CN110229552A - A kind of infrared stealth coating and preparation method thereof and film build method - Google Patents
A kind of infrared stealth coating and preparation method thereof and film build method Download PDFInfo
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- CN110229552A CN110229552A CN201910664012.7A CN201910664012A CN110229552A CN 110229552 A CN110229552 A CN 110229552A CN 201910664012 A CN201910664012 A CN 201910664012A CN 110229552 A CN110229552 A CN 110229552A
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- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/24—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
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- C09D123/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D123/02—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
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- C09D123/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D123/02—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C09D123/18—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons having four or more carbon atoms
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- C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D133/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
- C09D133/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
- C09D133/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
- C09D133/12—Homopolymers or copolymers of methyl methacrylate
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- C09D167/00—Coating compositions based on polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D167/02—Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
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- C09D175/00—Coating compositions based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
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- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/004—Reflecting paints; Signal paints
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- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
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- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
- C09D7/40—Additives
- C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
- C09D7/61—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic
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- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
- C09D7/40—Additives
- C09D7/70—Additives characterised by shape, e.g. fibres, flakes or microspheres
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/08—Metals
- C08K2003/0806—Silver
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
- C08K2003/2251—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of chromium
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- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
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- C08K2003/2272—Ferric oxide (Fe2O3)
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Abstract
A kind of infrared stealth coating and preparation method thereof and film build method, infrared stealth coating includes: silver nanowires, transparent organic, dispersing agent and/or colored filler, wherein, the concentration of silver nanowires dispersion liquid is 1~60mg/mL, its corresponding dispersing agent is water or isopropanol, transparent organic is polymethyl methacrylate, poly- 4- methylpentene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, one of polyurethane and polystyrene ester, different transparent organics corresponds to different dispersing agents, the mass fraction of transparent organic dispersion liquid is 4%~50%, dispersing agent is organic solvent and/or inorganic solvent, colored filler is inorganic, metal oxide, it is selected from dark green, Cr2O3、Fe2O3, one of NiO or more.Infrared stealth coating visible light transmittance height, infrared reflectivity height and infrared emittance in the disclosure is low, has significant stealth effect.
Description
Technical field
This disclosure relates to Infrared stealthy materials field, and in particular, to a kind of infrared stealth coating and preparation method thereof with
Film build method.
Background technique
Infra-red radiation especially in 8~14 mu m wavebands transmitance with higher, can have in an atmosphere in this wave band object
There is apparent infrared signature.By reducing the infrared signature of target, reduce red between detected target and complex environment
External radiation property difference can make detection system be difficult to find or make the reduction of detection system Effect on Detecting.By Stefan-Bohr
Hereby the infrared energy of object known to graceful law depends primarily on body surface temperature and its infrared emittance, and high temperature ring
Under border, target object surface temperature is to influence the principal element of its infra-red radiation degree, and under low temperature environment, target object surface is infrared
Emissivity is to influence the key factor of its infra-red radiation degree.Therefore, it realizes that the most effective approach of infrared stealth is: controlling target
Surface temperature, so that the temperature difference between detected target and ambient enviroment is as small as possible；Or it is adjusted using infrared stealth coating
The emissivity for saving body surface, keeps the infra-red radiation contrast between target and background as small as possible.If reducing the temperature of target and background
Difference needs the material with porous structure to can be used, therefore, it is however generally that need to drop using a kind of effective heat-barrier material
The infrared emittance of low detected target.
Currently, the camouflage that can obtain low-launch-rate by enhancing coating reflectivity or enhancing coating transmitance applies
Layer, is mainly the following method: mixing metal foil in coating or increases metal film layer；Semiconductor fills are added.It is logical
Crossing and metal foil or metal film layer is added is mainly the strong reflection for utilizing metal, but is increased to visible light and radar wave
Reflection；And the coatings emissivity that semiconductor fills reduction is added is limited.
Summary of the invention
(1) technical problems to be solved
Infrared stealth coating that the disclosure provides and preparation method thereof and film build method, at least are partially solved the above technology
Problem.
(2) technical solution
Present disclose provides a kind of infrared stealth coatings, comprising: silver nanowires, transparent organic, dispersing agent and/or coloring
Filler, wherein the transparent organic is polymethyl methacrylate, poly- 4- methylpentene, polyethylene, poly terephthalic acid second
One of diol ester, polyurethane and polystyrene ester, the colored filler are inorganic, metal oxide, and the dispersing agent is
Organic solvent and/or inorganic solvent.
