CN110156052A - A kind of ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer and calcium carbonate technique - Google Patents
A kind of ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer and calcium carbonate technique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110156052A CN110156052A CN201910327209.1A CN201910327209A CN110156052A CN 110156052 A CN110156052 A CN 110156052A CN 201910327209 A CN201910327209 A CN 201910327209A CN 110156052 A CN110156052 A CN 110156052A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- ammonia
- liquid
- calcium
- calcium carbonate
- nacl
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/50—Carbon dioxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
- C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
- C01C1/16—Halides of ammonium
- C01C1/164—Ammonium chloride
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
- C01D7/00—Carbonates of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
- C01D7/18—Preparation by the ammonia-soda process
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F11/00—Compounds of calcium, strontium, or barium
- C01F11/18—Carbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F11/00—Compounds of calcium, strontium, or barium
- C01F11/18—Carbonates
- C01F11/181—Preparation of calcium carbonate by carbonation of aqueous solutions and characterised by control of the carbonation conditions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2/00—Lime, magnesia or dolomite
- C04B2/02—Lime
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C3/00—Fertilisers containing other salts of ammonia or ammonia itself, e.g. gas liquor
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
A kind of ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer and calcium carbonate technique, directly using bittern water as raw material, using obtaining product soda ash and evaporated waste ammonia liquid after inhaling ammonia, carbonization, calcining and lime ammonia still process series process;Clarification obtains salt calcium liquid and waste residue after the evaporated waste ammonia liquid is concentrated by evaporation;It evaporates the salt calcium liquid to obtain sodium chloride and calcium chloride solution;The calcium chloride solution is inhaled ammonia, carbonization or ammonium hydrogen carbonate is added and reacts to obtain product calcium carbonate and liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer;Raw material using calcium carbonate as product or circulation as production lime and carbon dioxide;Using sodium chloride circulation and stress as production soda ash raw material.The features such as production process of the present invention has raw material chloride ion, sodium ion theoretical yield 100%, and comprehensive energy consumption is low and at low cost, and calcium ion recycles, no discharging of waste liquid is the green cleansing preparation method of making for solving environmental protection, energy-saving and emission-reduction.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of inorganic chemical industry, especially a kind of ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer and calcium carbonate work
Skill.
Background technique
Known production soda ash technique has leblanc process, ammonia-soda process and cold process union soda, wherein 1) Leblanc legal system is pure
Alkali: leblanc process there are poor product quality, high production cost, manpower consumption is big and production process carries out between solid phase, difficult
In work continuously the disadvantages of.2) Sol ties up method alkaline: Sol ties up method (ammonia-soda process), and there are the low (benefits of sodium of raw material chlorination sodium utilization
With rate about 75%, chlorine utilization 0%) the problem of;(containing a large amount of calcium chloride, sodium chloride, every 1 ton of production is pure for slops
Alkali generates 10-12m3Discharging of waste liquid) discharge system amount is very big, and waste of resource forms new environmental pollution.3) combine legal system soda ash
(cold process union soda): existing need to use solid sodium chloride for raw material, and cost of material is higher, and cold analysis salting-out crystallization ammonium chloride electric energy disappears
Consumption is higher, cannot directly adopt the problem of well mine sea lake salt brine is raw material.Therefore, above-mentioned technique is applied all in actual production
There is limitation.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer and calcium carbonate techniques, are with bittern water
Raw material directly produces soda ash, liquid chlorine ammonium and calcium carbonate, and production process has raw material chloride ion, sodium ion theoretical yield
100%, the features such as comprehensive energy consumption is low and at low cost, and calcium ion recycles, no discharging of waste liquid.
