CN110244402A - A kind of design of ultra-low loss large-effective area single mode fiber and its manufacturing method - Google Patents
A kind of design of ultra-low loss large-effective area single mode fiber and its manufacturing method Download PDFInfo
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- CN110244402A CN110244402A CN201910340650.3A CN201910340650A CN110244402A CN 110244402 A CN110244402 A CN 110244402A CN 201910340650 A CN201910340650 A CN 201910340650A CN 110244402 A CN110244402 A CN 110244402A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02004—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by the core effective area or mode field radius
- G02B6/02009—Large effective area or mode field radius, e.g. to reduce nonlinear effects in single mode fibres
- G02B6/02014—Effective area greater than 60 square microns in the C band, i.e. 1530-1565 nm
- G02B6/02019—Effective area greater than 90 square microns in the C band, i.e. 1530-1565 nm
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of designs of ultra-low loss large-effective area single mode fiber and its manufacturing method, fibre profile to separately include high-purity silicon dioxide from inside to outside and mix Cl and K sandwich layer on a small quantity, and F, Ge are co-doped with covering, the recessed covering of highly doped F and pure silicon dioxide covering.This optical fiber using plasma chemical vapor deposition method manufacture is because plasma activated chemical vapour deposition method is very suitable to manufacture the optical fiber of complicated cross-section structure.Fiber cut off wavelength of the invention is controlled in 1520nm hereinafter, still the effective area of optical fiber is up to 145~155 μm2, optical fiber attenuation can be effectively reduced using design scheme of the invention, optical fiber is less than or equal to 0.160dB/km in the attenuation of 1550nm wavelength, while optical fiber has lesser bending loss.
Description
(1) technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of ultra-low loss large-effective area single mode fiber design and its manufacturing method, which are mainly applied to
Extra long distance, vast capacity and superelevation rate fiber-optic communications traffic field.
(2) background technique
The transmission capacity of fiber optic communication is always constantly improve, and with the invention of coherent light communication technology, capacity extension
It can be realized by higher order signal light phase modulation method.Original wavelength-division multiplex technique, mode division multiplexing technology and time division multiplexing
Technology can be used in conjunction with higher order signal light phase modulation method, so that transmission capacity expands rapidly.
The SDH epoch fibre-optical dispersion problem and polarization mode dispersion problem can in coherent light communication technology electrical domain into
Row compensation, dispersion have not constituted the main problem of System Expansion and transmission.Dwdm system is the system of dense wave division multipurpose,
It is required that optical fiber will have certain dispersion to overcome the nonlinear effects such as four-wave mixing on transmission wavelength.The signal of long distance transmission process
Decaying can also carry out online signal regeneration by erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA).But this EDFA is in amplified signal
While can also introduce noise, the problem does not protrude in the dwdm system compared with low rate, but superelevation rate (> 100G) pass
Its coherent detection end requires the signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of signal higher during defeated.This problem may cause can transmit originally
Thousands of kilometers of conventional transmission systems must build optical-electrical-optical generating apparatus again in midway, this will be such that system cost greatly increases.
In view of this, technical staff proposes a kind of resolving ideas, that is, reduces the loss of transmission fiber, per 100 km span link load drop
Low 3dB can effectively increase the transmission range of system in this way.
Increasing signal optical transmission distance can also be realized by increasing the method for launched power, by the signal light of injection fibre
3dB is improved, if link load is constant, system transmission range, which can increase, to be twice.But the power mistake in light injection fibre
Height can cause the nonlinear effects such as excited Raman effect or stimulated Brillouin effect, and nonlinear effect is in coherent light communication
One fatal problem, will solve this contradiction, the effective area of optical fiber can be done greatly, the optical power on such unit area is close
Degree decline, is also equivalent to improve the non-linear threshold of optical fiber.
In conclusion developing a kind of large-effective area single mode fiber that attenuation is minimum is that the following fiber optic communication needs solve
Important topic.