Optionally, the diameter of the silver nanowires is 5~100nm, and length is 5~50 μm.
Optionally, the dispersing agent includes the corresponding dispersing agent of the silver nanowires and corresponding point of the transparent organic
The concentration of powder, the dispersion liquid of the corresponding dispersing agent composition of the silver nanowires is 1~60mg/mL, described transparent organic
The mass fraction of the dispersion liquid of the corresponding dispersing agent composition of object is 4%~50%.
Optionally, the corresponding dispersing agent of the silver nanowires is one of water and isopropanol, the transparent organic
When for polymethyl methacrylate, corresponding dispersing agent is methyl phenyl ethers anisole, when the transparent organic is poly- 4- methylpentene,
Corresponding dispersing agent is one of hexamethylene and trichloro ethylene or more, right when the transparent organic is polyurethane
The dispersing agent answered is one of water and tetrahydrofuran.
Optionally, the colored filler is dark green, Cr2O3、Fe2O3, one of NiO or more.
The disclosure additionally provides a kind of preparation method of infrared stealth coating, comprising: S1 prepares silver nanowires dispersion liquid；
S2 prepares transparent organic dispersion liquid, wherein transparent organic is polymethyl methacrylate, poly- 4- methylpentene, poly- second
One of alkene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane and polystyrene ester；S3 is filled out using ball-milling method preparation coloring
Material, the colored filler are inorganic, metal oxide；S4, by the silver nanowires dispersion liquid, transparent organic dispersion liquid and
Color filler is mixed.
Optionally, the silver nanowires dispersion liquid, the silver nanowires dispersion are prepared using polyol process or electrochemical process
The concentration of liquid is 1~60mg/mL.
Optionally, the mass fraction of the transparent organic dispersion liquid is 4%~50%, and the transparent organic is poly- first
When base methyl acrylate, the dispersing agent in the transparent organic dispersion liquid is methyl phenyl ethers anisole, and the transparent organic is poly- 4- first
When base amylene, the dispersing agent in the transparent organic dispersion liquid is one of hexamethylene and trichloro ethylene or more, institute
When to state transparent organic be polyurethane, the dispersing agent in the transparent organic dispersion liquid is one in water and tetrahydrofuran
Kind.
Optionally, the colored filler is dark green, Cr2O3、Fe2O3, one of NiO or more, the step S3 packet
It includes: the colored filler, dehydrated alcohol and abrading-ball that volume ratio is 1: 1: 1.5 being mixed and carry out ball-milling treatment, ball milling speed
For 200~1000r/min, Ball-milling Time is 1~20h；The abrading-ball is taken out, dehydrated alcohol is filtered；To the colored filler into
Row freeze-day with constant temperature, drying temperature be 50~150 DEG C, drying time be 10~for 24 hours.
The disclosure additionally provides a kind of film build method, comprising: above-mentioned infrared stealth coating is coated on target object；To painting
The target object after covering is dried, and for drying temperature less than 60 DEG C, drying time is 24~72h.
(3) beneficial effect
Infrared stealth coating that the disclosure provides and preparation method thereof and film build method, have the advantages that
(1) nano-silver thread and colored filler are uniformly distributed in the matrix of transparent polymer material composition, so that shape
At infrared stealth coating visible light transmittance it is high, infrared reflectivity is high and infrared emittance is low, there is significant stealth effect；
(2) coating that the disclosure provides is easy to use, can both be applied directly on target object, and also can be prepared into flexible thin
Film, and can be used there are many coating method, film forming is very good.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 diagrammatically illustrates the flow chart of the preparation method of the infrared stealth coating of embodiment of the present disclosure offer.
Fig. 2 diagrammatically illustrates the flow chart of the film build method of the infrared stealth coating of embodiment of the present disclosure offer.
The infrared stealth that the polymethylmethacrylate matrix that Fig. 3 diagrammatically illustrates embodiment of the present disclosure offer is formed applies
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of material.
Specific embodiment
For the purposes, technical schemes and advantages of the disclosure are more clearly understood, below in conjunction with specific embodiment, and reference
The disclosure is further described in attached drawing.
