CN110197611B - Capillary saturation zone transverse seepage demonstration instrument and demonstration method - Google Patents
Capillary saturation zone transverse seepage demonstration instrument and demonstration method Download PDFInfo
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- CN110197611B CN110197611B CN201910483145.4A CN201910483145A CN110197611B CN 110197611 B CN110197611 B CN 110197611B CN 201910483145 A CN201910483145 A CN 201910483145A CN 110197611 B CN110197611 B CN 110197611B
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Abstract
The invention relates to a capillary saturation zone transverse seepage demonstration instrument and a method for implementing the capillary saturation zone transverse seepage demonstration instrument. The invention takes the movement and distribution of capillary water in a natural loose pore medium as a simulation object to simulate diving movement, the capillary saturated zone supports the climbing, distribution and migration rule of the capillary water from a diving surface, and the movement process of the water in a non-saturated zone in the rainfall infiltration process, thereby disclosing the transverse seepage mechanism of the capillary saturated zone. Meanwhile, a reliable method is provided for researching the transverse water seepage in the capillary saturation zone, supporting the capillary water rising phenomenon, the rising rate, the maximum rising height and the like, and a technical support is provided for researching the migration and the conversion of water in the capillary saturation zone. The invention provides a set of brand new technical means for supporting the migration rule of capillary water transverse seepage and pollutants entering an aquifer from the earth surface or in an aeration zone, and has good economic and practical values and application prospects.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a capillary saturated zone transverse seepage demonstration instrument and a method for implementing the capillary saturated zone transverse seepage demonstration instrument, belonging to the technical field of hydrology and geology research.
Background
The diving surface is a stable and non-pressure water level surface formed in the pore medium after water is supplied. The water-containing part below the diving surface is the diving water-containing layer. In the pore medium above the diving surface, the capillary tube composed of fine particles, under the action of the surface tension of the liquid, the underground water is converted into supporting capillary water to climb upwards, and finally the maximum rising height is reached. The surface tension of a liquid is inversely proportional to the capillary diameter formed by the pore medium, i.e. Pc＝4α/D，PcIs surface tension, alpha is surface tension coefficient, and D is capillary diameter. Therefore, the smaller the capillary composed of the solid phase medium is, the larger the rising height of the supporting capillary is, and the faster the rising speed of the capillary is; the larger the capillary diameter formed by the coarse-particle medium is, the smaller the capillary rising height is generated, and the slower the capillary water rising speed is. For a particular pore medium, the most capillary water supportingA large rise height is determined.
Under the condition of vertical infiltration (such as rainfall), surface water can enter the ground surface through pores in the loose medium and even pass through the aeration zone to enter the diving aquifer to replenish underground water. Above the submergible surface, a stable capillary water band is generally formed. The underground water below the diving surface moves along the direction of the maximum hydraulic gradient under the influence of upstream water pressure, terrain and medium permeability, the movement of the underground water tends to be stable on a certain water permeable area and a certain permeation path, and the amount of water seeped in unit time and unit area does not change any more. Because of the lateral seepage of the groundwater below the diving surface, supporting capillary water with a certain height is distributed above the diving surface, and the rainfall infiltration on the ground surface can not penetrate through the aeration zone to enter the aquifer under the appropriate condition. Generally, rainfall infiltration is divided into three physical (phase) processes. The first stage is infiltration, which means rainfall wets the earth surface, and water exists on the earth surface or shallow part in the form of capillary water; the second stage is leakage, wherein the rainwater part exists in a capillary water form, and the other part is converted into gravity water to vertically infiltrate; the third stage is infiltration, and the rainwater is totally infiltrated into the deep part from the earth surface through the pore channel in the form of gravity water to replenish underground water. Whether all the three stages can occur depends on rainfall, water permeability of the pore medium channels and rising height of supporting capillary water.
The pore channel of a specific pore medium is fixed, the supporting capillary water above the diving surface reaches the maximum rising height, a vertical upward acting force is generated, the acting force can generate a blocking effect on the water seeping under rainfall, and meanwhile, the capillary saturated zone above the diving surface can generate transverse seepage due to the transverse seepage of underground water below the diving surface. Therefore, if the supporting capillary water effect is small and the gravity of the infiltration water is large, the rainwater can enter and penetrate the capillary saturated zone lateral seepage layer and finally supply and collect the groundwater in the diving aquifer. If the maximum rising height of the capillary water is large enough to resist the gravity action of the infiltration water, the infiltration water can only be positioned above the capillary saturated zone or in the capillary saturated zone, and has no hydraulic connection with the underground water below the diving surface.
When finding out the hydrogeological conditions of the engineering area, such as engineering hydrogeological problems of ground hydrogeological exploration of a newly built airport, the relation between landslide disasters and underground water, slope stability, soil salinization and the like, the investigation on capillary water distribution and supporting capillary water motion characteristics, ascending height and the like is an essential link. And if the surface pollution discharge enters a water saturation zone below the diving surface during the urban surrounding groundwater environment evaluation, the problem of groundwater pollution evaluation is also involved. These require a mechanistic understanding of the distribution of capillary water and the lateral seepage problem. Therefore, the research of the capillary saturated zone transverse seepage has important scientific significance.