Document CN201810453514.0 devises the large effective area single mode without Ge doping that a kind of fibre core mixes alkali metal
Fiber design, effective area is at 110~140 μm at 1550nm2Range, mode field diameter is in 11~13 μ ms, in 1550nm
Attenuation be less than 0.170dB/km, bending loss under 10mm bending radius is equal to or less than 0.4dB/km.Document design
Effective area less than 140 μm2, and macrobending loss is bigger than normal.
A kind of low-loss large-effective area single mode fiber is disclosed in document CN201711096647.9,1550nm's
Effective area is at 120~150 μm2Range, in 11.5~13 μ ms, fibre core mixes alkali metal and the big of Ge doping to be had mode field diameter
Area single-mode fiber design is imitated, cable cut-off wavelength is less than or equal to 1530nm, and the attenuation of 1550nm is less than 0.180dB/km,
The attenuation of 1625nm is less than 0.200dB/km.The document does not provide the macrobending loss performance of optical fiber.
A kind of ultra-low loss large-effective area single mode fiber is disclosed in document CN201710725561.1, in 1550nm
Effective area at 130~155 μm2Range, mode field diameter in 12.3~15 μ ms, fibre core mix alkali metal and Ge doping it is big
Effective area Single Mode Fiber Design is less than 0.174dB/km in the attenuation of 1550nm, the bending loss under 15mm bending radius
Equal to or less than 0.25dB/km.The microbending loss of document design is bigger than normal, and 5dB/km is reached at 1700nm.
A kind of large effective area fiber is disclosed in document CN201710501533.1, is existed in the effective area of 1550nm
105~135 μm2Range, fibre core have the large-effective area single mode fiber of dopant to design, are less than in the attenuation of 1550nm
0.190dB/km, the 1625nm bending loss under 30mm bending radius are equal to or less than 0.1dB/km.The document does not disclose
Specific doping component, and attenuation is larger, is less than 0.190dB/km in the attenuation of 1550nm, effective area is less than 135 μm2。
A kind of ultra-low loss large-effective area single mode fiber is disclosed in document CN201710451543.9, in 1550nm
Mode field diameter in 12.3~15 μ ms, fibre core mixes the large-effective area single mode fiber design of alkali metal or Ge/F codope,
It is less than 0.174dB/km in the attenuation of 1550nm, the bending loss under 15mm bending radius is equal to or less than 0.25dB/km.It should
The microbending loss of document design is bigger than normal, and 5dB/km is reached at 1700nm.
A kind of low-loss large-effective area single mode fiber is disclosed in document CN201710308059.0,1550nm's
Effective area is at 100~140 μm2Range, fibre core mix the large-effective area single mode fiber design of alkali metal and Ge/F codope,
The attenuation of 1550nm is less than 0.184dB/km, and cabled cutoff wavelength is less than or equal to 1530nm.The document does not provide optical fiber
Macrobending loss performance.
A kind of ultra-low loss large-effective area single mode fiber is disclosed in document CN201710307796.9, in 1550nm
Effective area at 100~135 μm2Range, fibre core mix the large-effective area single mode fiber design of Cl and Ge/F codope,
The attenuation of 1550nm is less than or equal to 0.160dB/km, and cabled cutoff wavelength is less than or equal to 1530nm.In 15mm bending radius
The 1550nm bending loss of lower 10 circle is equal to or less than 0.1dB.The document provides the effective area of optical fiber less than 135 μm2。
The optical fiber of a kind of large effective area and low bend loss is disclosed in document CN201680039272.X, fibre core is Cl
It adulterates, effective area is greater than or equal to 100 μm at 1550nm2, and 1550nm wavelength bending loss is small under 10mm bending radius
It is enclosed in 3.5dB/；The attenuation index for the 1550nm that the patent discloses is very wide, from 0.19dB/km to 0.16dB/km.
A kind of large effective area fiber is disclosed in document CN201611089078.0, fibre core is index profile,
Effective area is greater than or equal to 200 μm at 1550nm2, but there is no the attenuation index of the 1550nm disclosed, bendings for the document
Loss is also very big.
A kind of large effective area fiber is disclosed in document CN201610689610.6, is greater than in the mode field diameter of 1550nm
Or it is equal to 12 μm, it is less than 0.165dB/km in the attenuation of the wavelength, but the document does not disclose manufacturing method and Section Design.