First embodiment of the present disclosure provides a kind of infrared stealth coating, comprising: silver nanowires, is divided at transparent organic
Powder and/or pigmented finiss, dispersing agent include the corresponding dispersing agent of silver nanowires and the corresponding dispersing agent of transparent organic, infrared
The dispersing agent of invisible coating had both included the corresponding dispersing agent of silver nanowires (dispersing agent is organic solvent or inorganic solvent), was also wrapped
Containing the corresponding dispersing agent of transparent organic (dispersing agent is organic solvent or inorganic solvent).In addition, in infrared stealth coating both
It may include colored filler, colored filler can also not included.
Silver nanowires refers to that (longitudinal direction does not limit with the silver-colored 100nm or less that is limited on lateral dimension formed for material
System) one-dimentional structure, such as draw ratio be greater than 1000.Silver nanowires itself has excellent translucency, its high length-diameter ratio has
Conducive to high performance network-like structure is formed in low emissivity coating, due to plasmon effect, keep visible light transmittance big
It is big to increase.In the embodiment of the present disclosure, the diameter of silver nanowires is 5~100nm, and length is 5~50 μm, corresponding dispersing agent choosing
With water or isopropanol, the concentration of silver nanowires dispersion liquid made of silver nanowires dispersant corresponding with its is 1~60mg/
mL。
Transparent organic is high permeability organic matter, refers to the preferable organic material of light transmittance, such as in visible light thoroughly
Organic material of the luminosity 90% or more, those skilled in the art can select the organic matter of specific light transmittance according to actual needs
Transparent organic of the material as the disclosure.In the embodiments of the present disclosure, transparent organic is selected from polymethyl methacrylate
(Poly (methyl methacrylate), PMMA), poly- 4- methylpentene (poly (4-methyl pentene), TPX) gather
Ethylene (Polyethylene, PE), gathers polyethylene terephthalate (Polyethylene terephthalate, PET)
One of urethane (Polyurethane, PU) and polystyrene ester (Polystyrene, PS).The type of transparent organic
Difference, corresponding dispersing agent is also different, specifically, when transparent organic is PMMA, selects organic solvent methyl phenyl ethers anisole to be used as and divides
Powder；When transparent organic is TPX, select organic solvent hexamethylene and/or trichloro ethylene as dispersing agent, i.e. dispersing agent is ring
Hexane or trichloro ethylene or a combination of both；When transparent organic is PU, select inorganic solvent water or tetrahydrofuran as dispersing agent.
The mass fraction of transparent organic dispersion liquid made of transparent organic dispersant corresponding with its is 4%~50%.
Colored filler is inorganic, metal oxide, is selected from dark green, Cr2O3、Fe2O3, one of NiO or more.
Silver nanowires, transparent organic, colored filler and the corresponding infrared stealth performance of dispersing agent of different volumes score
(i.e. emissivity) understands difference.For example, when silver nanowires, transparent organic, inorganic solvent and colored filler volume ratio
When being 1: 20: 100: 1, the coating hemispherical radiation rate on glass is 0.098；When silver nanowires, transparent organic, inorganic solvent
When volume ratio with colored filler is 1: 100: 100: 1, the coating hemispherical radiation rate on glass is 0.3.
The infrared stealth coating provided in the present embodiment, when wavelength be 8~14 μm when, the emissivity of coating less than 0.3,
When observing under thermal infrared imager, the temperature difference of coating and ambient enviroment is less than 3 DEG C, and therefore, which has low transmitting
Rate, high heat-insulated feature.
Second embodiment of the present disclosure provides a kind of preparation method of infrared stealth coating, refering to fig. 1, the preparation method
Including following operation:
S1 prepares silver nanowires dispersion liquid.
Silver nanowires dispersion liquid is prepared using polyol process or electrochemical process, silver nanowires is dense in silver nanowires dispersion liquid
Degree is 1~60mg/mL.
Specifically, such as water is selected to be used as dispersing agent, using polyol process preparation silver nanowires, and by the silver nanoparticle of preparation
Line is dispersed in water to obtain silver nanowires-aqueous dispersions of 50mg/mL.
S2 prepares transparent organic dispersion liquid, wherein transparent organic is polymethyl methacrylate, poly- 4- methylpent
One of alkene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane and polystyrene ester.