To achieve the above object, the present invention takes following technical scheme:
A kind of ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer and calcium carbonate technique, including the following steps:
1) pure using product is obtained after suction ammonia, carbonization, calcining and lime ammonia still process series process directly using bittern water as raw material
Alkali and evaporated waste ammonia liquid;
2) clarification obtains salt calcium liquid and waste residue after being concentrated by evaporation the evaporated waste ammonia liquid at 50-150 DEG C;
3) the salt calcium liquid is obtained into sodium chloride and calcium chloride solution in 50-150 DEG C of evaporation;
4) calcium chloride solution is inhaled ammonia, carbonization or ammonium hydrogen carbonate is added and react to obtain product calcium carbonate and liquid chlorine ammonium
Fertilizer, reaction temperature are 25-80 DEG C, and the reaction time is 1-5 hours;
5) raw material using calcium carbonate as product or circulation as production lime and carbon dioxide;
6) using sodium chloride circulation and stress as production soda ash raw material.
Further, the NaCl content in the bittern water is 300-330g/l.
Further, the evaporated waste ammonia liquid contains CaCl2 95-140g/l、NaCl 40-100g/l。
Further, the evaporated waste ammonia liquid also contains CaSO4、CaCO3、Mg(OH)2、SiO2、CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3。
Further, each component content is CaCl in the salt calcium liquid2 252-350g/l、NaCl 121-131g/l。
Further, each component content is CaCl in the calcium chloride solution2 652-1151g/l、NaCl 7.31-27g/
l。
Further, each component content is NH in the liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer4Cl 628-1109g/l、NaCl 7.31-
27g/l。
Further, bittern water of the present invention can also be NaCl-H2O (such as caustic soda light salt brine fine), Na2SO4-H2O (Ru Shishui
Saltcake), NaCl-Na2SO4-H2O (such as Galuber's salt type brine), NaCl-CaSO4-H2O (such as calcium type brine) system is raw material, is produced pure
Alkali, liquid chlorine ammonium, calcium carbonate product.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are: production process of the present invention has raw material chloride ion, sodium ion theoretical yield
100%, the features such as comprehensive energy consumption is low and at low cost, and calcium ion recycles, no discharging of waste liquid is to solve environmental protection, energy conservation
The green cleansing preparation method of making of emission reduction.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the process flow diagram of ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer and calcium carbonate technique of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
Being exemplified below several specific embodiments, the present invention is described in detail, however it is not limitation of the present invention.
As shown in Figure 1, the present invention provides a kind of ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer and calcium carbonate technique, directly with bittern
Water is raw material, using obtaining product soda ash and evaporated waste ammonia liquid after inhaling ammonia, carbonization, calcining and lime ammonia still process series process;By the steaming
Clarification obtains salt calcium liquid and waste residue after ammonia waste liquid is concentrated by evaporation;It evaporates the salt calcium liquid to obtain sodium chloride and calcium chloride solution;It will
The calcium chloride solution inhales ammonia, carbonization or ammonium hydrogen carbonate is added and reacts to obtain product calcium carbonate and liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer;By carbonic acid
Raw material of the calcium as product or circulation as production lime and carbon dioxide;Sodium chloride circulation and stress is former as production soda ash
Material.
