洒在每层上;
(4)在原料高出窖口30-40cm时,用塑料薄膜密封,然后用厚度为30-50cm的土压实拍平。
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CN112890020A (zh) * | 2021-02-08 | 2021-06-04 | 山东省农业科学院玉米研究所(山东省农业科学院玉米工程技术研究中心) | 一种全株青贮玉米饲料的制备方法 |
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