When transparent organic is PMMA, select organic solvent methyl phenyl ethers anisole as dispersing agent；When transparent organic is TPX, choosing
Use organic solvent hexamethylene and/or trichloro ethylene as dispersing agent；When transparent organic is PU, inorganic solvent water or tetrahydro are selected
Furans carries out dispersion preparation transparent organic dispersion liquid as dispersing agent, to transparent organic, wherein transparent organic dispersion liquid
The mass fraction of middle transparent organic is 4%~50%.For example, preparing the aqueous polyurethane emulsion that mass fraction is 20%.
S3 prepares colored filler using ball-milling method, and colored filler is inorganic, metal oxide.
Colored filler is selected from dark green, Cr2O3、Fe2O3, one of NiO or more, select dehydrated alcohol as auxiliary agent,
Specifically, operation S3 includes following sub-operation:
Colored filler, auxiliary agent (i.e. dehydrated alcohol) and abrading-ball that volume ratio is 1: 1: 1.5 are mixed and carry out ball milling by S31
Processing, wherein ball milling speed is 200~1000r/min, and Ball-milling Time is 1~20h.
For example, the colored filler Cr for being 1: 1: 1.5 by volume ratio2O3, dehydrated alcohol and abrading-ball mixing carry out ball milling, and
With the speed ball milling 5h of 500r/min.
S32 takes out abrading-ball, filters out dehydrated alcohol.
Colored filler is placed in thermostatic drying chamber and carries out freeze-day with constant temperature by S33, wherein drying temperature is 50~150
DEG C, drying time be 10~for 24 hours.
S4 mixes silver nanowires dispersion liquid, transparent organic dispersion liquid and colored filler.
Operate S4 in, for example, by operate S1 in be prepared silver nanowires-aqueous dispersions, operation S3 in prepare
Color filler sequentially adds in operation S2 in the polyaminoester emulsion for preparing, and silver nanowires-aqueous dispersions, polyaminoester emulsion and
The volume ratio of color filler is 1: 1: 0.2, is uniformly mixed with magnetic stirrer, thus can be prepared for 24 hours at normal temperature
Infrared stealth coating.
Further, by preparation gained infrared stealth coating brush on target object, air drying is for 24 hours, available
The low emissivity coatings of gas waterproof.
Third embodiment of the present disclosure provides a kind of film build method of infrared stealth coating, referring to Fig.2, the preparation method
Including following operation:
It selects and brushes, spraying, lifts one or more of plated film, accurate coating, spin coating, knife coating, in target object
Infrared stealth coating in upper coating first embodiment；
Target object after coating is dried, drying temperature is at 60 DEG C hereinafter, drying time is 24~72h.
Infrared stealth coating used in the present embodiment is easy to use, which can both be applied directly on target object,
Also it can be prepared into fexible film, and optional there are many coating method, film forming is splendid.
Fourth embodiment of the present disclosure provide a kind of transparent infrared stealth coating of PMMA matrix preparation method and its
Usage mode.Fig. 3 is the stereoscan photograph of the infrared stealth coating of PMMA matrix in the present embodiment, and it illustrates silver nanowiress
Distribution situation in coating.Preparation method and usage mode are described in detail below.
Firstly, dispersing the silver nanowires that the diameter electrochemically prepared is 50nm in isopropanol, obtain
The silver nanowires of 2.5mg/ml-isopropanol dispersion liquid.
Then, methyl phenyl ethers anisole is added in PMMA, wherein the mass ratio of methyl phenyl ethers anisole and PMMA are 70.4g: 9.6g, configuration
Obtain the PMMA- methyl phenyl ethers anisole solution that mass fraction is 14%.
Finally, silver nanowires-isopropanol dispersion liquid is added in PMMA- methyl phenyl ethers anisole solution, wherein silver nanowires-isopropyl
Alcohol dispersion liquid, PMMA- methyl phenyl ethers anisole solution volume ratio be 1: 10, and stirred at normal temperature with magnetic stirring apparatus equal to mix for 24 hours
Even, this completes the preparations of the transparent infrared stealth coating of PMMA matrix.
Further, the transparent infrared stealth coating of PMMA matrix can also be coated in camouflage color in the way of precision coating
On cloth, wherein coating flow is 1ml/min, and coating speed 4mm/s, application frequency is 5 times, and (i.e. by obtained sample
Camouflage color cloth after coating) air drying for 24 hours, thus obtain the camouflage color cloth with infrared stealth function.