Embodiment 1: 100m is taken3Bittern water (NaCl 300g/l) is raw material with 16.41 tons of circulation and stress salt, using suction
32.82 tons of soda ash of product and 328.2m are obtained after the processes such as ammonia, carbonization, calcining and lime ammonia still process3Evaporated waste ammonia liquid (CaCl2 134g/
L, NaCl 50g/l and a small amount of CaSO4、CaCO3、Mg(OH)2、SiO2、CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3Deng);By 328.2m3Evaporated waste ammonia liquid
(CaCl2134g/l, NaCl 50g/l and a small amount of CaSO4、CaCO3、Mg(OH)2、SiO2、CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3Deng) evaporation (steaming
Hair 125 DEG C of temperature) concentration after clarification obtain 131.28m3Salt calcium liquid (CaCl2335g/l, NaCl 125g/l) and waste residue is (mainly
Containing CaSO4、CaCO3、Mg(OH)2、SiO2、CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3Deng);By 131.28m3Salt calcium liquid (CaCl2 335g/l、NaCl
125g/l) evaporation (75 DEG C of evaporating temperature) obtains 16.41 tons of sodium chloride (NaCl) and 44.27m3Calcium chloride solution (CaCl2
993.38g/l,NaCl 13.64g/l);By 44.27m3Calcium chloride solution (CaCl2993.38g/l, NaCl 13.64g/l) it inhales
Ammonium hydrogen carbonate (NH is added in ammonia, carbonization4HCO3) reaction (30 DEG C of reaction temperature, 3.5 hours reaction time) obtain product 25.86
Ton calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and 44.27m3Liquid chlorine ammonium (NH4Cl 957.26g/l, NaCl 13.64g/l) fertilizer;By 25.86
Ton calcium carbonate (CaCO3) be used as product or circulation as 14.48 tons of lime (CaO) of production and carbon dioxide (CO2) raw material;It will
16.41 tons of sodium chloride (NaCl) circulation and stress are as production soda ash (Na2CO3) raw material.
Embodiment 2: 100m is taken3Bittern water (NaCl 330g/l) is raw material with 18.05 tons of circulation and stress salt, using suction
36.10 tons of soda ash of product and 361m are obtained after the processes such as ammonia, carbonization, calcining and lime ammonia still process3Evaporated waste ammonia liquid (CaCl2 134g/l、
NaCl 50g/l and a small amount of CaSO4、CaCO3、Mg(OH)2、SiO2、CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3Deng);By 361m3Evaporated waste ammonia liquid
(CaCl2134g/l, NaCl 50g/l and a small amount of CaSO4、CaCO3、Mg(OH)2、SiO2、CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3Deng) evaporation (steaming
Hair 125 DEG C of temperature) concentration after clarification obtain 144.41m3Salt calcium liquid (CaCl2335g/l, NaCl 125g/l) and waste residue is (mainly
Containing CaSO4、CaCO3、Mg(OH)2、SiO2、CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3Deng);By 144.41m3Salt calcium liquid (CaCl2 335g/l、NaCl
125g/l) evaporation (75 DEG C of evaporating temperature) obtains 18.05 tons of sodium chloride (NaCl) and 48.70m3 calcium chloride solution (CaCl2
993.38g/l,NaCl 13.64g/l);By 48.70m3Calcium chloride solution (CaCl2993.38g/l, NaCl 13.64g/l) it inhales
Ammonium hydrogen carbonate (NH is added in ammonia, carbonization4HCO3) reaction (30 DEG C of reaction temperature, 3.5 hours reaction time) obtain product 28.45
Ton calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and 48.70m3Liquid chlorine ammonium (NH4Cl 957.26g/l, NaCl 13.64g/l) fertilizer;By 28.45
Ton calcium carbonate (CaCO3) be used as product or circulation as 15.93 tons of lime (CaO) of production and carbon dioxide (CO2) raw material;It will
18.05 tons of sodium chloride (NaCl) circulation and stress are as production soda ash (Na2CO3) raw material.
