CN110196710A - The quantum random number generator of chip structure zero-difference detection - Google Patents
The quantum random number generator of chip structure zero-difference detection Download PDFInfo
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- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
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- G06F7/58—Random or pseudo-random number generators
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Abstract
The quantum random number generator of chip structure zero-difference detection, integrated optical source (1), Polarization Controller (2), input waveguide (3), multimode interference (4), output waveguide (5), photodiode (6), trans-impedance amplifier (7), multiplier (8), low-pass filter (9), analog-digital converter (10) and extractor (11) on chip；Light source (1) issues continuous laser, it is filtered after multiplier (8) is multiplied with a sinusoidal signal by low-pass filter (9), obtain the signal of required frequency range, digital signal is obtained after converting using analog-digital converter (10), after extractor (11) are extracted, obtains final random number QRN and export.Input waveguide, output waveguide, multimode interference and photodiode device are integrated on chip, enable a device to realize miniaturization, the typical sizes of equipment are less than 1cm*1cm*0.3cm, have very big output bandwidth.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of cryptography, the G07C for being related to IPC classification generates random number or G06F7/58 random number or puppet
Randomizer technology, the especially quantum random number generator of chip structure zero-difference detection.
Background technique
Zero-difference detection refers to that the local oscillation signal of detection is separated through optical splitter from transmitting light source, connects with modulated
A number mixing of collecting mail generates heterodyne signal.The detection method can save local oscillator light source.Zero-difference detection is widely applied to quantum optices
In and some quantum random number generators in, these equipment volumes are bigger, limit its scope of application.
Related open source literature is less.
The Chinese patent application 201611015636.9 that Shanghai Langyan Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd. proposes discloses a kind of phase
Modulating polarization coding high speed quantum key distribution system comprising: for generating random number, and record these generation with
Machine number, for driving intensity modulator, sender's fpga chip of phase-modulator；It is kept for realizing the clock of receiving-transmitting sides
Consistent clock signal is for the laser as light source；For receiving the random data signal of FPGA transmission, different tune is generated
To intensity, the intensity modulator for inveigling state is formed；The first polarization beam apparatus etc. for laser pulse to be split.The present invention
Traditional quantum communications transmitting terminal is improved, using single laser light source, reduces making an uproar for the otherness introducing of each laser
Sound and shake reduce the device number of transmitting terminal, simplify the complexity of optical path, reduce clock jitter bring mistake
Code rate improves the light channel structure of previous redundancy, simplifies system, saved cost.
The Chinese patent application 201820480303.1 that Tsinghua University proposes discloses a kind of quantum random number generator, the amount
Sub- randomizer includes: light source, quadrature component selector, homodyne detector and analog-digital converter.Using the utility model
It can guarantee the correctness in source while obtaining random number, but also may be implemented not do any hypothesis to source.
Wound is that the Chinese patent application 201810911865.1 that Technique on Quantum Communication Co., Ltd proposes discloses one in Beijing
Kind quantum random number generator and quantum random number generation method, wherein quantum random number generator includes pulse laser, does
Interferometer, photodetector and signal processing module；Pulse laser exports pulsed laser signal, pulse laser letter to interferometer
Number carry spontaneous radiation photon phase fluctuation information；Interferometer makes the light path time difference meet the two-way pulse laser of preset condition
It is interfered between signal, so that the phase fluctuation of pulsed laser signal to be converted to the intensity fluctuation of interference light signal；By light
Interference light signal is converted to analog electrical signal by electric explorer；Analog electrical signal is handled using signal processing module, it is raw
At quantum random number；Compared with prior art, quantum random number generator provided by the present application does not need single-photon detector, because
This can reduce cost, and quantum random number generation rate can achieve Gbps, substantially increase the generation of quantum random number
Rate.
With the development of integrated quantum optices, in recent years, used in many quantum opticeses including photodetector
Device has the solution being integrated on chip, this to be provided with the device for being applied to this kind of device requirement into
The possibility of one step miniaturization.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide the quantum random number generators of chip structure zero-difference detection, improve real while performance
Existing device miniaturization.