In conclusion the disclosure provide infrared stealth coating in silver nanowires and colored filler be uniformly distributed in it is transparent
In the matrix that polymer material is constituted, the infrared stealth coating visible light transmittance of preparation is high, infrared reflectivity is high, infrared emission
Rate is low, and has significant stealth effect；And the infrared stealth coating is easy to use, can both be applied directly to target object
On, it also can be prepared into fexible film, and optional there are many coating method, film forming is splendid.
Particular embodiments described above has carried out further in detail the purpose of the disclosure, technical scheme and beneficial effects
Describe in detail it is bright, it is all it should be understood that be not limited to the disclosure the foregoing is merely the specific embodiment of the disclosure
Within the spirit and principle of the disclosure, any modification, equivalent substitution, improvement and etc. done should be included in the guarantor of the disclosure
Within the scope of shield.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of infrared stealth coating, comprising: silver nanowires, transparent organic, dispersing agent and/or colored filler, wherein described
Transparent organic is polymethyl methacrylate, poly- 4- methylpentene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane
And one of polystyrene ester, the colored filler be inorganic, metal oxide, the dispersing agent be organic solvent and/or
Inorganic solvent.
2. infrared stealth coating according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of the silver nanowires is 5~100nm, length
It is 5~50 μm.
3. infrared stealth coating according to claim 1, wherein the dispersing agent includes corresponding point of the silver nanowires
Powder and the corresponding dispersing agent of the transparent organic, the silver nanowires it is corresponding dispersing agent composition dispersion liquid it is dense
Degree be 1~60mg/mL, the transparent organic it is corresponding dispersing agent composition dispersion liquid mass fraction be 4%~
50%.
4. infrared stealth coating according to claim 3, wherein the corresponding dispersing agent of the silver nanowires is water and different
One of propyl alcohol, when the transparent organic is polymethyl methacrylate, corresponding dispersing agent is methyl phenyl ethers anisole, described
When bright organic matter is poly- 4- methylpentene, corresponding dispersing agent is one of hexamethylene and trichloro ethylene or more, institute
State transparent organic be polyurethane when, corresponding dispersing agent be one of water and tetrahydrofuran.
5. infrared stealth coating according to claim 1, wherein the colored filler is dark green, Cr2O3、Fe2O3、NiO
One of or more.
6. a kind of preparation method of infrared stealth coating, comprising:
S1 prepares silver nanowires dispersion liquid；
S2 prepares transparent organic dispersion liquid, wherein transparent organic is polymethyl methacrylate, poly- 4- methylpentene, gathers
One of ethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane and polystyrene ester；
S3 prepares colored filler using ball-milling method, and the colored filler is inorganic, metal oxide；
S4 mixes the silver nanowires dispersion liquid, transparent organic dispersion liquid and colored filler.
7. the preparation method of infrared stealth coating according to claim 6, wherein utilize polyol process or electrochemistry legal system
The standby silver nanowires dispersion liquid, the concentration of the silver nanowires dispersion liquid are 1~60mg/mL.
8. the preparation method of infrared stealth coating according to claim 6, wherein the matter of the transparent organic dispersion liquid
Measuring score is 4%~50%, when the transparent organic is polymethyl methacrylate, in the transparent organic dispersion liquid
Dispersing agent is methyl phenyl ethers anisole, the dispersing agent when transparent organic is poly- 4- methylpentene, in the transparent organic dispersion liquid
For one of hexamethylene and trichloro ethylene or more, when the transparent organic is polyurethane, the transparent organic point
Dispersing agent in dispersion liquid is one of water and tetrahydrofuran.
9. the preparation method of infrared stealth coating according to claim 6, wherein the colored filler be dark green,
Cr2O3、Fe2O3, one of NiO or more, the step S3 includes:
The colored filler, dehydrated alcohol and abrading-ball that volume ratio is 1: 1: 1.5 are mixed and carry out ball-milling treatment, ball milling speed
For 200~1000r/min, Ball-milling Time is 1~20h；
The abrading-ball is taken out, dehydrated alcohol is filtered；
To the colored filler carry out freeze-day with constant temperature, drying temperature be 50~150 DEG C, drying time be 10~for 24 hours.
10. a kind of film build method, comprising:
Infrared stealth coating according to any one of claims 1 to 5 is coated on target object；
The target object after coating is dried, for drying temperature less than 60 DEG C, drying time is 24~72h.
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