Embodiment 3: 100m is taken3Bittern water (NaCl 330g/l) is raw material with 18.05 tons of circulation and stress salt, using suction
36.10 tons of soda ash of product and 361m are obtained after the processes such as ammonia, carbonization, calcining and lime ammonia still process3Evaporated waste ammonia liquid (CaCl2 134g/l、
NaCl 50g/l and a small amount of CaSO4、CaCO3、Mg(OH)2、SiO2、CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3Deng);By 361m3Evaporated waste ammonia liquid
(CaCl2134g/l, NaCl 50g/l and a small amount of CaSO4、CaCO3、Mg(OH)2、SiO2、CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3Deng) evaporation (steaming
Hair 100 DEG C of temperature) concentration after clarification obtain 156.19m3Salt calcium liquid (CaCl2309.72g/l, NaCl 116.73g/l) and waste residue
(mainly contain CaSO4、CaCO3、Mg(OH)2、SiO2、CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3Deng);By 156.19m3Salt calcium liquid (CaCl2
309.72g/l, NaCl 116.73g/l) evaporation (75 DEG C of evaporating temperature) obtain 18.05 tons of sodium chloride (NaCl) and 48.70m3Chlorine
Change calcium solution (CaCl2993.38g/l,NaCl 13.64g/l);By 48.70m3Calcium chloride solution (CaCl2 993.38g/l、
NaCl 13.64g/l) it inhales ammonia, carbonization or ammonium hydrogen carbonate (NH is added4HCO3) (30 DEG C of reaction temperature, reaction time 3.5 are small for reaction
When) obtain 28.45 tons of calcium carbonate (CaCO of product3) and 48.70m3Liquid chlorine ammonium (NH4Cl 957.26g/l、NaCl
13.64g/l) fertilizer;By 28.45 tons of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as product or circulation as production 15.93 tons of lime (CaO) and
The raw material of carbon dioxide (CO2);Using 18.05 tons of sodium chloride (NaCl) circulation and stress as production soda ash (Na2CO3) raw material.
Production process of the present invention has raw material chloride ion, sodium ion theoretical yield 100%, and comprehensive energy consumption is low and cost
Low, the features such as calcium ion recycles, no discharging of waste liquid is the green cleansing preparation method of making for solving environmental protection, energy-saving and emission-reduction.
The above described is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, not making in any form to structure of the invention
Limitation.Any simple modification, equivalent change and modification to the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the invention,
In the range of still falling within technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer and calcium carbonate technique, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
1) directly using bittern water as raw material, using inhale obtain after ammonia, carbonization, calcining and lime ammonia still process series process product soda ash and
Evaporated waste ammonia liquid;
2) clarification obtains salt calcium liquid and waste residue after being concentrated by evaporation the evaporated waste ammonia liquid at 50-150 DEG C;
3) the salt calcium liquid is obtained into sodium chloride and calcium chloride solution in 50-150 DEG C of evaporation;
4) calcium chloride solution is inhaled ammonia, carbonization or ammonium hydrogen carbonate is added and react to obtain product calcium carbonate and liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer
Material, reaction temperature are 25-80 DEG C, and the reaction time is 1-5 hours;
5) raw material using calcium carbonate as product or circulation as production lime and carbon dioxide;
6) using sodium chloride circulation and stress as production soda ash raw material.
2. ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer according to claim 1 and calcium carbonate technique, it is characterised in that: the salt
NaCl content in brine is 300-330g/l.
3. ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer according to claim 1 and calcium carbonate technique, it is characterised in that: the steaming
Ammonia waste liquid contains CaCl2 95-140g/l、NaCl 40-100g/l。
4. ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer according to claim 3 and calcium carbonate technique, it is characterised in that: the steaming
Ammonia waste liquid also contains CaSO4、CaCO3、Mg(OH)2、SiO2、CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3。
5. ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer according to claim 1 and calcium carbonate technique, it is characterised in that: the salt
Each component content is CaCl in calcium liquid2 252-350g/l、NaCl 121-131g/l。
6. ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer according to claim 1 and calcium carbonate technique, it is characterised in that: the chlorine
Changing each component content in calcium solution is CaCl2 652-1151g/l、NaCl 7.31-27g/l。
7. ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer according to claim 1 and calcium carbonate technique, it is characterised in that: the liquid