The purpose of the present invention will be realized by following technical measures: including light source, Polarization Controller, input waveguide, more
Mode interference device, output waveguide, photodiode, trans-impedance amplifier, multiplier, low-pass filter, analog-digital converter and extractor；
Integrated optical source on chip, Polarization Controller, input waveguide, multimode interference, output waveguide, photodiode, trans-impedance amplifier,
Multiplier, low-pass filter, analog-digital converter and extractor；The setting of light source face Polarization Controller, Polarization Controller pass through
Input waveguide accesses multimode interference, and multimode interference collects output after passing through a pair of of output waveguide a pair of of photodiode in parallel
To trans-impedance amplifier, then, multiplier is connected together with external sinusoidal signal by trans-impedance amplifier, multiplier is further successively
It is exported by low-pass filter, analog-digital converter and extractor；Extractor extracts length k from the low entropy value sequence of length m
High entropy sequence, wherein m > k；Light source issues continuous laser and is coupled to after Polarization Controller by grating coupler
In one input waveguide, another input waveguide does not have optical signal input, by multimode interference later by two output waveguides
Output optical signal is simultaneously coupled on two photodiodes, photodiode generate electric current through making the difference and then by across
Impedance amplifier is converted into voltage signal and amplifies, and filters after multiplier is multiplied with a sinusoidal signal by low-pass filter
Wave obtains the signal of required frequency range, obtains digital signal after converting using analog-digital converter, after extractor extracts, obtains
To final random number QRN and export.
Especially, light source is laser diode or VCSEL laser, and it is that the continuous of 1550nm swashs that light source, which issues central wavelength,
Light.
Especially, Polarization Controller connects input waveguide by grating coupler.
Especially, input waveguide and output waveguide are the single mode waveguide of high degree of symmetry, and a pair of of input waveguide access multimode is dry
Device is related to, one of input waveguide and laser coupled access, another input waveguide is set as no signal input.
Especially, two output splitting ratios having the same of multimode interference.
Especially, photodiode is germanium p-i-n junction photodiode, is integrated on chip.
Especially, extractor be Universal hash function, Toeplitz matrix Hash extractor,
Trevisan extractor and HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code) algorithmic theory of randomness extract
Device.
Especially, sinusoidal signal selects the shot noise signal of 50~150MHz frequency range, and the band of photodiode is wider than
150MHz is filtered the signal except this frequency range, carries out carrying out high-pass filtering, mistake when IV conversion in trans-impedance amplifier
50MHz signal below is filtered, then signal passes through multiplier by the sinusoidal signal after trans-impedance amplifier with a 100MHz
After multiplication, is filtered using the low-pass filter of 50MHz, obtain the signal of required frequency range；Use the analog-digital converter of 200MHz
Signal is sampled；Before carrying out data extraction, extractible random number quantity, minimum entropy are estimated according to minimum entropy
Calculation formula it is as follows:
Hmin=-log2(Pmax)；Wherein PmaxIt is the maximum probability in detecting voltage probability distribution, by calculating, signal
Minimum entropy is 5.9/sampling, that is, average primary sampling is at best able to extract 5.9 random numbers, the digit of analog-digital converter
It is 8, the data of average every extraction are up to 5.9/8=0.7375, the extractor designed accordingly are as follows: it is long to choose list entries
Degree 1000, output sequence length are 700, i.e., extract 700 output sequences from 1000 list entries, extract ratio
Example is 0.7, less than 0.7375 required before, meets requirement of the extractor for entropy；The frequency acquisition of analog-digital converter and
The withdrawal ratio of extractor is respectively 200MHz and 0.7, and final random number output bandwidth is 1.4Gbps.
Advantages of the present invention and effect: input waveguide, two pole of output waveguide, multimode interference and photoelectricity are integrated on chip
Tube device enables a device to realize miniaturization, and the typical sizes of equipment are less than 1cm*1cm*0.3cm, have very big output
Bandwidth.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is 1 structural schematic diagram of the embodiment of the present invention.
Appended drawing reference includes:
1- light source, 2- Polarization Controller, 3- input waveguide, 4- multimode interference, 5- output waveguide, 6- photodiode,
7- trans-impedance amplifier, 8- multiplier, 9- low-pass filter, 10- analog-digital converter, 11- extractor, 12- sinusoidal signal.
Specific embodiment
The principle of the invention is, as shown in Fig. 1, integrated optical source 1, Polarization Controller 2, input waveguide 3, multimode on chip
Interferometer 4, output waveguide 5, photodiode 6, trans-impedance amplifier 7, multiplier 8, low-pass filter 9, analog-digital converter 10 with
And extractor 11；The setting of 1 face Polarization Controller 2 of light source, Polarization Controller 2 access multimode interference 4 by input waveguide 3,
Multimode interference 4 is output to trans-impedance amplifier 7 by collecting after a pair of of output waveguide 5 a pair of of photodiode 6 in parallel, then,
It connect multiplier 8 together with external sinusoidal signal 12 by trans-impedance amplifier 7, multiplier 8 further successively passes through low-pass filtering
Device 9, analog-digital converter 10 and extractor 11 export；Extractor 11 extracts the high entropy of length k from the low entropy value sequence of length m
Value sequence, wherein m > k.
