CN110181812A - The 3D printing method of continuous carbon fibre honeycomb and its certainly perception and restoration methods - Google Patents
The 3D printing method of continuous carbon fibre honeycomb and its certainly perception and restoration methods Download PDFInfo
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- CN110181812A CN110181812A CN201910574576.1A CN201910574576A CN110181812A CN 110181812 A CN110181812 A CN 110181812A CN 201910574576 A CN201910574576 A CN 201910574576A CN 110181812 A CN110181812 A CN 110181812A
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- honeycomb
- carbon fibre
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/171—Processes of additive manufacturing specially adapted for manufacturing multiple 3D objects
- B29C64/176—Sequentially
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/30—Auxiliary operations or equipment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of 3D printing method of continuous carbon fibre honeycomb and its oneself perceives and restoration methods, the following steps are included: preparation TPU-PLA wire rod: PLA particle and TPU particle are dried, the TPU particle that mass ratio is 3:1~1:4 is sufficiently mixed with PLA particle, PLA-TPU wire rod is obtained by extruder；Using TPU-PLA wire rod and continuous carbon fibre as raw material, continuous honeycomb is printing path, and 3D printing obtains continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb, and it is with the identical honeycomb cell structure of continuous and shape that continuous carbon fibre, which enhances honeycomb,.Solve existing continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb in use use state information be difficult to obtain, can not self-healing disadvantage.
Description
[technical field]
The invention belongs to composite material and 3D printing technique fields, and in particular to a kind of 3D of continuous carbon fibre honeycomb
Method of printing and its certainly perception and restoration methods.
[background technique]
Cellular material is on the basis of bionic, in conjunction with natural cellular planform, using made of the materials such as paper, cloth
With whole in cellular material.Sandwich material based on honeycomb core material is widely used in the neck such as aerospace, automobile
Domain enhances impact resistance for improving intensity, rigidity, mitigates weight, reduces noise.Common foundation material has paper wasp
Nest, metal beehive, fiber cloth honeycomb and carbon fiber honeycomb, wherein carbon fiber honeycomb has because its is light-weight, energy absorption performance is outstanding
Broad application prospect.
Currently, shape is difficult to restore when common honeycomb is generated moderate finite deformation by external force in use,
It can not usually reuse.Meanwhile currently used honeycomb is in use, needs to sense using additional foil gauge etc.
Device measures deformation/strain of honeycomb, without in use from the function of perceiving deformation state information.
[summary of the invention]
And the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of 3D printing method of continuous carbon fibre honeycomb and its from perception restore
Method, with solve existing continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb in use use state information be difficult to obtain, not can from
The shortcomings that recovery.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme: the 3D printing method of continuous carbon fibre honeycomb, comprising the following steps:
Preparation TPU-PLA wire rod: being dried PLA particle and TPU particle, by TPU that mass ratio is 3:1~1:4
Grain is sufficiently mixed with PLA particle, obtains PLA-TPU wire rod by extruder；
Using TPU-PLA wire rod and continuous carbon fibre as raw material, continuous honeycomb is printing path, and 3D printing is connected
Continuous fibre reinforced honeycomb, it is with the identical honeycomb cell structure of continuous and shape that continuous carbon fibre, which enhances honeycomb,.
Further, during PLA particle and TPU particle being dried, drying temperature is 40 DEG C~90 DEG C, drying
Time is 4h~10h, and extruder heating temperature is 160 DEG C~210 DEG C.
Further, 3D printer is in print procedure, 0~70 DEG C of baseplate temp, 170 DEG C~220 DEG C of print temperature, squeezes
Width 0.4m~1.6m out, 50~400mm/min of print speed, the high 0.2mm~0.8mm of printable layer.
Second of technical solution that the present invention uses is that continuous carbon fibre enhances the perception measurement method certainly of honeycomb,
Continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb is prepared using the method for any one of claim 1-3；
The external plain conductor of continuous carbon fibre at continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb both ends will be located at；
The plain conductor at both ends is correspondingly connected with again, so that the continuous carbon fibre in honeycomb forms circuit；
The resistance variations in circuit are measured by resistance measuring instrument；
Measured resistance data is handled, can be realized by resistance change rate enhances honeycomb to continuous carbon fibre
The monitoring of structure oneself state.