Capillary water is widely distributed in the nature, and the problem of transverse seepage of a capillary saturated zone is an important problem in the development of subject fields such as underground water foundation, geological engineering, environmental geology and the like. In the process of finding out regional hydrogeological conditions, field geological investigation, engineering exploration, hydrogeological experiments and the like are often adopted for research, and the research is often high in cost and long in time. The field hydrogeological survey has the defects of non-intuitive phenomenon, inconvenient observation of test data, poor repeatability and the like, which brings inconvenience to the research and understanding of supporting capillary water migration transformation, distribution characteristics and the like, brings difficulty to the evaluation of the suitability of the engineering field, and also makes beginners difficult to recognize and understand. Therefore, it is an extremely effective method to develop an experimental demonstration instrument for observing capillary water movement and capillary saturation zone seepage indoors.
Disclosure of Invention
The first technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: the demonstration instrument for the capillary saturated zone transverse seepage can conveniently perform relevant experimental research on the capillary saturated zone transverse seepage indoors.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: the capillary saturated zone transverse seepage demonstration instrument comprises a geologic body simulation box, a supporting capillary water observation system and a water injection and drainage system;
the geologic body simulation box is internally provided with two vertically-arranged partition plates which are arranged at intervals along the length direction of the geologic body simulation box, so that the geologic body simulation box is divided into three box bodies along the length direction of the geologic body simulation box, and a plurality of small holes are uniformly distributed on the partition plates, so that the three box bodies are mutually communicated; the box bodies positioned at the two ends of the geologic body simulation box are respectively a surface water body water inlet simulation box and a surface water body water outlet simulation box, and the box body positioned in the middle of the geologic body simulation box is a pore medium simulation box;
the capillary water supporting observation system comprises a pressure gauge and a tracer injection source, wherein the pressure gauge is arranged on the outer side wall of the geologic body simulation box, the measuring end of the pressure gauge penetrates through the side wall plate of the pore medium simulation box and is communicated with the pore medium simulation box, a plurality of pressure gauges are arranged at intervals along the length direction of the pore medium simulation box, and the measuring end of the pressure gauge is arranged in a straight line along the horizontal direction; the tracer injection source is arranged on the side wall plate of the pore medium simulation box, a projection line formed by the diving surface of the pore medium on the side wall plate of the pore medium simulation box is a distribution line of the tracer injection source, and a plurality of tracer injection sources are arranged at intervals along the distribution line; the pore medium simulation box is at least provided with an observation window which is made of transparent materials and is arranged on one side surface;
the water injection and drainage system comprises a water storage tank, a water supply tank, a drainage tank and a water pump, wherein a water inlet of the water pump is communicated with the water storage tank, a water outlet of the water pump is communicated with a water inlet of the water supply tank through a first pipeline, and a water outlet of the water supply tank is communicated with a surface water body water inlet simulation tank through a second pipeline; a water inlet at the bottom of the drainage tank is communicated with the bottom of the surface water body drainage simulation tank through a third pipeline; the water supply tank is provided with a first lifting system for driving the water supply tank to vertically lift; the drainage box is provided with a second lifting system for driving the drainage box to vertically lift.
Further, the method comprises the following steps: the water supply tank is provided with a first partition board which is vertically arranged in a tank body of the water supply tank, the top surfaces of side wall boards around the water supply tank are higher than the top surfaces of the first partition board, the water supply tank is divided into two parts by the first partition board, one side is provided with a first water inlet tank, the other side is provided with a first overflow tank, the bottom of the first water inlet tank is provided with two connecting ports, one connecting port is used for connecting a first pipeline, and the other connecting port is used for connecting a second pipeline; the bottom of the first overflow box is provided with an overflow water outlet;
the drainage box is internally provided with a second partition plate which is vertically arranged, the top surfaces of the side wall plates around the drainage box are higher than the top surfaces of the second partition plate, the second partition plate divides the drainage box into two parts, one side is provided with a second water inlet box, the other side is provided with a second overflow box, and the bottom of the second water inlet box is provided with a connecting port for connecting a third pipeline; the bottom of the second overflow box is provided with an overflow drain outlet.
Further, the method comprises the following steps: the overflow water outlet of the first overflow tank is arranged on the bottom plate of the first overflow tank and is connected to the water storage tank through a fourth pipeline;
two connectors at the bottom of the first water inlet tank are arranged on a bottom plate of the first water inlet tank;
the overflow water outlet of the second overflow tank is arranged on the bottom plate of the second overflow tank and is connected to the water storage tank through a fifth pipeline;
a connecting port for connecting a third pipeline is arranged on the bottom plate of the second water inlet tank;
the first pipeline and the second pipeline are both provided with valves.
Further, the method comprises the following steps: the first lifting system comprises a first sliding block and a first sliding rail which are matched with each other, the first sliding block is fixedly connected with the water supply tank, the first sliding rail is fixedly arranged on the outer side wall of the geological body simulation tank, a first threaded rod which is parallel to the first sliding rail is further arranged on the outer side wall of the geological body simulation tank, the first threaded rod is in threaded connection with the first sliding block, and the first sliding block is driven to rotate to move up and down along the first sliding rail;
the second lifting system comprises a second sliding block and a second sliding rail which are matched with each other, the second sliding block is fixedly connected with the drainage box, the second sliding rail is fixedly arranged on the outer side wall of the geologic body simulation box, a second threaded rod which is arranged in parallel with the second sliding rail is further arranged on the outer side wall of the geologic body simulation box, the second threaded rod is in threaded connection with the second sliding block, and the second sliding block is driven to rotate to move up and down along the second sliding rail by driving the second threaded rod.
