CN110183927A - 一种防火隔热材料的制备方法及应用 - Google Patents
一种防火隔热材料的制备方法及应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种防火隔热材料的制备方法及应用。所述制备方法包括:(1)将电负性的单体与交联剂甲叉双丙烯酰胺、引发剂过硫酸钠溶于去离子水中,合成电负性的水凝胶,再将水凝胶进行研磨、干燥处理,制得凝胶微球;(2)取玄武岩膜,并将含有引发剂的海藻酸钠浓溶液均匀涂抹在玄武岩膜上,将其干燥待用;(3)配置含第二层网络单体的凝胶溶液,将凝胶微球放入该凝胶溶液中溶胀,得到凝胶微球前驱体;再将凝胶微球前驱体涂抹于步骤(2)得到的玄武岩膜上,于50℃下聚合6 h得到水凝胶‑玄武岩复合材料。本发明制备的防火隔热材料具有良好的防火隔热性能且制造成本低,不仅适合消防作业使用,也适合家庭防火使用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及防火新材料,属于新材料技术领域。具体涉及一种防火隔热材料的制备方法及应用。
背景技术
目前,用于特种作业的防火护具组成材料主要为高分解温度、低导热性、阻燃性的高分子材料。例如普遍应用于消防服面料的芳纶、聚丙烯腈等。芳纶虽然导热系数低,但在较低温度(~400 ℃)下易降解,因此只能作为隔热材料,而无法用于防火材料。而氧化聚丙烯腈纤维虽然分解温度高(~1500 ℃),但热传导系数高,受热时温度迅速上升,容易导致烫伤。因此,在实际中,通常将几种不同性能的材料复合以满足防火隔热的性能。即使这样,通过将不同性能的材料复合而成的专业防火护具用材能仍存在隔热性能差且价格昂贵的问题,以至于无法推广使用。
因此,设计一种抗火性能及隔热性能差好、成本低的防火隔热材料,是本领域技术人员研究的方向。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的上述不足,本发明的目的在于解决现有的防火护具用材在高温下隔热性能差且价格昂贵的问题,提供一种防火隔热材料的制备方法,采用该方法制备的防火隔热材料具有良好的防火隔热性能且制造成本低,不仅适合消防作业使用,也适合家庭防火使用。
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种防火隔热材料的制备方法,具体包括如下步骤:
(1)将电负性的单体与交联剂甲叉双丙烯酰胺、引发剂过硫酸钠溶于去离子水中,利用自由基聚合的方法合成电负性的水凝胶,再将水凝胶进行研磨、干燥处理,制得20~200 um的凝胶微球;
(2)取玄武岩膜,对其进行预处理,并将含有引发剂的海藻酸钠浓溶液均匀涂抹在玄武岩膜上,将其干燥待用;
(3)配置含第二层网络单体的凝胶溶液,将凝胶微球放入该凝胶溶液中溶胀,得到凝胶微球前驱体;再将凝胶微球前驱体涂抹于步骤(2)得到的玄武岩膜上,于50 ℃下聚合6 h得到水凝胶-玄武岩防火隔热材料。
其中,所述步骤(1)中,电负性单体、交联剂和过硫酸铵的摩尔浓度比为1:0.02-0.06:0.001。
进一步,所述电负性的单体为2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸、丙烯酸或苯乙烯磺酸钠。
进一步,所述步骤(2)中,含有引发剂的海藻酸钠浓溶液的制备方法为:取海藻酸钠、过硫酸铵和水,在室温下加热搅拌至完全溶解;其中,每20ml去离子水中,含海藻酸钠1~2g,引发剂0.001~0.01g。
进一步,所述步骤(2)中,玄武岩膜的预处理的步骤为先将玄武岩膜依次进行超声洗涤、超纯水润洗,再将玄武岩膜干燥备用。
进一步,所述步骤(3)中,第二层网络单体为N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺或丙烯酰胺。
进一步,所述含第二层网络单体的凝胶溶液的制备方法为:取第二层网络单体、甲叉双丙烯酰胺和水,在室温下搅拌至完全溶解;其中,所述第二层网络单体浓度为4 mol/L,甲叉双丙烯酰胺浓度为0.001~0.02 mol/L;第二层网络单体和甲叉双丙烯酰胺的摩尔浓度比为4:0.001~ 0.02。