Further, plain conductor is connect with continuous carbon fibre method particularly includes: continuous carbon fibre is enhanced into honeycomb
Structure smears silver paste on the continuous carbon fibre being stripped out from its both ends removing place continuous carbon fibre, by conducting wire and smears
The connection of silver paste continuous carbon fibre, and do insulation processing.
The third technical solution that the present invention uses is that continuous carbon fibre enhances the restoration methods of honeycomb, feature
It is,
Continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb is prepared using the method for any one of claim 1-3；
The external plain conductor of continuous carbon fibre at continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb both ends will be located at；
Plus load enhances honeycomb along honeycomb hole radial compression continuous carbon fibre, and continuous carbon fibre enhances honeycomb
After stress deformation, remove the load of continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb；
The free end of the plain conductor at both ends is connected into forming circuit again, and is connected with power supply, honeycomb is gradually increased
The electric current in middle circuit, keeps the temperature after the raising of honeycomb temperature, and honeycomb restores original-shape.
Further, temperature is maintained at 60 DEG C~120 DEG C in continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb recovery process, when recovery
Between be 3min~10min.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
1, the invention proposes a kind of high recovery rates enhances honeycomb from perception continuous carbon fibre, can in loading process
The status information of continuous fiber reinforcement honeycomb is obtained by the variation of resistance in honeycomb.
2, the invention proposes a kind of high recovery rates enhances honeycomb from perception continuous carbon fibre, after stress deformation,
It can be powered to the carbon fiber in continuous fiber reinforcement honeycomb, realize deformed self- recoverage.
[Detailed description of the invention]
Fig. 1 is the single layer printing path figure of continuous carbon fibre honeycomb of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the attachment structure schematic diagram of continuous carbon fibre and plain conductor in honeycomb of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is that different proportion TPU content corresponds to honeycomb recovery rate relationship experiments figure；
Fig. 4 is honeycomb resistance change rate of the present invention and compression strain relationship experiments figure；
Fig. 5 is honeycomb conducting wire catenation principle figure of the present invention.
Wherein, 1. bronze medal Line pressing buckle, 2. insulating tapes, 3. tin, the copper wire in 4. copper conductors, 6. cut off position, 7. carbon fibers,
8. resin matrix, 9. smear the carbon fiber after elargol.
[specific embodiment]
The following describes the present invention in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
The present invention provides a kind of 3D printing methods of continuous carbon fibre honeycomb, comprising the following steps:
Prepare TPU-PLA wire rod: in order to ensure there is no bubble in wire rod obtained, need to PLA particle dedicated to 3D printing and
TPU particle carries out sufficiently dry；The TPU particle that mass ratio is 3:1~1:4 is sufficiently mixed with the PLA particle,
The PLA-TPU wire rod is obtained by extruder；Using TPU-PLA wire rod and continuous carbon fibre as raw material, continuous honeycomb
For printing path, 3D printing continuous carbon fibre enhances honeycomb, and the continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb is with continuous
And the identical honeycomb cell structure of shape.
Wherein, TPU-PLA wire rod is polyurethane-polylactic acid blend wire rod.As mass ratio TPU:PLA=1:0, printing
Continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb out has high restorative, but intensity is weaker；As mass ratio TPU:PLA=0:1,
The continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb printed has high intensity, but restorative weaker, as mass ratio TPU:PLA=1:
When 2, the continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb printed has good restorative and higher intensity.
Wherein, during PLA particle and TPU particle being dried, drying temperature is 40 DEG C~90 DEG C, drying time
For 4h~10h, extruder heating temperature is 160 DEG C~210 DEG C.
3D printer is in print procedure, 0~70 DEG C of baseplate temp, 170 DEG C~220 DEG C of print temperature, squeezes out width
0.4m~1.6m, 50~400mm/min of print speed, the high 0.2mm~0.8mm of printable layer.
The present invention also provides a kind of continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycombs from perception measurement method, as shown in figure 5, will
The external plain conductor of continuous carbon fibre positioned at continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb both ends；Again by the plain conductor at both ends
It is correspondingly connected with, so that the continuous carbon fibre in honeycomb forms circuit；The resistance in circuit is measured by resistance measuring instrument to become
Change；Measured resistance data is handled, can be realized by resistance change rate enhances honeycomb to continuous carbon fibre
The monitoring of oneself state.