Further, the method comprises the following steps: the bottom plate of the geological body simulation box is also connected with a drainage pipeline, the water outlet end of the drainage pipeline is connected to the water storage tank, and a drainage valve is arranged on the drainage pipeline; the geologic body simulation box and the partition plates are made of transparent organic glass plates, and the geologic body simulation box is arranged on the top plate of the water storage tank.
Further, the method comprises the following steps: filling quartz sand with the grain diameter of 0.1 mm-1 mm in the pore medium simulation box as a pore medium; a plurality of small holes with the diameter of 4 mm-6 mm are evenly distributed on the clapboard.
Further, the method comprises the following steps: the measuring ends of the pressure gauges are uniformly distributed at intervals along the horizontal direction, the pressure gauges adopt 90-degree bent transparent organic glass folded pipes, the short edges of the folded pipes are arranged at the bottoms of the side wall plates of the pore medium simulation box, the end parts of the folded pipes extend into the pore medium simulation box, the long edges of the folded pipes are arranged on the outer side of the pore medium simulation box and communicated with the outside atmosphere, and the outer walls of the long edges of the folded pipes are provided with scales for measuring water level or water pressure;
the tracer injection source is an injection pipe fixed on the side wall of the pore medium simulation box, one end of the injection pipe extends into the pore medium simulation box, the other end of the injection pipe is positioned outside the pore medium simulation box, and the end positioned outside the pore medium simulation box is sealed by adopting a rubber head sleeve.
Further, the method comprises the following steps: the top of the pore medium simulation box is provided with a rainfall infiltration simulation box which is arranged at the end close to the surface water body inflow simulation box; the bottom plate of the rainfall infiltration simulation box is provided with a plurality of water outlet holes which are uniformly distributed.
The invention also provides a capillary saturated zone transverse seepage demonstration method by taking the capillary saturated zone transverse seepage demonstration instrument as an experimental device, which comprises the following steps:
firstly, injecting experimental water into a water storage tank; filling a pore medium into a pore medium simulation box, wherein the pore medium is filled by adopting layered water saturation-drainage;
secondly, the water supply tank and the water drainage tank are positioned at the same set height position through the first lifting system and the second lifting system, and the power supply of the water pump is switched on to start water supply until the underground water level in the pore medium is consistent with the water levels of the surface water body simulation tanks at the two ends; observing the water pressure conditions measured by the pressure gauges, wherein when the underground water level in the pore medium is consistent with the water levels of the surface water body simulation tanks at the two ends, the water pressure measured by each pressure gauge is the same;
thirdly, the elevation of the drainage box is lowered to a set height through a second lifting system, and the underground water in the pore medium moves towards the surface water body drainage simulation box; the water head measured by the pressure gauges begins to change, and the next step is carried out after the water heads measured by all the pressure gauges are stable;
injecting a tracer into the pore medium simulation box through a tracer injection source, observing the capillary water rising phenomenon, and recording; when the capillary water to be supported reaches the maximum rising height; measuring its maximum rise height Hmax；
Fifthly, adding a mixture of a tracer and water into the box body of the rainfall infiltration simulation box, observing three physical processes of rainfall infiltration, and simultaneously observing the phenomenon of lateral seepage of a capillary saturated zone to obtain a typical characteristic photo;
and sixthly, finishing the experiment by arranging equipment and experimental data.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention establishes a capillary water transverse seepage demonstration instrument in a laboratory, takes the movement and distribution of capillary water in a natural loose pore medium as a simulation object, simulates and supports the climbing, distribution and migration rule of the capillary water from a diving surface and the water movement process in a saturation zone in the rainfall infiltration process, thereby revealing the transverse seepage mechanism of the capillary saturation zone. Meanwhile, a reliable method is provided for researching capillary saturation zone water transverse seepage, supporting capillary water rising phenomenon, rising rate, maximum rising height and the like. The method also provides a technical support for the research of the migration and the transformation of the water in the capillary saturation zone, provides a set of brand new technical means for the research of the migration rule of supporting the lateral seepage of the capillary water and the pollutant to enter the aquifer from the earth surface or in the aeration zone, and has good economic and practical values and application prospects.
How the purpose of the invention is achieved is shown in the detailed description, and the description is not repeated here.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a front view of a capillary saturation zone lateral seepage demonstrator in the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top view of a capillary saturation zone lateral seepage demonstration instrument in the invention;
FIG. 3 is a left side view of a capillary saturation zone lateral seepage demonstration instrument in the invention;
fig. 4 is a sectional view a-a of fig. 1.
The labels in the figure are: 1-geological body simulation box, 101-surface water inflow simulation box, 102-pore medium simulation box, 103-surface water drainage simulation box, 104-rainfall infiltration simulation box, 2-partition plate, 3-diving surface, 4-pressure detector, 5-tracer injection source, 6-water supply box, 61-first partition plate, 62-first water inlet box, 63-first overflow box, 7-water storage box, 71-first pipeline, 72-second pipeline, 73-third pipeline, 74-fourth pipeline, 75-fifth pipeline, 76-water drainage pipeline, 77-water drainage valve, 81-first lifting system, 82-second lifting system, 9-water drainage box, 91-second partition plate, 92-second water inlet box, 93-second overflow box, 10-water pump.
Detailed Description
The invention is further explained below with reference to the drawings and examples.
As shown in fig. 1 to 4, the capillary saturated zone lateral seepage demonstration instrument comprises a geologic body simulation box 1, a supporting capillary water observation system and a water injection and drainage system.