A kind of ultra-low loss large effective area fiber is disclosed in document CN201610376895.8, in the mould field of 1550nm
Diameter is less than 0.165dB/km in 11.9~13.9 μ ms, in the attenuation of the wavelength, and manufacturing method is using VAD+MCVD+
OVD.But the document does not disclose Section Design.
A kind of low-loss large effective area fiber is disclosed in document 201510851209.3, which has 1550nm's
Imitating area is 100~200 μm2, attenuation can be lower than 0.18dB/km at 1550nm, be prepared using VAD technique.
Disclose a kind of low-loss large effective area fiber in document 201510464355.0, the fibre core of the optical fiber mixed with
Ge, F and alkali metal are 100~140 μm in the effective area of 1550nm2, cabled cutoff wavelength is less than 1530nm, in 1550nm
Loss be less than or equal to 0.185dB/km, the bending loss at the wavelength be under 10mm bending radius 1 circle loss be
0.75dB。
A kind of low-loss large effective area fiber is disclosed in document 201410155052.6, fibre core is exponential distribution,
1550nm effective area at 100~185 μm2Range, cabled cutoff wavelength are less than 1530nm, are less than in the loss of 1550nm
Or it is equal to 0.175dB/km, the bending loss at the wavelength is that 1 circle loss is less than 1dB under 10mm bending radius.
A kind of low-loss large effective area fiber is disclosed in document 201310409008.9, section includes 4 areas Ge Xin
With 3 coverings amount to 7 layers of cross-section structure, 1550nm effective area at 110~183 μm2Range, cabled cutoff wavelength are
1259~1286nm is less than or equal to 0.175dB/km in the loss of 1550nm.
A kind of large effective area fiber, fibre core relative fefractive index difference purer two are disclosed in document 201210269465.8
Silica is high by 0.19%~0.28%, 1550nm effective area at 110~130 μm2Or 130~160 μm2Range, stranding are cut
Only wavelength is less than 1530nm, is less than or equal to 0.185dB/km in the loss of 1550nm, the bending loss at 1625nm wavelength
It is that 1 circle loss is less than 0.05dB under 30mm bending radius.
In conclusion overcoming nonlinear effect to increase the effective area of optical fiber, while bring counter productive is
The increase of bending loss and fibre loss, while cabled cutoff wavelength also significantly increases, and extra long distance fiber optic communication is necessary
It is single mode transport.Effective area of the submarine optical fiber cable that Corning Incorporated releases with EX3000 optical fiber in 1550nm is greater than 150 μ
m2, and loss can be lower than 0.160dB/km in 1550nm.It is biggish effective to balance to obtain how to design a reasonable section
Area, but guarantee single mode transport simultaneously and do not significantly increase bending loss and reduce the fibre loss of 1550nm to be to be applied to not
Carry out the key of superelevation rate, vast capacity, extra long distance optical fiber transmission.The suitable ultralow decaying of technique manufacture of simultaneous selection has greatly
Effective area fiber, the doping techniques including fibre core are also a urgent problem to be solved.
(3) summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to design a kind of section, biggish effective area is realized, but guarantee simultaneously in C+L wave band
Energy single mode transport, does not significantly increase bend loss optical fiber and preparation method thereof, optical fiber may be implemented in the attenuation of 1550nm wavelength
Less than or equal to 0.160dB/km.
It is involved term in the present invention below:
Relative fefractive index difference: outermost one layer of optical fiber is defined as surrounding layer, and absolute index of refraction is defined as nSiO2, Far Left
One layer is defined as sandwich layer n (referring to attached drawing 1)core, from sandwich layer, i-th of step is defined as the i-th covering outward, if i is outermost
One layer, absolute index of refraction is exactly nSiO2。
Sandwich layer relative fefractive index difference
Other each layer i relative fefractive index differences
The effective area Aeff of optical fiber is defined by following formula:
Wherein E is and propagates the associated electric field of light in optical fiber, and r is the radius of optical fiber.