进一步,所述步骤(3)中,将凝胶微球前驱体涂抹于步骤(2)得到的玄武岩膜具体为:先将玄武岩膜置于一片四周具有硅胶垫的玻璃板上,再在玄武岩膜上涂抹凝胶微球前驱体,最后覆盖另一玻璃片将涂抹有凝胶微球前驱体的玄武岩膜密封。
本发明还提供一种防火隔热材料的应用,将所述防火隔热材料用于制备防火护具。
相比现有技术,本发明具有如下有益效果:
1、本发明提供的防火隔热材料的制备方法简单,采用常规的设备或仪器即可完成制备。利用该方法制备的凝胶微球除可与玄武岩实现牢固链接外,还可作为防火涂料涂敷于任意几何形状的其他隔热材料,扩大了水凝胶的应用领域及复合防火材料的使用范围。
2、本发明提供的凝胶微球具有双网络水凝胶结构,具有较高的力学强度,能够满足防火领域的使用要求。
将凝胶微球作为双网络水凝胶中的第一层“牺牲键”网络,极大的增强了其力学性能,提高了水凝胶的韧性和耐磨性。而凝胶微球中负载的第二层网络单体通过自由基聚合形成弹性网络将分散的微球连接起来,从而形成双网络体系。当界面受到应力作用时,脆性的凝胶微球网络首先被破坏,交联点断裂作为“牺牲键”耗散应力。而低交联的第二网络单体柔性网络具有较高的弹性,能够在应力作用中保持完整,赋予凝胶微球较高的力学强度。
3、本发明制备的防火隔热材料,双网络水凝胶与玄武岩膜之间通过分子链连接,实现了水凝胶与阻燃材料之间的无缝衔接,且不会损伤凝胶从而造成安全隐患。将高强度的凝胶微球与玄武岩膜连接,利用水凝胶的高汽化潜热、高比热容特性作为防火层,利用玄武岩膜的低导热率特点作为隔热层,从而得到性能优异的防火、隔热材料。
附图说明
图1为实施例1~5中制备的凝胶微球的力学性能测试图。
图2为实施例6~10中制备的防火隔热材料的防火性能测试图。
图3为实施例11~15中制备的防火隔热材料的防火性能测试图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合实施例及附图对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1:
(1)将10.3625 g 2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、0.3084 g甲叉双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)和0.0114 g的过硫酸铵溶解于50 ml超纯水中,得到均匀的水凝胶预聚合溶液。然后将水凝胶预聚合溶液装入10×10 cm的模具中(模具由两块玻璃片中间夹2 mm厚的硅胶垫组成),放入烘箱于50 ℃下进行热引发自由基聚合4 h,得到2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸单网络水凝胶(PAMPS)。将PAMPS水凝胶于研钵中初步研磨至颗粒,然后在烘箱中于50 ℃下干燥5 h后再次进行研磨,采用40~60目的标准筛进行过筛,得到平均粒径为108.9um的水凝胶微球。
(2)配制4 mol/L丙烯酰胺,0.0008mol/L(相对于单体浓度0.02mol% )MBAA的凝胶溶液30 ml,取0.03g PAMPS凝胶微球于凝胶溶液中浸泡12h至充分溶胀,得到凝胶微球前驱体,于50 ℃下聚合6 h,得到双层网络的水凝胶(PAMPS/PAAM)。
实施例2~5
实施例2~5的制备方法与实施例1相同,不同之处在于步骤(1)制备的水凝胶微球研磨后的平均粒径不同,详见表1。
表1 实施例1~5中凝胶微球的平均粒径、用量及测试参数表
实施例 | 凝胶微球的平均粒径/um | 凝胶微球的用量/g·mL<sup>-1</sup> | 测试 |
实施例1 | 108.9 | 0.001 | 力学性能测试 |
实施例2 | 114.5 | 0.001 | 力学性能测试 |
实施例3 | 182.2 | 0.001 | 力学性能测试 |