The geologic body simulation box 1 is internally provided with two vertically-arranged partition plates 2, the partition plates 2 are arranged at intervals along the length direction of the geologic body simulation box 1, so that the geologic body simulation box 1 is divided into three box bodies along the length direction of the geologic body simulation box 1, and a plurality of small holes are uniformly distributed on the partition plates 2, so that the three box bodies are mutually communicated; the box bodies positioned at the two ends of the geologic body simulation box 1 are a surface water body water inlet simulation box 101 and a surface water body water drainage simulation box 103 respectively, and the box body positioned at the middle position of the geologic body simulation box 1 is a pore medium simulation box 102.
The capillary water supporting observation system comprises a pressure gauge 4 and a tracer injection source 5, wherein the pressure gauge 4 is arranged on the outer side wall of the geological body simulation box 1, the measuring end of the pressure gauge 4 penetrates through the side wall plate of the pore medium simulation box 102 to be communicated with the pore medium simulation box 102, a plurality of pressure gauges 4 are arranged at intervals along the length direction of the pore medium simulation box 102, and the measuring end of the pressure gauge 4 is linearly arranged along the horizontal direction; the tracer injection source 5 is arranged on the side wall plate of the pore medium simulation box 102, the projection line formed by the diving surface 3 of the pore medium on the side wall plate of the pore medium simulation box 102 is the distribution line of the tracer injection source 5, and a plurality of pieces of the tracer injection source 5 are arranged at intervals along the distribution line; the porous medium simulation box 102 has at least one side surface provided with an observation window made of transparent material. Here, it should be noted that: those skilled in the art will appreciate that the shape of the submergible surface 3 is determined by the parameters of the nature of the pore medium and the level of the surface water at the ends of the pore medium. According to empirical methods, the submergible surface 3 can be defined as an arc having a secant drawn from the line connecting the upstream and downstream water levels. To improve the accuracy of the test, the position of the diving surface 3 can also be predetermined by a plurality of tests. In this embodiment, it is preferable to use a material determined in advance by a plurality of tests. After the pore medium is filled, the water levels of the surface water inflow simulation tank 101 and the surface water drainage simulation tank 103 are different; the height of the surface water inflow simulation box 101 is constant (controlled by the first lifting system 81) in the whole experiment process, the height of the surface water drainage simulation box 102 is preset (controlled by the second lifting system 82), stable water head difference can be formed on two sides, and the water flow formed by the water inlet simulation box and the water outlet simulation box is stable after the pore medium is filled, so that the water flow cannot change after the water flow is stable under the action of the two water head difference. The invention thus ensures the rationality of this arrangement.
The water injection and drainage system comprises a water storage tank 7, a water supply tank 6, a drainage tank 9 and a water pump 10, wherein a water inlet of the water pump 10 is communicated with the water storage tank 7, a water outlet of the water pump 10 is communicated with a water inlet of the water supply tank 6 through a first pipeline 71, and a water outlet of the water supply tank 6 is communicated with a surface water inflow simulation tank 101 through a second pipeline 72; a water inlet at the bottom of the drainage tank 9 is communicated with the bottom of the surface water body drainage simulation tank 103 through a third pipeline 73; the water supply tank 6 is provided with a first elevating system 81 for driving the vertical elevation thereof; the drain tank 9 is provided with a second elevating system 82 for driving vertical elevation thereof.
In order to make the water supply tank 6 and the water discharge tank 9 work stably, the invention provides a stable overflow structure for the water supply tank 6 and the water discharge tank 9, and the specific embodiment is as follows: the water supply tank 6 is provided with a first partition plate 61 which is vertically arranged in a tank body of the water supply tank 6, the top surfaces of side wall plates on the periphery of the water supply tank 6 are higher than the top surface of the first partition plate 61, the water supply tank 6 is divided into two parts by the first partition plate 61, a first water inlet tank 62 is arranged on one side, a first overflow tank 63 is arranged on the other side, two connectors are arranged at the bottom of the first water inlet tank 62, one connector is used for connecting a first pipeline 71, and the other connector is used for connecting a second pipeline 72; the bottom of the first overflow box 63 is provided with an overflow drain outlet; the drainage tank 9 is provided with a second partition plate 91 which is vertically arranged in the tank body of the drainage tank 9, the top surfaces of the side wall plates around the drainage tank 9 are higher than the top surfaces of the second partition plate 91, the drainage tank 9 is divided into two parts by the second partition plate 91, a second water inlet tank 92 is arranged at one side, a second overflow tank 93 is arranged at the other side, and a connecting port for connecting a third pipeline 73 is arranged at the bottom of the second water inlet tank 92; the bottom of the second overflow tank 93 is provided with an overflow drain outlet.
When the water pump 7 is powered on to pump water, water enters the first water inlet tank 62, the water level of the first water inlet tank 62 is gradually increased, the water is stabilized after the water is full, redundant water overflows into the first overflow tank 63 from the upper part, and most of test water flows into the surface water inflow simulation tank 101 through the second pipeline 72 at the bottom of the first water inlet tank 62. Thus, the water level in the surface water inflow simulation tank 101 gradually rises, and the rise of the underground water level after the pore medium is replenished is simulated. On the contrary, if the water supply tank 6 is arbitrarily adjusted to a certain lower position by the first lifting system 81, the water in the surface water inflow simulation tank 101 flows back to the water supply tank 6 through the bottom hose, and after a certain time, the water level in the surface water inflow simulation tank 101 is consistent with the water level in the water supply tank 6, so that the water level in the surface water inflow simulation tank 101 is lowered. The water level control principle of the drain tank 9 is the same as that of the water supply tank 6. The water level of the second water inlet tank 92 in the water discharge tank 9 is consistent with the water level of the surface water body water discharge simulation tank 103, and the water level of the surface water body water discharge simulation tank 103 can be controlled by controlling the height of the water discharge tank 9.