Cable cut-off wavelength: being that optical signal is transmitted in a fiber after 22 meters according to the cable cut-off wavelength that IEC is defined
It is not re-used as the wavelength that single mode signal is propagated.It needs to obtain by testing after looping to optical fiber in test.
The present invention is by solving the problems, such as the technical solution set forth above taken are as follows: the fiber core radius r1 of optical fiber be 5.8~
6.8 μm, sandwich layer relative fefractive index difference △ ncoreIt is -0.05%~+0.05%, sandwich layer is doped to Cl and K, and the first covering is opposite to be rolled over
Penetrate rate difference △ n1Be -0.25%~-0.22%, first it is clad doped be Ge, F codope, radius r2 is 11~12 μm；Second packet
Layer relative fefractive index difference △ n2Be -0.19%~-0.18%, second it is clad doped be Ge, F codope, radius r3 is 29~30 μ
m；Third cladding relative refractive difference △ n3Be -0.29%~-0.28%, third it is clad doped for F adulterate, radius r4 be 41~
42μm；Outermost layer is pure silicon dioxide, and relative fefractive index difference 0, radius r5 is 62.5 μm.Unlike bibliography, this
Invention using fibre core high index-contrast without being designed, sandwich layer relative fefractive index difference △ ncoreIt is -0.05%~+0.05%, it is non-
Very close to pure silicon core, main purpose is to reduce the loss of optical fiber.Due to the increase of fibre-optic mode field diameter, the bending loss of optical fiber is non-
Chang great, the present invention are calculated through overtesting and simulation, it is determined that a depth mixes the third covering parameter of F, including r4 and △ n3, pass through
Test, the cabled cutoff wavelength of optical fiber also can control in 1520nm hereinafter, confirm that optical fiber in C+L wave band is single mode transport, expire
Foot communication requirement.Bending loss of the optical fiber at 1550nm wavelength is tested, is then less than or equal to the circle of 10mm bending radius 1
0.1dB is then less than or equal to 0.1dB with the circle of 30mm bending radius 100；Bending loss at 1625nm wavelength, it is curved with 10mm
The circle of bilge radius 1 is then less than or equal to 0.5dB, is then less than or equal to 0.2dB with the circle of 30mm bending radius 100.The zero dispersion of optical fiber
Wavelength is between 1260~1290nm.Optical fiber 1550nm dispersion values within the scope of 19~23ps/nm/km.Optical fiber exists
The mode field diameter of 1550nm is that the effective area between 13.5~14.5 μm, at the wavelength is 145~155 μm2Between.Optical fiber
The increase of mode field diameter, the higher order mode in optical fiber are difficult to end, this is because there are stable mode distribution in covering r3, and r4
Refractive index it is lower, formed higher order mode stable state be difficult to break.The optical fiber of design large mode field diameter would generally select non-recessed knot
Structure reduces the relative fefractive index difference of fibre core, forms super model, wherein higher order mode is very easy to be coupled in matching type waveguide
Cladding mode, and then leak into outside.Meet the more difficult increase of mode field diameter of the concave configuration waveguide of cut-off condition, therefore, this hair
It is bright that the mode field diameter of optical fiber is limited in 14.5 μm or less.In general, meeting the mould field design tolerances of dispersion, bending and cut-off condition
It is smaller, reduce core diameter, the phenomenon that mode field diameter is reduced to 13.5 μm or less and bending loss can be brought to increase, therefore design light
Fibre has to be larger than 13.5 μm in the mode field diameter of 1550nm.
Two kinds of elements of doped alkali metal K and Cl are needed in fibre core, wherein the weight ratio of doping Cl accounts for the 0.5% of glass of fiber core
To 0.8%, the weight of alkali metal K accounts for 300ppm to the 800ppm of glass of fiber core.Unlike other documents, in the present invention
Only there are four types of element, i.e. Si, O, K, Cl for fibre core.Si and O is host glass, and two kinds of dopants of K and Cl can reduce the drawing of sandwich layer
Silk viscosity, and the concentration of alkali metal K forms similar Gaussian Profile from center to fibre core edge.The design of pure silicon core reduces optical fiber
Decaying, and fibre core doping K and Cl does not significantly increase fiber Rayleigh scattering loss, but can extraordinary matching fiber drawing furnace
Temperature field, use design of the invention can with while high speed fibre by the attenuation at 1550nm be reduced to 0.160dB/km with
Under.The concentration of alkali metal K is too low, very difficult to match temperature field, it has been found that 300ppm concentration below needs to reduce wire drawing
Speed.