实施例4 | 191.7 | 0.001 | 力学性能测试 |
实施例5 | 195.1 | 0.001 | 力学性能测试 |
对实施例1~5制得的水凝胶进行力学性能测试,其测试结果如图1所示。从图1中可知:PAMPS/PAAm双网络水凝胶的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率随PAMPS水凝胶微球平均粒径的增大先增大后减小。当水凝胶微球平均粒径为182.2 um时,力学性能最优。随着PAMPS水凝胶微球平均粒径的继续增大,PAMPS/PAAm双网络水凝胶的力学性能急剧下降。这是因为:当PAMPS水凝胶微球平均粒径过大时,凝胶微球间的间隙变大,导致单层PAAM网络的区域增大,从而导致力学性能急剧下降。因此,当水凝胶微球的平均粒径为114.5~182.2um时,水凝胶微球的力学性能最好,在后续的实施例中,将水凝胶微球的平均粒径保持在114.5~182.2um。
实施例6:
(1)将10.3625 g 2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、0.3084 g甲叉双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)和0.0114 g的过硫酸铵溶解于50 ml超纯水中,得到均匀的水凝胶预聚合溶液。然后将水凝胶预聚合溶液装入10×10 cm的模具中,放入烘箱于50 ℃下进行热引发自由基聚合4 h,得到2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸单网络水凝胶(PAMPS)。将PAMPS水凝胶于研钵中初步研磨至颗粒,然后在烘箱中于50 ℃下干燥5 h后再次进行研磨,直至研磨至平均粒径在为114.5um~182.2 um之间。
(2)将1.6 g海藻酸钠、0.0091g过硫酸铵溶于20 ml水中,室温下搅拌至完全溶解;将混合液均匀涂抹于经超预处理后的玄武岩膜上,并于室温下干燥,使海藻酸钠混合液在玄武岩膜上均匀成膜。
(3)配制4 mol/L丙烯酰胺,0.0008mol/L(相对于单体浓度0.02mol% )MBAA的凝胶溶液30 ml,取0.03g PAMPS凝胶微球于凝胶溶液中浸泡12h至充分溶胀,得到凝胶微球前驱体,再将凝胶微球前驱体涂抹于步骤(2)得到的玄武岩膜上,于50 ℃下聚合6 h,得到水凝胶-玄武岩复合材料。
实施例7~10:
实施例7~10与实施例6的制备方法相同,凝胶微球的平均粒径均控制在114.5~182.2um之间。不同之处在于,在步骤(3)中使用的 PAMPS凝胶微球的用量不同,实施例6~10中,凝胶微球的用量逐渐增加。详见表2。表2中列出了凝胶微球的用量,所述凝胶微球的用量为凝胶微球的质量与凝胶溶液的比值,根据凝胶溶液的体积即可计算得到凝胶微球的质量。
表2 实施例6~10中凝胶微球的平均粒径、用量及测试参数表
实施例 | 凝胶微球的平均粒径/um | 凝胶微球的用量/g·mL<sup>-1</sup> | 测试 |
实施例6 | 114.5~182.2 | 0.001 | 耐火性测试 |
实施例7 | 114.5~182.2 | 0.002 | 耐火性测试 |
实施例8 | 114.5~182.2 | 0.004 | 耐火性测试 |
实施例9 | 114.5~182.2 | 0.006 | 耐火性测试 |
实施例10 | 114.5~182.2 | 0.008 | 耐火性测试 |
对实施例6~10中制得的水凝胶-玄武岩复合材料进行耐火性测试。使用以丙烷为燃料,火焰温度约1300℃的喷灯测试水凝胶的耐火性。喷灯喷火口距凝胶6cm,火焰垂直于凝胶样品,每隔5s用热成像仪记录一次材料背面温度,测试结果如图2所示。从图中可知:由于凝胶微球是由负电荷单体聚合而成,相比于由电中性单体聚合的第二层网络更亲水。随着凝胶微球的用量增大,制备的水凝胶中含水率增大,从而防火性能更好。但是,当凝胶微球增大到一定程度,即0.008 g/mL时,水凝胶中可能存在缺陷,在高温火焰下容易被穿透,导致防火性能降低。