In the above-mentioned measurement method of perception certainly, each hole at continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb both ends will be located at
The external plain conductor of continuous carbon fibre in lattice structure can choose some or all of honeycomb cell structure and carry out external plain conductor.
The method of connection can there are many kinds of, such as can with the following method, as shown in Figure 2:
Resin matrix removing: cutting off position 6 in as shown in Figure 1, and as honeycomb both ends single layer contact portion is cut off,
Resin matrix 8 is dissolved with the agent of the organic dissolutions such as acetone or is melted resin matrix 8 with electric iron or heating rod, is then used
Burn the 7 remaining resin matrix 8 in the inside of continuous carbon fibre, the continuous carbon fibre 7 being stripped out；
It applies silver paste: after continuous carbon fibre 7 is stripped out, smearing silver paste on the continuous carbon fibre 7 being stripped out, obtain
The electric conductivity of contact portion can be improved in continuous carbon fibre 9 after smearing silver paste, the step；
Clinching: the copper wire 4 in copper conductor being stripped out, is divided into two strands, is scatter and is listed in copper and smears the continuous of silver paste
On carbon fiber 9, with U-shaped or 1 set of cylindrical type copper Line pressing buckle in 10 outside of copper wire, and it is clamped on copper wire 10 with line tweezer；
Soldering: it is contacted when being welded together with 1 contact portion scolding tin 3 of copper Line pressing buckle by copper wire with electric iron and prevent measuring resistance
Partial shaking；
Insulation processing: insulating tape 2 is wound in outermost, prevents from getting an electric shock.
Invention further provides a kind of restoration methods of continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb, by plain conductor and continuous carbon
The continuous carbon fibre at fiber reinforcement honeycomb both ends connects；Plus load enhances bee along honeycomb hole radial compression continuous carbon fibre
Nest structure after continuous carbon fibre enhances honeycomb stress deformation, removes the load of continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb；Again will
The free end of the plain conductor at both ends connects forming circuit, and is connected with power supply, and the electric current in circuit in honeycomb is gradually increased,
The temperature is kept after the raising of honeycomb temperature, honeycomb restores original-shape.
Wherein, plain conductor is connect with continuous carbon fibre method particularly includes: the continuous carbon fibre is enhanced into honeycomb
Structure smears silver paste on the continuous carbon fibre being stripped out from its both ends removing place continuous carbon fibre, by conducting wire and smears
The connection of silver paste continuous carbon fibre, and do insulation processing.
Temperature is maintained at 60 DEG C~120 DEG C in continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb recovery process, recovery time 3min
~10min.
Embodiment 1
PLA particle and TPU particle are dried；By mass ratio be 1:2 the TPU particle and the PLA particle into
Row is sufficiently mixed, and 1.75mm wire rod is added in mixed particle and is squeezed out in machine inlet, extrusion screw rod is driven by the motor
It makes rotating motion, pushes mixture to enter heating zone, PLA particle and TPU particle mix after heat block heating and melting, in screw rod
Promotion under by the aperture of extruder head, to obtain PLA-TPU mixing wire rod.
PLA-TPU wire rod is passed through in 3D printer together with continuous carbon fibre, printing path as shown in Figure 1, according to
The honeycomb printing path, which prints continuous carbon fibre, enhances honeycomb.
Wherein, during PLA particle and TPU particle being dried, drying temperature is 70 DEG C, drying time 6h,
Extruder heating temperature is 175 DEG C.3D printer is in print procedure, 40 DEG C of baseplate temp, 215 DEG C of print temperature, squeezes out wide
Spend 0.5mm, print speed 200mm/min, the high 0.4mm of printable layer.