To facilitate collection of overflow water: the overflow drain of the first overflow tank 63 is arranged on the bottom plate thereof and is connected to the water storage tank 7 through a fourth pipeline 74; the overflow drain of the second overflow tank 93 is provided in its floor and is connected to the storage tank 7 by a fifth pipe 75. In order to conveniently realize water level adjustment, two connecting ports at the bottom of the first water inlet tank 62 are arranged on the bottom plate of the first water inlet tank; a connecting port for connecting the third pipeline 73 is arranged on the bottom plate of the second water inlet tank 92; valves are provided on both the first and second conduits 71, 72.
The lifting system is preferably implemented as follows: the first lifting system 81 comprises a first sliding block and a first sliding rail which are matched with each other, the first sliding block is fixedly connected with the water supply tank 6, the first sliding rail is fixedly arranged on the outer side wall of the geological body simulation tank 1, a first threaded rod which is arranged in parallel with the first sliding rail is further arranged on the outer side wall of the geological body simulation tank 1, the first threaded rod is in threaded connection with the first sliding block, and the first sliding block is driven to move up and down along the first sliding rail by driving the first threaded rod to rotate; the second lifting system 82 comprises a second sliding block and a second sliding rail which are matched with each other, the second sliding block is fixedly connected with the drainage box 9, the second sliding rail is fixedly arranged on the outer side wall of the geological body simulation box 1, a second threaded rod which is arranged in parallel with the second sliding rail is further arranged on the outer side wall of the geological body simulation box 1, the second threaded rod is in threaded connection with the second sliding block, and the second sliding block is driven to rotate through the second threaded rod to move up and down along the second sliding rail. The mode has low manufacturing cost and is convenient to operate during experiments. But first threaded rod and second threaded rod electric drive also can manual drive, adopts the mode that rotates the hand wheel and carry out manual operation in this embodiment.
The bottom plate of the geologic body simulation box 1 is also connected with a drainage pipeline 76, the water outlet end of the drainage pipeline 76 is connected to the water storage tank 7, and the drainage pipeline 76 is provided with a drainage valve 77. For convenient operation, after the experiment is finished, the geologic body simulation box 1 may be drained through the drain line 76.
For convenient preparation, practice thrift and take up an area of the space, make things convenient for experiment operation and observation simultaneously, geologic body simulation case 1 and baffle 2 all adopt the preparation of transparent organic glass board, and geologic body simulation case 1 sets up on the roof of storage water tank 7. The water storage tank 7 in this embodiment adopts a rectangular tank structure, and has the following dimensions: the length is multiplied by the width and multiplied by the height is 1900mm multiplied by 420mm multiplied by 350mm, the PVC material with the thickness of 10mm is adopted, angle steel with certain strength is used for edge covering, and the water pump 10 adopts a submersible pump and is arranged in the water storage tank 7 and used for water supply in a test. The box body of the geologic body simulation box 1 has the size of 1900mm in length, 100mm in width and 780mm in height; the box body is a rectangular box body consisting of 5 pieces of organic glass with the thickness of 10 mm; the border and the edges and corners of the box body are covered by 14 pieces of angle steel with the thickness of 50mm, so that the strength of the box body is ensured.
The pore medium simulation box 102 is used for filling pore media meeting experimental requirements, and the diameters of small holes uniformly distributed on the partition plate 2 are matched with the permeability of the pore media, so that the surface water body is ensured not to be choked and smoothly enters the pore media in the experimental process. In the invention, the quartz sand with the grain diameter of 0.1 mm-1 mm is preferably filled in the pore medium simulation box 102 as the pore medium; a plurality of small holes with the diameter of 4 mm-6 mm are evenly distributed on the clapboard 2. After the quartz sand in the embodiment is filled, the top surface of the quartz sand is 100mm lower than the top surface of the geological body simulation box 1, and a plurality of small holes with the diameter of 5mm are uniformly distributed on the partition plate 2.
In order to make the capillary water observation system simple and reliable, the measuring ends of the pressure measuring devices 4 are uniformly distributed at intervals along the horizontal direction, the pressure measuring devices 4 adopt 90-degree bent transparent organic glass folding tubes, the short edges of the folding tubes are arranged at the bottom of the side wall plate of the pore medium simulation box 102, the end parts of the folding tubes extend into the pore medium simulation box 102, the long edges of the folding tubes are arranged at the outer side of the pore medium simulation box 102 and are communicated with the outside atmosphere, and the outer walls of the long edges of the folding tubes are provided with scales for measuring the water level or the water pressure; for direct observation, it is usually preferable to use a scale provided for measuring the water level, and in this embodiment, the pressure detector 4 may also be referred to as a ground water level observation tube. The tracer injection source 5 is an injection pipe fixed on the side wall of the pore medium simulation box 102, one end of the injection pipe extends into the pore medium simulation box 102, the other end of the injection pipe is positioned outside the pore medium simulation box 102, and the end positioned outside the pore medium simulation box 102 is sealed by a rubber head sleeve. In the embodiment, a row of pressure detectors 4 are uniformly distributed on a horizontal line which is vertically 10cm away from the upper part of the bottom plate of the ground plastid simulation box 1; the accuracy of the scale for measuring the water level arranged on the outer wall of the long edge of the folded pipe is 1 mm. The tracer injection source 5 is an organic glass short tube which is fixed on the side wall of the geological body simulation box 1 and has the diameter of 10mm, the length of the organic glass short tube is 30mm, one section of the organic glass short tube extends into the quartz sand body at the position of the diving surface 3, and the other end of the organic glass short tube is covered by a latex cap. The tracer in the latex head is injected by means of the syringe needle. In this example a red tracer was used.