实施例11
(1)将10.3625 g 2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(PAMPS)、0.3084 g甲叉双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)和0.0114 g的过硫酸铵溶解于50 ml超纯水中,得到均匀的水凝胶预聚合溶液。然后将水凝胶预聚合溶液装入10×10 cm的模具中,放入烘箱于50 ℃下进行热引发自由基聚合4 h,得到单网络水凝胶(PAMPS)。将该单层网络水凝胶于研钵中初步研磨至颗粒,然后在烘箱中于50 ℃下干燥5 h后再次进行研磨,40目的标准筛进行筛分,直至研磨至平均粒径在为114.5um-182.2 um之间。
(2)将1.6 g海藻酸钠、0.0091g过硫酸铵溶于20 ml水中,室温下搅拌至完全溶解;将混合液均匀涂抹于经超预处理后的玄武岩膜上,并于室温下干燥,使海藻酸钠混合液在玄武岩膜上均匀成膜。
(3)配制4 mol/L丙烯酰胺(PAAm),0.0008mol/L(相对于单体浓度0.02mol% )MBAA的凝胶溶液30 ml,取0.03g PAMPS凝胶微球于凝胶溶液中浸泡12h至充分溶胀,得到凝胶微球前驱体,再将凝胶微球前驱体涂抹于步骤(2)得到的玄武岩膜上,于50 ℃下聚合6 h,得到水凝胶-玄武岩复合材料。
实施例12
(1)将3.603 g丙烯酸(PAA)、0.3084 g甲叉双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)和0.0114 g的过硫酸铵溶解于50 ml超纯水中,得到均匀的水凝胶预聚合溶液。然后将水凝胶预聚合溶液装入10×10 cm的模具中,放入烘箱于50 ℃下进行热引发自由基聚合4 h,得到单网络水凝胶(PAA)。将该单层网络水凝胶于研钵中初步研磨至颗粒,然后在烘箱中于50 ℃下干燥5 h后再次进行研磨,40目的标准筛进行筛分,得到直至研磨至平均粒径在为114.5um~182.2 um之间。
(2)将1.6 g海藻酸钠、0.0091g过硫酸铵溶于20 ml水中,室温下搅拌至完全溶解;将混合液均匀涂抹于经超预处理后的玄武岩膜上,并于室温下干燥,使海藻酸钠混合液在玄武岩膜上均匀成膜。
(3)配制4 mol/L丙烯酰胺(PAAm),0.0008mol/L(相对于单体浓度0.02mol% )MBAA的凝胶溶液30 ml,取0.03g PAA凝胶微球于凝胶溶液中浸泡12h至充分溶胀,得到凝胶微球前驱体,再将凝胶微球前驱体涂抹于步骤(2)得到的玄武岩膜上,于50 ℃下聚合6 h,得到水凝胶-玄武岩复合材料。
实施例13
(1)将10.310 g 苯乙烯磺酸钠(PNASS)、0.3084 g甲叉双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)和0.0114 g的过硫酸铵溶解于50 ml超纯水中,得到均匀的水凝胶预聚合溶液。然后将水凝胶预聚合溶液装入10×10 cm的模具中,放入烘箱于50 ℃下进行热引发自由基聚合4 h,得到单网络水凝胶(PNaSS)。将该单层网络水凝胶于研钵中初步研磨至颗粒,然后在烘箱中于50 ℃下干燥5 h后再次进行研磨,40目的标准筛进行筛分,直至研磨至平均粒径在为114.5um-182.2um之间。
(2)将1.6 g海藻酸钠、0.0091g过硫酸铵溶于20 ml水中,室温下搅拌至完全溶解;将混合液均匀涂抹于经超预处理后的玄武岩膜上,并于室温下干燥,使海藻酸钠混合液在玄武岩膜上均匀成膜。
(3)配制4 mol/L丙烯酰胺(PAAm),0.0008mol/L(相对于单体浓度0.02mol% )MBAA的凝胶溶液30 ml,取0.03g PNaSS 凝胶微球于凝胶溶液中浸泡12h至充分溶胀,得到凝胶微球前驱体,再将凝胶微球前驱体涂抹于步骤(2)得到的玄武岩膜上,于50 ℃下聚合6 h,得到水凝胶-玄武岩复合材料。
实施例14