Embodiment 2
The continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb based on 3D printing has from perceptibility, which can pass through honeycomb knot
The variation of the resistance of structure measures, and in order to measure the resistance variations in continuous fiber reinforcement structure, needs to shell continuous carbon fibre
Out, and with conducting wire it is connected, as shown in Fig. 2, specific implementation method is as follows:
Resin matrix removing: as shown in Figure 1 cuts off position 6, and as honeycomb both ends single layer contact portion is cut off, and uses
Resin matrix 8 is dissolved or is melted resin matrix 8 with electric iron or heating rod by the agent of the organic dissolutions such as acetone, then with fire
Burn up the 7 remaining resin matrix 8 in the inside of continuous carbon fibre, the continuous carbon fibre 7 being stripped out；
It applies silver paste: after continuous carbon fibre 7 is stripped out, smearing silver paste on the continuous carbon fibre 7 being stripped out, obtain
The electric conductivity of contact portion can be improved in continuous carbon fibre 9 after smearing silver paste, the step；
Clinching: the copper wire 4 in copper conductor being stripped out, is divided into two strands, is scatter and is listed in copper and smears the continuous of silver paste
On carbon fiber 9, with U-shaped or 1 set of cylindrical type copper Line pressing buckle in 10 outside of copper wire, and it is clamped on copper wire 10 with line tweezer；
Soldering: it is contacted when being welded together with 1 contact portion scolding tin 3 of copper Line pressing buckle by copper wire with electric iron and prevent measuring resistance
Partial shaking；
Insulation processing: insulating tape 2 is wound in outermost, prevents from getting an electric shock.
The plain conductor at both ends is correspondingly connected with again, so that the continuous carbon fibre in honeycomb forms circuit；Pass through electricity
Hinder the resistance variations in measuring instrument measurement circuit；Measured resistance data is handled, resistance change rate reality can be passed through
Now to the monitoring of continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb oneself state.
Embodiment 3
By continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb from its both ends removing place continuous carbon fibre, and in the company being stripped out
Silver paste is smeared on continuous carbon fiber, conducting wire is connect with silver paste continuous carbon fibre is smeared, and do insulation processing；Then plus load edge
Honeycomb hole radial compression continuous carbon fibre enhances honeycomb and removes company after continuous carbon fibre enhances honeycomb stress deformation
The load of continuous fibre reinforced honeycomb；The free end of the plain conductor at continuous fibre reinforced honeycomb both ends is connected again
Forming circuit, and be connected with power supply, the electric current in circuit in honeycomb is gradually increased, keeping after the raising of honeycomb temperature should
Temperature, honeycomb restore original-shape.
Wherein, temperature is maintained at 90 DEG C in honeycomb recovery process, recovery time 5min.
Continuous carbon fibre honeycomb of the invention can be obtained in loading process by the variation of resistance in honeycomb
The status information of continuous fiber reinforcement honeycomb.It, can be to the carbon fiber in continuous fiber reinforcement honeycomb after stress deformation
Dimension is powered, and realizes deformed self- recoverage.
Continuous carbon fibre honeycomb of the invention has high recovery rate: TPU is to work as polymer for the toughening principle of PLA
Stress can focus first in softer TPU phase when bearing external force, so that PLA be prevented to be broken.PLA is that a kind of hypocrystalline is poly-
Conjunction object, original shape of the crystal region of PLA in shape recovery process as stationary phase holding structure, and noncrystalline domain then conduct
Can anti-phase so that structure is reverted to original shapes under thermal stimulus, this means inherently a kind of shape-memory polymer of this PLA.
On the other hand, the deformation of molecularly oriented can occur with the effect of external force for the noncrystalline domain of PLA.Due to the toughness of TPU, PLA
Noncrystalline domain still is able to toughness with higher without being broken at room temperature.When external force is eliminated, due at room temperature
The inhibition of glassy state crystalline phase and the noncrystalline phase of rigidity, strain energy are stored in the structure.Once temperature is increased to PLA's
More than transition temperature, the molecule in glassy state can restore its mobility and discharge stored energy, so that even
Continuous carbon fiber honeycomb can restore its original-shape.As shown in figure 3, when PTU content is gradually increased from 0 to 30% process
The recovery rate of clock, honeycomb is also gradually increased, and recovery rate is improved from 68% to 96%.
Continuous carbon fibre honeycomb of the invention also has from perceptibility: for continuous carbon fibre honeycomb, continuously
Carbon fiber acts not only as reinforced phase, and by measurement carbon fiber resistance, enhancing honeycomb can currently be deformed with
And it destroys situation and carries out real-time monitoring.As can be seen from Figure 4 when enhancing honeycomb receiving pressure, resistance can gradually be risen
Height, and in unloading, enhancing honeycomb resistance can then gradually decrease, this is because when enhancing honeycomb bears axial compressive force
When, the carbon fiber of honeycomb interior is primarily subjected to tensile stress, according to carbon fiber piezoelectric effect, when carbon fiber bears pulling force, fiber
Resistance can gradually rise；On the other hand, the resistance variations amplitude of continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb is with the increasing for loading number
Add and gradually decrease, even if this is proved under the conditions of 0.04 small deformation, the deformation of honeycomb still can not with a part of
Back wash effect, this meeting is so that resistance reduces the level of response of compression strain, by before to enhancing honeycomb failure mode
Analysis, irreversible change a part of resistance derive from the remaining plastic deformation of matrix, and another part is from enhancing honeycomb knot
The change of structure internal fiber distribution and orientation.