In order to more fully research the mechanism of the lateral seepage of the capillary saturation zone, a rainfall infiltration simulation box 104 is arranged at the top of the pore medium simulation box 102, and the rainfall infiltration simulation box 104 is arranged at the end close to the surface water body inflow simulation box 101; the bottom plate of the rainfall infiltration simulation box 104 is provided with a plurality of water outlet holes which are uniformly distributed. In this embodiment, the rainfall infiltration simulation box 104 is a small rectangular box with a length of 400mm, a width of 100mm and a height of 50mm, and a plurality of small holes with an aperture of 2mm are uniformly arranged at the bottom of the box. The rainfall infiltration simulation box 104 can be added with red tracer during the experiment, and the migration path of the rainfall infiltration can be observed during the experiment, so as to judge which stage of the three stages (infiltration, seepage and infiltration) in the physical process of rainfall infiltration is the infiltration.
The invention also provides a capillary saturated zone transverse seepage demonstration method by taking the capillary saturated zone transverse seepage demonstration instrument as an experimental device, which comprises the following steps:
firstly, injecting experimental water into a water storage tank 7; filling pore media into the pore media simulation box 102, wherein the pore media are filled by adopting layered water saturation-drainage; during the experiment, the integrity and reliability of the instrument should be checked, and the water holding volume is about 2/3 of the total volume of the box body.
Secondly, the water supply tank 6 and the water drainage tank 9 are at the same set height position (the top surface of the tank body is usually slightly lower than the top surface of the quartz sand layer) through the first lifting system 81 and the second lifting system 82, the water supply is started by switching on the power supply of the water pump 10 until the underground water level in the pore medium is consistent with the surface water simulation tank water level at the two ends; and (4) observing the water pressure conditions measured by the pressure gauges 4, wherein when the underground water level in the pore medium is consistent with the water levels of the surface water body simulation tanks at the two ends, the water pressure measured by each pressure gauge 4 is the same. In this embodiment, the water levels in the plurality of groundwater level observation pipes on the side wall 100mm above the bottom of the geologic body simulation box 1 are maintained at the same level.
Thirdly, the elevation of the drainage box 9 is lowered to a set height through the second lifting system 82, and the underground water in the pore medium moves towards the surface water body drainage simulation box 103; and the water head measured by the pressure gauges 4 begins to change, and the next step is carried out after the water heads measured by all the pressure gauges 4 are stable. In this embodiment, the handle is rotated counterclockwise to lower the elevation of the drainage box 9 at the drainage end, and the elevation of the bottom plate of the surface water simulation box 1 is recorded as Z ═ 0, so that the water level elevation Z in the second water inlet box 92 in the drainage box 91The water level of the surface water body drainage simulation box 103 is further lowered to 30cm, so that a certain water level difference is formed between two ends of the geologic body simulation box 1, and the groundwater in the pore medium moves towards the surface water body drainage simulation box 103. After the water head measured by all the pressure gauges 4 is stabilized, a stable diving surface 3 is formed.
Fourthly, injecting a tracer into the pore medium simulation box 102 through a tracer injection source 5, observing the phenomenon of capillary water rise and recording; when the capillary water to be supported reaches the maximum rising height; measuring its maximum rise height Hmax. In the embodiment, the specific operation method is that a syringe with a needle is used for injecting the tracer (food red) into the rubber head sleeve; after the diving surface 3 controlled by the first lifting system 81 and the second lifting system 82 is formed (the projection line of the diving surface 3 on the side wall is just overlapped with the connecting line of the tracer injection source 5), each rubber head sleeve is rapidly and respectively extruded once from one side of the surface water body water inflow simulation box 101 to the surface water body water drainage simulation box 103, and the tracer in the rubber head sleeves can be injected into the pore medium simulation box 102. After 72h, capillary water was supported to reach the maximum rise height.
And fifthly, adding a mixture of a tracer and water into the box body of the rainfall infiltration simulation box 104, observing three physical processes of rainfall infiltration, and simultaneously observing the phenomenon of lateral seepage of a capillary saturation zone to obtain a typical characteristic photo. Thereby allowing a thorough analysis of the mechanisms that produce lateral seepage.
And sixthly, finishing the experiment by arranging equipment and experimental data.