The present invention includes: light source 1, Polarization Controller 2, input waveguide 3, multimode interference 4, output waveguide 5, two pole of photoelectricity
Pipe 6, trans-impedance amplifier 7, multiplier 8, low-pass filter 9, analog-digital converter 10 and extractor 11.
Present invention will be further explained below with reference to the attached drawings and examples.
Embodiment 1: sinusoidal signal 12 selects the shot noise signal of 50~150MHz frequency range, in order to realize to this frequency range
The acquisition of signal, first, it is desirable that photodiode 6 has the bandwidth greater than 150MHz, can carry out to the signal of this frequency range
Detection；Secondly, need to be filtered the signal except this frequency range, carry out needing when IV conversion in trans-impedance amplifier 7 into
50MHz signal below is filtered in row high-pass filtering, and then signal is by the sine after trans-impedance amplifier 7 with a 100MHz
After signal 12 is multiplied by multiplier 8, filtered using the low-pass filter 9 of 50MHz, to obtain the signal of required frequency range；
Finally, being sampled using the analog-digital converter 10 of 200MHz to signal to acquire this signal；It is extracted carrying out data
Before, need to be estimated according to minimum entropy extractible random number how many, the calculation formula of minimum entropy is as follows:
Hmin=-log2(Pmax)；Wherein PmaxIt is the maximum probability in detecting voltage probability distribution, by calculating, signal
Minimum entropy is 5.9/sampling, that is to say, that average primary sampling is at best able to extract 5.9 random numbers, analog-digital converter
10 digit is 8, and the data of average every extraction are up to 5.9/8=0.7375, the extractor designed accordingly are as follows: choose defeated
Enter sequence length 1000, output sequence length is 700, that is to say, that 700 defeated is extracted from 1000 list entries
Sequence out, withdrawal ratio 0.7 meet requirement of the extractor 11 for entropy less than 0.7375 required before；Modulus
The frequency acquisition of converter 10 and the withdrawal ratio of extractor 11 are respectively 200MHz and 0.7, so final random number exports
Bandwidth is 1.4Gbps.
In aforementioned, light source 1 is laser diode or VCSEL laser, and light source 1 issues the company that central wavelength is 1550nm
Continuous laser.
In aforementioned, Polarization Controller 2 connects input waveguide 3 by grating coupler.
In aforementioned, the single mode waveguide of input waveguide 3 and output waveguide 5 for high degree of symmetry, a pair of of the access of input waveguide 3 multimode
Interferometer 4, one of input waveguide 3 are accessed with laser coupled, another input waveguide 3 is set as no signal input.
In aforementioned, two output splitting ratios having the same of multimode interference 4.
In aforementioned, photodiode 6 is germanium p-i-n junction photodiode, is integrated on chip.
In aforementioned, extractor 11 be Universal hash function, Toeplitz matrix Hash extractor,
Trevisan extractor and HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code) algorithmic theory of randomness extract
Device.
In the embodiment of the present invention, Polarization Controller 2 adjusts the polarization state of 1 laser of light source, is convenient for the better coupling of optical signal
It closes into input waveguide 3.Input waveguide 3 and output waveguide 5 have a suitable length and width, multimode interference 4 to input light into
Row is interfered and is exported, and photodiode 6 needs to have biggish detective bandwidth, photodiode 6, compares general p-n
P n junction photodiode has higher sensitivity and response speed.
In the embodiment of the present invention, input waveguide 3, output waveguide 5, multimode interference 4 and photodiode 6 are integrated in core
On piece enables quantum random number generator equipment to be made into chip type structure.
In the embodiment of the present invention, workflow includes: that light source 1 issues continuous laser, after Polarization Controller 2, is led to
It crosses grating coupler to be coupled in an input waveguide 3, another input waveguide 3 is inputted without optical signal, by multiple-mode interfence
Device 4 by two 5 output optical signals of output waveguide and is coupled on two photodiodes 6 later, the electricity that photodiode 6 generates
Stream is believed by making the difference and then being converted into voltage signal by trans-impedance amplifier 7 and amplify by multiplier 8 and one are sinusoidal
It is being filtered after number being multiplied by low-pass filter 9, is obtaining the signal of required frequency range, obtained after being converted using analog-digital converter 10
Digital signal obtains final random number QRN and exports after the extraction of extractor 11.