(1)将10.3625 g 2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(PAMPS)、0.3084 g甲叉双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)和0.0114 g的过硫酸铵溶解于50 ml超纯水中,得到均匀的水凝胶预聚合溶液。然后将水凝胶预聚合溶液装入10×10 cm的模具中,放入烘箱于50 ℃下进行热引发自由基聚合4 h,得到单网络水凝胶(PAMPS)。将该单层网络水凝胶于研钵中初步研磨至颗粒,然后在烘箱中于50 ℃下干燥5 h后再次进行研磨,40目的标准筛进行筛分,直至研磨至平均粒径在为114.5um~182.2 um之间。
(2)将1.6 g海藻酸钠、0.0091g过硫酸铵溶于20 ml水中,室温下搅拌至完全溶解;将混合液均匀涂抹于经超预处理后的玄武岩膜上,并于室温下干燥,使海藻酸钠混合液在玄武岩膜上均匀成膜。
(3)配制4 mol/L N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(PDMAAm),0.0008mol/L(相对于单体浓度0.02mol% )MBAA的凝胶溶液30 ml,取0.03g PAMPS凝胶微球于凝胶溶液中浸泡12h至充分溶胀,得到凝胶微球前驱体,再将凝胶微球前驱体涂抹于步骤(2)得到的玄武岩膜上,于50℃下聚合6 h,得到水凝胶-玄武岩复合材料。
实施例15
(1)将10.310 g 苯乙烯磺酸钠(PNASS)、0.3084 g甲叉双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)和0.0114 g的过硫酸铵溶解于50 ml超纯水中,得到均匀的水凝胶预聚合溶液。然后将水凝胶预聚合溶液装入10×10 cm的模具中,放入烘箱于50 ℃下进行热引发自由基聚合4 h,得到单网络水凝胶(PNASS)。将该单层网络水凝胶于研钵中初步研磨至颗粒,然后在烘箱中于50 ℃下干燥5 h后再次进行研磨,40目的标准筛进行筛分,直至研磨至平均粒径在为114.5um~182.2um之间。
(2)将1.6 g海藻酸钠、0.0091g过硫酸铵溶于20 ml水中,室温下搅拌至完全溶解;将混合液均匀涂抹于经超预处理后的玄武岩膜上,并于室温下干燥,使海藻酸钠混合液在玄武岩膜上均匀成膜。
(3)配制4 mol/L N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(PDMAAm),0.0008mol/L(相对于单体浓度0.02mol% )MBAA的凝胶溶液30 ml,取0.03g PAMPS凝胶微球于凝胶溶液中浸泡12h至充分溶胀,得到凝胶微球前驱体,再将凝胶微球前驱体涂抹于步骤(2)得到的玄武岩膜上,于50℃下聚合6 h,得到水凝胶-玄武岩复合材料。
实施例11~15的制备方法相同,不同之处在于,在步骤(1)中使用的电负性的单体和步骤(3)中的第二层网络单体不同,详见表3。
表3 实施例11~15中的凝胶组成成分
实施例 | 电负性的单体 | 第二层网络单体 | 实验 |
实施例11 | PAMPS | PAAm | 耐火性测试 |
实施例12 | PAA | PAAm | 耐火性测试 |
实施例13 | PNASS | PAAm | 耐火性测试 |
实施例14 | PAMPS | PDMAAm | 耐火性测试 |
实施例15 | PNASS | PDMAAm | 耐火性测试 |
对实施例11~15中各水凝胶的防火性能进行测试,使用以丙烷为燃料,火焰温度约1300℃的喷灯测试水凝胶的耐火性。喷灯喷火口距凝胶6cm,火焰垂直于凝胶样品,每隔5s用热成像仪记录一次材料背面温度,测试结果如图3所示。从图中可知:改变双网络水凝胶中各网络的化学成分后,所制得的不同化学组成的双网络水凝胶均具有良好的防火性能,表明防火性能主要取决于水凝胶中所含水分,与组成网络的化学组成关系不大。因此,该设计可推广至更多种类的双网络水凝胶。