Claims (10)
1. Capillary saturated zone transverse seepage demonstration instrument is characterized in that: the device comprises a geologic body simulation box (1), a capillary water supporting observation system and a water injection and drainage system;
the geologic body simulation box (1) is internally provided with two vertically-arranged partition plates (2), the partition plates (2) are arranged at intervals along the length direction of the geologic body simulation box (1), so that the geologic body simulation box (1) is divided into three box bodies along the length direction of the geologic body simulation box, and a plurality of small holes are uniformly distributed on the partition plates (2), so that the three box bodies are mutually communicated; the box bodies positioned at the two ends of the geologic body simulation box (1) are a surface water body water inlet simulation box (101) and a surface water body water outlet simulation box (103), and the box body positioned in the middle of the geologic body simulation box (1) is a pore medium simulation box (102);
the capillary water supporting observation system comprises a pressure gauge (4) and a tracer injection source (5), wherein the pressure gauge (4) is arranged on the outer side wall of the geologic body simulation box (1), the measuring end of the pressure gauge (4) penetrates through the side wall plate of the pore medium simulation box (102) to be communicated with the pore medium simulation box (102), a plurality of pressure gauges (4) are arranged at intervals along the length direction of the pore medium simulation box (102), and the measuring end of the pressure gauge (4) is arranged linearly along the horizontal direction; the tracer injection source (5) is arranged on the side wall plate of the pore medium simulation box (102), the projection line formed by the diving surface (3) of the pore medium on the side wall plate of the pore medium simulation box (102) is the distribution line of the tracer injection source (5), and a plurality of tracer injection sources (5) are arranged at intervals along the distribution line; the pore medium simulation box (102) is at least provided with an observation window which is made of transparent materials and formed on one side surface;
the water injection and drainage system comprises a water storage tank (7), a water supply tank (6), a drainage tank (9) and a water pump (10), wherein a water inlet of the water pump (10) is communicated with the water storage tank (7), a water outlet of the water pump (10) is communicated with a water inlet of the water supply tank (6) through a first pipeline (71), and a water outlet of the water supply tank (6) is communicated with a surface water body water inlet simulation tank (101) through a second pipeline (72); a water inlet at the bottom of the drainage tank (9) is communicated with the bottom of the surface water body drainage simulation tank (103) through a third pipeline (73); the water supply tank (6) is provided with a first lifting system (81) for driving the water supply tank to vertically lift; the drainage box (9) is provided with a second lifting system (82) for driving the drainage box to vertically lift.
2. The capillary saturation zone lateral seepage demonstrator of claim 1, wherein: the water supply tank (6) is internally provided with a first partition plate (61) which is vertically arranged in a tank body, the top surfaces of side wall plates on the periphery of the water supply tank (6) are higher than the top surfaces of the first partition plate (61), the water supply tank (6) is divided into two parts by the first partition plate (61), one side is provided with a first water inlet tank (62), the other side is provided with a first overflow tank (63), the bottom of the first water inlet tank (62) is provided with two connecting ports, one connecting port is used for connecting a first pipeline (71), and the other connecting port is used for connecting a second pipeline (72); the bottom of the first overflow box (63) is provided with an overflow drain outlet;
the drainage tank (9) is internally provided with a second partition plate (91) which is vertically arranged in a tank body, the top surfaces of the side wall plates on the periphery of the drainage tank (9) are higher than the top surface of the second partition plate (91), the second partition plate (91) divides the drainage tank (9) into two parts, one side is a second water inlet tank (92), the other side is a second overflow tank (93), and the bottom of the second water inlet tank (92) is provided with a connecting port for connecting a third pipeline (73); the bottom of the second overflow box (93) is provided with an overflow drain outlet.
3. The capillary saturation zone lateral seepage demonstrator of claim 2, wherein: the overflow drain of the first overflow tank (63) is arranged on the bottom plate of the first overflow tank and is connected to the water storage tank (7) through a fourth pipeline (74);
two connectors at the bottom of the first water inlet tank (62) are arranged on the bottom plate of the first water inlet tank;
an overflow water outlet of the second overflow tank (93) is arranged on the bottom plate of the second overflow tank and is connected to the water storage tank (7) through a fifth pipeline (75);
a connecting port for connecting the third pipeline (73) is arranged on the bottom plate of the second water inlet tank (92);
valves are arranged on the first pipeline (71) and the second pipeline (72).
4. The capillary saturation zone lateral seepage demonstrator of claim 1, wherein: the first lifting system (81) comprises a first sliding block and a first sliding rail which are matched with each other, the first sliding block is fixedly connected with the water supply tank (6), the first sliding rail is fixedly arranged on the outer side wall of the geologic body simulation tank (1), a first threaded rod which is parallel to the first sliding rail is further arranged on the outer side wall of the geologic body simulation tank (1), the first threaded rod is in threaded connection with the first sliding block, and the first sliding block is driven to move up and down along the first sliding rail by driving the first threaded rod to rotate;
the second lifting system (82) comprises a second sliding block and a second sliding rail which are matched with each other, the second sliding block is fixedly connected with the drainage box (9), the second sliding rail is fixedly arranged on the outer side wall of the geologic body simulation box (1), a second threaded rod which is arranged in parallel with the second sliding rail is further arranged on the outer side wall of the geologic body simulation box (1), the second threaded rod is in threaded connection with the second sliding block, and the second sliding block is driven to rotate to move up and down along the second sliding rail by driving the second threaded rod.
5. The capillary saturation zone lateral seepage demonstrator of claim 1, wherein: a water outlet pipe (76) is also connected to the bottom plate of the geologic body simulation box (1), the water outlet end of the water outlet pipe (76) is connected to the water storage tank (7), and a drain valve (77) is arranged on the water outlet pipe (76); the geologic body simulation box (1) and the partition plate (2) are both made of transparent organic glass plates, and the geologic body simulation box (1) is arranged on a top plate of the water storage tank (7).
6. The capillary saturation zone lateral seepage demonstrator of claim 1, wherein: quartz sand with the grain diameter of 0.1 mm-1 mm is filled in the pore medium simulation box (102) to be used as a pore medium; a plurality of small holes with the diameter of 4 mm-6 mm are evenly distributed on the clapboard (2).