First covering and the second covering use Ge, F codope, according to the SiCl of calculating in PCVD technique4Flow,
GeCl4 flow quantitatively evaporates and C2F6、O2Flow is uniformly mixed in pipeline, is then delivered to plasma area and is chemically reacted,
Waveguiding structure needed for generating.
Third is clad doped to be adulterated for F, according to the SiCl of calculating in PCVD technique4Flow quantitatively evaporates and C2F6、O2Stream
Amount is uniformly mixed in pipeline, is then delivered to plasma area and is chemically reacted, generates required waveguiding structure.
The main purpose of the doping design of first, second and third covering is the viscosity in order to match inside of optical fibre, is advantageously reduced
Loss of the optical fiber in 1550nm.
Prefabricated rods after the completion of deposition are lifted to melt and carry out being collapsed into solid mandrel in contracting equipment, finally according to the section of calculating
In addition carrying out wire drawing after casing.
The temperature of wire drawing be 1900 DEG C to 2000 DEG C, delivery speed be 2~10mm/min, drawing speed be 200~
1000m/min, optical fiber behind annealed zone and cooling zone, into first of applicator and solidify, diameter is after coating by high-temperature region
It 185~200 μm, then enters back into second applicator and solidifies, diameter is 242~252 μm after coating.
For optical fiber designed by the present invention because bending loss is smaller, the added losses applied after stranding are also smaller, fit
Close multiple use such as sea cable and land optical cable.Meanwhile the present invention is designed with effect area and improves 15% or so, it therefore, can
To effectively improve 15% or more launched power, and attenuation lower than other optical fiber 9%, therefore the OSNR of optical fiber of the present invention in a link
It will be more advantageous.
(4) Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the diagrammatic cross-section of ultra-low loss large-effective area single mode fiber.The fiber core radius of optical fiber is r1, sandwich layer phase
Refractive index difference is △ ncore；The radius of first covering is r2, and relative fefractive index difference is △ n1；The radius of second covering is r3, phase
Refractive index difference is △ n2；The radius of third covering is r4, and relative fefractive index difference is △ n3；Pure silicon dioxide cladding radius is r5,
Usually 62.5 μm.
Fig. 2 is the concentration distribution schematic diagram of alkali metal K.
Fig. 3 is ultra-low loss large-effective area single mode fiber dispersion curve figure.
(5) specific embodiment
The embodiment illustrated in further detail below.
Silicon tetrachloride, oxygen and carbon hexa fluoride are passed first into using PCVD method and are deposited on quartz reaction inside pipe wall formation third
Covering then passes to silicon tetrachloride, germanium tetrachloride, oxygen and carbon hexa fluoride and deposits to form the second covering, then be passed through silicon tetrachloride,
Germanium tetrachloride, oxygen and carbon hexa fluoride deposit to form the first covering, then are passed through silicon tetrachloride, oxygen and carbon hexa fluoride and deposit to be formed
Sandwich layer, the deposition flow proportional of sandwich layer are then to deposit K in fibre core to increase sandwich layer Cl content by special optimization, alkali gold
The concentration for belonging to K forms similar Gaussian Profile from center to fibre core edge.After the completion of deposition, the reaction tube collapsing of centre bore will be had
Obtain solid preform.