Claims (8)
1. the quantum random number generator of chip structure zero-difference detection, including light source (1), Polarization Controller (2), input waveguide
(3), multimode interference (4), output waveguide (5), photodiode (6), trans-impedance amplifier (7), multiplier (8), low-pass filtering
Device (9), analog-digital converter (10) and extractor (11)；It is characterized in that, integrated optical source (1) on chip, Polarization Controller (2),
Input waveguide (3), multimode interference (4), output waveguide (5), photodiode (6), trans-impedance amplifier (7), multiplier (8),
Low-pass filter (9), analog-digital converter (10) and extractor (11)；Light source (1) face Polarization Controller (2) setting, polarization
For controller (2) by input waveguide (3) access multimode interference (4), multimode interference (4) passes through a pair of of output waveguide (5) simultaneously
Collect after a pair of of photodiode (6) of connection and be output to trans-impedance amplifier (7), then, by trans-impedance amplifier (7) and external sine
Signal (12) connects multiplier (8) together, and multiplier (8) further successively passes through low-pass filter (9), analog-digital converter (10)
And extractor (11) output；Extractor (11) extracts the high entropy sequence of length k from the low entropy value sequence of length m, wherein m
>k；Light source (1) issues continuous laser and is coupled to an input waveguide by grating coupler after Polarization Controller (2)
(3) in, another input waveguide (3) is inputted without optical signal, by multimode interference (4) later by two output waveguides (5)
Output optical signal is simultaneously coupled on two photodiodes (6), the electric current that photodiode (6) generates by making the difference and then
Voltage signal is converted by trans-impedance amplifier (7) and is amplified, and is being passed through after multiplier (8) is multiplied with a sinusoidal signal
Low-pass filter (9) filtering, obtains the signal of required frequency range, obtains digital signal after converting using analog-digital converter (10),
After extractor (11) are extracted, obtains final random number QRN and export.
2. the quantum random number generator of chip structure zero-difference detection as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that light source (1)
For laser diode or VCSEL laser, light source (1) issues the continuous laser that central wavelength is 1550nm.
3. the quantum random number generator of chip structure zero-difference detection as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that Polarization Control
Device (2) connects input waveguide (3) by grating coupler.
4. the quantum random number generator of chip structure zero-difference detection as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that input waveguide
(3) and output waveguide (5) is the single mode waveguide of high degree of symmetry, and a pair of of input waveguide (3) accesses multimode interference (4), wherein one
A input waveguide (3) and laser coupled access, another input waveguide (3) is set as no signal input.
5. the quantum random number generator of chip structure zero-difference detection as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that multiple-mode interfence
Two output splitting ratios having the same of device (4).
6. the quantum random number generator of chip structure zero-difference detection as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that two pole of photoelectricity
Managing (6) is germanium p-i-n junction photodiode, is integrated on chip.
7. the quantum random number generator of chip structure zero-difference detection as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that extractor
It (11) is Universal hash function, Toeplitz matrix Hash extractor, Trevisan extractor and HMAC
(Hash-based Message Authentication Code) algorithmic theory of randomness extractor.
8. the quantum random number generator of chip structure zero-difference detection as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that sinusoidal signal
(12) the shot noise signal of 50~150MHz frequency range is selected, the band of photodiode (6) is wider than 150MHz, to this frequency range
Except signal be filtered, carry out in the trans-impedance amplifier (7) carrying out high-pass filtering when IV conversion, filtering 50MHz is below
Signal, then signal with the sinusoidal signal (12) of a 100MHz after trans-impedance amplifier (7) by multiplier (8) by being multiplied
Afterwards, it is filtered using the low-pass filter of 50MHz (9), obtains the signal of required frequency range；Use the analog-digital converter of 200MHz
(10) signal is sampled；Before carrying out data extraction, extractible random number quantity is estimated according to minimum entropy, most
The calculation formula of small entropy is as follows: Hmin=-log2(Pmax)；It is wherein the maximum probability in detecting voltage probability distribution, by meter
It calculates, the minimum entropy of signal is 5.9/sampling, that is, average primary sampling is at best able to extract 5.9 random numbers, analog-to-digital conversion
The digit of device (10) is 8, and the data of average every extraction are up to 5.9/8=0.7375, the extractor (11) designed accordingly
Are as follows: list entries length 1000 is chosen, output sequence length is 700, i.e., 700 are extracted from 1000 list entries
Output sequence, withdrawal ratio 0.7 meet requirement of the extractor (11) for entropy less than 0.7375 required before；Mould
The frequency acquisition of number converter (10) and the withdrawal ratio of extractor (11) are respectively 200MHz and 0.7, and final random number is defeated
Bandwidth is 1.4Gbps out.
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