7. The capillary saturation zone lateral seepage demonstrator of claim 1, wherein: the measuring ends of the pressure gauges (4) are uniformly distributed at intervals along the horizontal direction, the pressure gauges (4) are transparent organic glass folded pipes which are bent by 90 degrees, the short edges of the folded pipes are arranged at the bottoms of the side wall plates of the pore medium simulation box (102), the end parts of the folded pipes extend into the pore medium simulation box (102), the long edges of the folded pipes are arranged on the outer side of the pore medium simulation box (102) and are communicated with the outside atmosphere, and the outer walls of the long edges of the folded pipes are provided with scales for measuring water level or water pressure;
the tracer injection source (5) is an injection pipe fixed on the side wall of the pore medium simulation box (102), one end of the injection pipe extends into the pore medium simulation box (102), the other end of the injection pipe is positioned on the outer side of the pore medium simulation box (102), and the end positioned on the outer side of the pore medium simulation box (102) is sealed by a rubber head sleeve.
8. The capillary saturation zone lateral seepage demonstrator according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein: a rainfall infiltration simulation box (104) is arranged at the top of the pore medium simulation box (102), and the rainfall infiltration simulation box (104) is arranged at the end close to the surface water body inflow simulation box (101); the bottom plate of the rainfall infiltration simulation box (104) is provided with a plurality of water outlet holes which are uniformly distributed.
9. A method for demonstrating lateral capillary saturation zone seepage, which is characterized by adopting the instrument for demonstrating lateral capillary saturation zone seepage according to any one of claims 1 to 7, and comprising the following steps:
firstly, injecting experimental water into a water storage tank (7); filling pore media into a pore media simulation box (102), wherein the pore media are filled by adopting layered water saturation-drainage;
secondly, the water supply tank (6) and the water drainage tank (9) are positioned at the same set height position through the first lifting system (81) and the second lifting system (82), the power supply of the water pump (10) is switched on to start water supply until the underground water level in the pore medium is consistent with the water levels of the surface water simulation tanks at the two ends; observing the water pressure conditions measured by the pressure gauges (4), wherein when the underground water level in the pore medium is consistent with the water levels of the surface water body simulation tanks at the two ends, the water pressure measured by each pressure gauge (4) is the same;
thirdly, the elevation of the drainage box (9) is lowered to a set height through a second lifting system (82), and the underground water in the pore medium moves towards the surface water body drainage simulation box (103); the water head measured by the pressure gauges (4) begins to change, and the next step is carried out after the water heads measured by all the pressure gauges (4) are stable;
fourthly, pass throughA tracer injection source (5) injects a tracer into the pore medium simulation box (102), observes and supports the phenomenon of capillary water rise, and records the phenomenon; when the capillary water to be supported reaches the maximum rising height; measuring its maximum rise height Hmax。
10. The capillary saturated zone transverse seepage demonstration method is characterized by comprising the following steps: a capillary saturation zone lateral seepage demonstrator according to claim 8 and comprising the steps of:
firstly, injecting experimental water into a water storage tank (7); filling pore media into a pore media simulation box (102), wherein the pore media are filled by adopting layered water saturation-drainage;
secondly, the water supply tank (6) and the water drainage tank (9) are positioned at the same set height position through the first lifting system (81) and the second lifting system (82), the power supply of the water pump (10) is switched on to start water supply until the underground water level in the pore medium is consistent with the water levels of the surface water simulation tanks at the two ends; observing the water pressure conditions measured by the pressure gauges (4), wherein when the underground water level in the pore medium is consistent with the water levels of the surface water body simulation tanks at the two ends, the water pressure measured by each pressure gauge (4) is the same;
thirdly, the elevation of the drainage box (9) is lowered to a set height through a second lifting system (82), and the underground water in the pore medium moves towards the surface water body drainage simulation box (103); the water head measured by the pressure gauges (4) begins to change, and the next step is carried out after the water heads measured by all the pressure gauges (4) are stable;
fourthly, injecting a tracer into the pore medium simulation box (102) through a tracer injection source (5), observing and supporting the capillary water rising phenomenon, and well recording; when the capillary water to be supported reaches the maximum rising height; measuring its maximum rise height Hmax；
Fifthly, adding a mixture of a tracer and water into a box body of the rainfall infiltration simulation box (104), observing three physical stages of infiltration, seepage and infiltration of rainfall infiltration, and simultaneously observing the phenomenon of lateral seepage of a capillary saturated zone to obtain a typical characteristic picture;
and sixthly, finishing the experiment by arranging equipment and experimental data.
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| CN101763765A (en) * | 2010-02-04 | 2010-06-30 | 成都理工大学 | Simulated experiment device of infiltration and seepage |
| CN204315152U (en) * | 2014-11-18 | 2015-05-06 | 成都理工大学 | Phreatic well flood-pot-test device |
| CN105489100A (en) * | 2016-01-28 | 2016-04-13 | 成都理工大学 | Diluvial fan underground water seepage simulation device |
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| CN206339470U (en) * | 2016-12-31 | 2017-07-18 | 中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所 | Debris flow dam dam foundation soil horizontal infiltration experimental rig |
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| CN101763765A (en) * | 2010-02-04 | 2010-06-30 | 成都理工大学 | Simulated experiment device of infiltration and seepage |
| CN204315152U (en) * | 2014-11-18 | 2015-05-06 | 成都理工大学 | Phreatic well flood-pot-test device |
| CN105489100A (en) * | 2016-01-28 | 2016-04-13 | 成都理工大学 | Diluvial fan underground water seepage simulation device |
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