Design fibre profile of the invention and parameter are as shown in the table:
Test optical fiber data of the invention are as shown in the table:
Infuse *: the unit of dispersion is ps/nm/km, and the unit of chromatic dispersion gradient is ps/nm2/km；
Test optical fiber data of the invention are as shown in the table:
Design parameter in above embodiments is although preferably, above-described embodiment also retouch in detail to the present invention
It states, but it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that: it can be to these implementations when not departing from raw material of the invention and objective
Example carries out various change, modification, substitution and modification, the scope of the present invention and is limited by claim and its equivalent.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of design of ultra-low loss large-effective area single mode fiber and its manufacturing method, the fiber core radius of optical fiber is 5.8~
6.8 μm, sandwich layer relative fefractive index difference is -0.05%~+0.05%, and sandwich layer is doped to Cl and K, and the first cladding relative refractive is poor
Be -0.25%~-0.22%, first it is clad doped be Ge, F codope, radius r2 is 11~12 μm；Second covering relative
Rate difference be -0.19%~-0.18%, second it is clad doped be Ge, F codope, radius r3 be 29~30 μm；Third covering is opposite
Refringence is -0.29%~-0.28%, and third is clad doped to be adulterated for F, and radius r4 is 41~42 μm；Outermost layer is pure two
Silica.
2. optical fiber as described in claim 1 is manufactured using PCVD technique, it is Si respectively that fibre core, which includes four kinds of elements, O, K and
Cl；Wherein the weight ratio of Cl accounts for 0.5% to the 0.8% of glass of fiber core weight, and the weight ratio of alkali metal K accounts for glass of fiber core weight
The concentration of 300ppm to 800ppm, alkali metal K form similar Gaussian Profile from center to fibre core edge.
3. optical fiber according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the zero-dispersion wavelength of optical fiber is between 1260~1290nm.
4. optical fiber according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: optical fiber 1550nm dispersion values in 19~23ps/nm/km model
In enclosing.
5. optical fiber according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: optical fiber the mode field diameter of 1550nm be 13.5~14.5 μm it
Between, the effective area at the wavelength is 145~155 μm2Between.
6. optical fiber according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: optical fiber is less than or equal in the attenuation of 1550nm wavelength
0.160dB/km。
7. optical fiber according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the cable cut-off wavelength of the optical fiber is less than or equal to
1520nm。
8. optical fiber according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: bending loss of the optical fiber at 1550nm wavelength, with
The circle of 10mm bending radius 1 is then less than or equal to 0.1dB, is then less than or equal to 0.1dB with the circle of 30mm bending radius 100；?
Bending loss at 1625nm wavelength is then less than or equal to 0.5dB with the circle of 10mm bending radius 1, with the circle of 30mm bending radius 100
Then it is less than or equal to 0.2dB.
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| CN1842499A (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2006-10-04 | 康宁股份有限公司 | Optical fiber containing an alkali metal oxide and methods and apparatus for manufacturing same |
| CN101840023A (en) * | 2010-05-28 | 2010-09-22 | 长飞光纤光缆有限公司 | Bending-resistant multi-mode fiber |
| US20110085770A1 (en) * | 2009-10-13 | 2011-04-14 | Marianne Bigot-Astruc | Single mode optical fiber with depressed trench |
| CN102798927A (en) * | 2011-05-27 | 2012-11-28 | 德拉克通信科技公司 | Single mode optical fiber |
| CN102910813A (en) * | 2011-08-01 | 2013-02-06 | 住友电气工业株式会社 | Method for making an optical fiber preform |
| US20180334900A1 (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2018-11-22 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Dispersion-shifted optical fibers for downhole sensing |
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2019
- 2019-04-25 CN CN201910340650.3A patent/CN110244402B/en active Active
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1842499A (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2006-10-04 | 康宁股份有限公司 | Optical fiber containing an alkali metal oxide and methods and apparatus for manufacturing same |
| US20110085770A1 (en) * | 2009-10-13 | 2011-04-14 | Marianne Bigot-Astruc | Single mode optical fiber with depressed trench |
| CN101840023A (en) * | 2010-05-28 | 2010-09-22 | 长飞光纤光缆有限公司 | Bending-resistant multi-mode fiber |
| CN102798927A (en) * | 2011-05-27 | 2012-11-28 | 德拉克通信科技公司 | Single mode optical fiber |
| CN102910813A (en) * | 2011-08-01 | 2013-02-06 | 住友电气工业株式会社 | Method for making an optical fiber preform |
| US20180334900A1 (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2018-11-22 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Dispersion-shifted optical fibers for downhole sensing |
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