最后需要说明的是,以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非限制技术方案,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,那些对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换,而不脱离本技术方案的宗旨和范围,均应涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围当中。
Claims (9)
1.一种防火隔热材料的制备方法,其特征在于,具体包括如下步骤:
(1)将电负性的单体与交联剂甲叉双丙烯酰胺、引发剂过硫酸钠溶于去离子水中,利用自由基聚合的方法合成电负性的水凝胶,再将水凝胶进行研磨、干燥处理,制得20~200 um的凝胶微球;
(2)取玄武岩膜,对其进行预处理,并将含有引发剂的海藻酸钠浓溶液均匀涂抹在玄武岩膜上,将其干燥待用;
(3)配置含第二层网络单体的凝胶溶液,将凝胶微球放入该凝胶溶液中溶胀,得到凝胶微球前驱体;再将凝胶微球前驱体涂抹于步骤(2)得到的玄武岩膜上,于50 ℃下聚合6 h得到水凝胶-玄武岩防火隔热材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的防火隔热材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中,电负性单体、交联剂和过硫酸铵的摩尔浓度比为1:0.02~0.06:0.001。
3.根据权利要求1所述的防火隔热材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中,所述电负性的单体为2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸、丙烯酸或苯乙烯磺酸钠。
4.根据权利要求1所述的防火隔热材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中,含有引发剂的海藻酸钠浓溶液的制备方法为:取海藻酸钠、过硫酸铵和水,在室温下加热搅拌至完全溶解;其中,每20ml去离子水中,含海藻酸钠1~2g,引发剂0.001~0.01g。
5.根据权利要求1所述的防火隔热材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中,玄武岩膜的预处理的步骤为先将玄武岩膜依次进行超声洗涤、超纯水润洗,再将玄武岩膜干燥备用。
6.根据权利要求1所述的防火隔热材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中,第二层网络单体为N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺或丙烯酰胺。
7.根据权利要求1或6所述的防火隔热材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中,所述含第二层网络单体的凝胶溶液的制备方法为:取第二层网络单体、甲叉双丙烯酰胺和水,在室温下搅拌至完全溶解;其中,所述第二层网络单体浓度为4 mol/L,甲叉双丙烯酰胺浓度为0.001~0.02 mol/L;第二层网络单体和甲叉双丙烯酰胺的摩尔浓度比为4:0.001~0.02。
8.根据权利要求1所述的防火隔热材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中,将凝胶微球前驱体涂抹于步骤(2)得到的玄武岩膜具体为:先将玄武岩膜置于一片四周具有硅胶垫的玻璃板上,再在玄武岩膜上涂抹凝胶微球前驱体,最后覆盖另一玻璃片将涂抹有凝胶微球前驱体的玄武岩膜密封。
9.一种防火隔热材料的应用,所述防火隔热材料由权利要求1-8任一项制备而成,其特征在于,将所述防火隔热材料用于制备防火护具。
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