Each component content is NH in body ammonium chloride fertilizer4Cl 628-1109g/l、NaCl 7.31-27g/l。
8. ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer according to claim 1 and calcium carbonate technique, it is characterised in that: the salt
Brine is NaCl-H2O、Na2SO4-H2O、NaCl-Na2SO4-H2O、NaCl-CaSO4-H2O system brine.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201910327209.1A CN110156052A (en) | 2019-04-23 | 2019-04-23 | A kind of ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer and calcium carbonate technique |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201910327209.1A CN110156052A (en) | 2019-04-23 | 2019-04-23 | A kind of ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer and calcium carbonate technique |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN110156052A true CN110156052A (en) | 2019-08-23 |
Family
ID=67639830
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201910327209.1A Withdrawn CN110156052A (en) | 2019-04-23 | 2019-04-23 | A kind of ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer and calcium carbonate technique |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CN (1) | CN110156052A (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN114180601A (en) * | 2021-12-27 | 2022-03-15 | 彭赛军 | Green low-carbon process for producing sodium carbonate and caustic soda from waste salt and waste residues |
-
2019
- 2019-04-23 CN CN201910327209.1A patent/CN110156052A/en not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
徐学波: ""从纯碱厂蒸氨废液中回收CaCl2、NaCl的设想"", 《化学工业与工程技术》 * |
李国庭等: ""氯化钙废液制备高纯碳酸钙副产工业氯化铵新工艺"", 《化工科技》 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN114180601A (en) * | 2021-12-27 | 2022-03-15 | 彭赛军 | Green low-carbon process for producing sodium carbonate and caustic soda from waste salt and waste residues |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN106865579B (en) | Well mine sea lake salt brine thermal cycling method ammonia integrated soda production | |
US9255011B2 (en) | Method for producing lithium carbonate | |
CN104355326B (en) | Thermal circulation technology of utilizing sodium sulfate solution or carrier to cogenerate sodium carbonate and ammonium sulfate | |
CN108517423B (en) | Method for extracting lithium and lithium salt by roasting lepidolite in rotary kiln | |
CN105000579A (en) | Technology for combined production of sodium carbonate and ammonium chloride through sodium sulfate type brine thermal cycle method | |
CN109824066A (en) | A method of LITHIUM BATTERY lithium hydroxide is prepared by industrial level lithium carbonate | |
CN101993098A (en) | Method for preparing high-purity magnesium oxide from nesquehonite by carbon-ammonia recycle method | |
EP2871156A1 (en) | Process for treating a sodium carbonate purge | |
CN103880046A (en) | Technology for co-production of sodium carbonate, sodium chloride and ammonium chloride through calcium type rock salt brine and flue gas of boiler | |
US20130216467A1 (en) | Method of producing soda ash and calcium chloride | |
CN101993097B (en) | Method for producing magnesium oxide with co-production of ammonium chloride by taking magnesium carbonate hydrate as intermediate | |
CN111115673A (en) | Method for utilizing all components of caustic sludge | |
RU2543214C2 (en) | Method of complex processing natural brines of magnesium-calcium chloride type | |
CN104860275A (en) | Method for removing sodium carbonate from hydrazine hydrate crude solution | |
CN110156052A (en) | A kind of ammonia alkali coproduction liquid chlorine ammonium fertilizer and calcium carbonate technique | |
CN107140660B (en) | A kind of preparation method of potassium carbonate | |
CN106564926B (en) | A kind of method that hydrochloric acid decomposition phosphorus tailing prepares calcium sulfate and high magnesium compound fertilizer | |
CN117486237A (en) | Sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate combined alkali process | |
US8591852B2 (en) | Method of producing soda ash and calcium chloride | |
CN109665546A (en) | A kind of de- ammonium technique of ammoniated wastewater | |
CN104192872B (en) | A kind of method utilizing subsurface brine directly to prepare soda ash | |
RU2436732C2 (en) | Method for complex treatment of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride type brines (versions) | |
CN109896535A (en) | A kind of well mine salt Galuber's salt type brine production natural green edible salt technique | |
CN112441606A (en) | Method for separating valuable components from calcium sulfate raw material and co-producing calcium carbonate | |
CN115353125A (en) | Preparation method of sodium carbonate |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
WW01 | Invention patent application withdrawn after publication | ||
WW01 | Invention patent application withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20190823 |