Claims (7)
1. the 3D printing method of continuous carbon fibre honeycomb, which comprises the following steps:
Preparation TPU-PLA wire rod: being dried PLA particle and TPU particle, by described TPU that mass ratio is 3:1~1:4
Grain is sufficiently mixed with the PLA particle, obtains the PLA-TPU wire rod by extruder；
Using the TPU-PLA wire rod and continuous carbon fibre as raw material, continuous honeycomb is printing path, and 3D printing is connected
Continuous fibre reinforced honeycomb, the continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb is with the identical cell knot of continuous and shape
Structure.
2. the 3D printing method of continuous carbon fibre honeycomb as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that described PLA
During grain and the TPU particle are dried, drying temperature is 40 DEG C~90 DEG C, and drying time is 4h~10h, extruder
Heating temperature is 160 DEG C~210 DEG C.
3. the 3D printing method of continuous carbon fibre honeycomb as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that 3D printer
In print procedure, 0~70 DEG C of baseplate temp, 170 DEG C~220 DEG C of print temperature, width 0.4m~1.6m, print speed are squeezed out
50~400mm/min, the high 0.2mm~0.8mm of printable layer.
4. the perception measurement method certainly that continuous carbon fibre enhances honeycomb, which is characterized in that
The continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb is prepared using the method for any one of the claim 1-3；
The external plain conductor of continuous carbon fibre at continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb both ends will be located at；
The plain conductor at both ends is correspondingly connected with again, so that the continuous carbon fibre in honeycomb forms circuit；
The resistance variations in circuit are measured by resistance measuring instrument；
Measured resistance data is handled, can be realized by resistance change rate enhances honeycomb to continuous carbon fibre
The monitoring of oneself state.
5. as claimed in claim 4 from perception measurement method, which is characterized in that plain conductor to be connect with continuous carbon fibre
Method particularly includes: by continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb from its both ends removing place continuous carbon fibre, and it is being stripped out
Continuous carbon fibre on smear silver paste, conducting wire is connect with silver paste continuous carbon fibre is smeared, and does insulation processing.
6. the restoration methods of continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb, which is characterized in that
The continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb is prepared using the method for any one of the claim 1-3；
The external plain conductor of continuous carbon fibre at continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb both ends will be located at；
Plus load enhances honeycomb along honeycomb hole radial compression continuous carbon fibre, and continuous carbon fibre enhances honeycomb stress
After deformation, remove the load of continuous carbon fibre enhancing honeycomb；
The free end of the plain conductor at both ends is connected into forming circuit again, and is connected with power supply, is gradually increased in honeycomb and returns
The electric current on road, keeps the temperature after the raising of honeycomb temperature, and honeycomb restores original-shape.
7. restoration methods as claimed in claim 6, which is characterized in that the continuous carbon fibre enhances honeycomb recovery process medium temperature
Degree is maintained at 60 DEG C~120 DEG C, and recovery time is 3min~10min.
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| CN201910574576.1A CN110181812A (en) | 2019-06-28 | 2019-06-28 | The 3D printing method of continuous carbon fibre honeycomb and its certainly perception and restoration methods |
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| CN111113889A (en) * | 2019-12-22 | 2020-05-08 | 同济大学 | Fused deposition molding method using cored wire |
| CN112538268A (en) * | 2020-12-08 | 2021-03-23 | 东莞烯事达新材料有限公司 | Preparation method and device of heat conduction gasket with high heat conductivity coefficient |
| CN112549670A (en) * | 2020-11-27 | 2021-03-26 | 西安交通大学 | Variable-rigidity sandwich composite material structure based on 3D printing and forming method thereof |
| CN115256951A (en) * | 2022-06-28 | 2022-11-01 | 北京航空航天大学宁波创新研究院 | Printing method and system for continuous fiber structure |
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Application publication date: 20190830 |