CN110146429B - Rotary raindrop energy measuring instrument and rainfall energy measuring and calculating method - Google Patents
Rotary raindrop energy measuring instrument and rainfall energy measuring and calculating method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A rotary raindrop energy measuring instrument and a rainfall energy measuring and calculating method relate to a raindrop energy measuring instrument and a rainfall energy measuring and calculating method. In order to solve the problem of low accuracy of the ground raindrop spectrometer device. The measuring instrument consists of a grid type rain gauge, a cylindrical rain gauge and a rotary supporting mechanism, wherein a grid cavity is arranged in the grid type rain gauge. The measuring and calculating method comprises the following steps: the rotating speed RPM is adjusted, and then the horizontal rotating speed V of the grid type rain gauge cup is calculated h Respectively acquiring the mass of the raindrops collected in the grid chamber, and utilizing a formulaAnd calculating rainfall energy E. The rotary raindrop energy measuring instrument structure and the measuring method can obtain the raindrop velocity distribution V i Mass M of raindrops i And rainfall energy E, and the calculation process is simple. The measuring instrument has the advantages of simplicity, practicality, portability, low cost and high measuring accuracy, and the calculation process is simple. The invention is suitable for raindrop energy measurement.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a raindrop energy measuring instrument and a rainfall energy measuring and calculating method.
Background
In soil erosion research, rainfall energy is an important factor affecting the occurrence and development of soil erosion, and is also an important factor in a soil erosion prediction model. Thus, accurate measurement of rainfall energy is critical for research in the field of soil erosion and prediction of soil erosion. Methods for measuring rainfall energy can be classified into conventional methods and modern methods. Traditional methods include a color spot method, a flour dough method, an oil immersion method, a quick photographic method and the like; modern methods are represented by raindrop spectrometers, including impact, optical and acoustic raindrop spectrometers, radar technology, and the like. Because of the limitations of early science and technology, people cannot directly measure the speed of raindrops, so that the raindrop speed can only be estimated indirectly by measuring the raindrop spectrum. The rain drop particle size distribution is an important information that the rain drop spectrum can provide. The size of the particle size of the raindrops determines the quality and the speed of the raindrops, and is an important factor influencing the kinetic energy of the raindrops. The traditional raindrop spectrum measurement technology such as a color spot method, a flour dough method and an oil immersion method is used for obtaining the particle size information of raindrops, and rainfall energy is estimated indirectly through established empirical formulas of the diameter of the raindrops and the speed of the raindrops. These methods have the common disadvantages of low precision, large workload, poor real-time performance and the like. In China, the modified Sha Yuqing formula and the modified Newton formula are the most commonly used empirical formulas for calculating the raindrop velocity using the raindrop diameter. In addition, some researchers have estimated rainfall energy indirectly through the relationship between rainfall energy and rainfall intensity. In the well known universal soil loss equation USLE in the united states, rainfall energy is estimated indirectly by rainfall intensity. The advent of rapid photography technology has provided one way to directly determine the rate of raindrops. However, the rapid photography method is only capable of measuring the speed of a single raindrop, and is not suitable for the measurement of the entire rainfall energy.
With the progress of technology, the raindrop spectrum measuring device is also advancing continuously. Currently, the raindrop spectrum measuring device is mainly divided into two types, one is a ground raindrop spectrometer device, and the other is a radar-measuring raindrop spectrum device. The ground raindrop spectrometer is mainly divided into three types according to the difference of measurement principles: impact type raindrop spectrograph, optical raindrop spectrograph, and acoustic raindrop spectrograph. The impact type raindrop spectrometer is characterized in that a sensor is used for receiving raindrop striking information, rainfall energy is estimated according to the size of an electromagnetic pulse signal, and a typical representative of the impact type raindrop spectrometer is a Joss-Waldvogel (JWD) raindrop spectrometer. The Optical raindrop spectrometer is to emit a light beam with a specific wave band by using a transmitter, and the raindrop can interfere the light beam when passing through the light beam, so that the size of the raindrop and the information of the raindrop speed can be estimated according to the change of the information of the light beam received by a receiver, and typical representatives are a GBPP-100 ground light array raindrop spectrometer, a spectral rain gauge (OSP) and a laser precipitation monitor (Laser Precipitation Monitor, LPM). The acoustic raindrop spectrometer judges the raindrop speed and the rainfall energy according to the sound change of the raindrops striking the water surface, and the raindrop spectrometer is not much in the market at present. The ground raindrop spectrometer is mainly suitable for measuring the size and energy information of raindrops with small space scale, while the radar raindrop spectrum measuring device is suitable for observing high-altitude large-scale space, and can estimate rainfall information according to the relation between radar reflection factors (Z) and rainfall intensity (I). In general, the light or electrical signal of a ground raindrop spectrometer device is highly susceptible to overlap or occlusion between raindrops, thereby affecting measurement accuracy. Meanwhile, radar measurement of rain drop spectrum is not suitable for estimation of rain drop energy in a small range, and the measurement result is obviously influenced by atmospheric movement (updraft, downdraft, horizontal wind and the like).
In summary, the conventional method for estimating rainfall energy by using the rain drop spectrum indirect meter is time-consuming and labor-consuming, has poor real-time performance and low accuracy, and the modern rain drop spectrum measurement technologies also face some problems such as poor accuracy of measurement results caused by high price and easy interference of light or electric signals, so that popularization and use of related technologies are limited. Therefore, there is a need for a simple, practical, portable, inexpensive raindrop energy measurement instrument.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a rotary raindrop energy measuring instrument and a rainfall energy measuring and calculating method, which aim to solve the problem that the existing ground raindrop spectrometer device is easy to interfere and the accuracy of a measuring result is low.
The rotary type raindrop energy measuring instrument consists of a plurality of grid type rain cups, a cylindrical rain cup and a rotary supporting mechanism;
the grid type rain gauge is cube-shaped, a plurality of parallel equidistant grid plates are fixedly connected on the inner wall of one side of the inside of the grid type rain gauge and the bottom plate, the free ends of all grid plates are arranged in the same vertical plane, and grid chambers are formed between the uppermost grid plate and the inclined top plate at the top of the grid type rain gauge and between any adjacent grid plates; the other side of the grid cavity in the grid-type rain gauge cup is a cavity, and the top of the cavity is open; the grid type rain gauge cups are arranged on the outer edge of the rotary supporting mechanism in a central symmetry mode, openings of the grid type rain gauge cups face upwards, and the open ends of grid cavities of the grid type rain gauge cups face the rotary direction of the grid type rain gauge cups; the upper part of the rotation center of the rotation supporting mechanism is fixedly provided with a cylindrical rain gauge, the upper part of the cylindrical rain gauge is an open mouth, and the area of the open mouth of the cylindrical rain gauge is equal to the area of the open mouth of the top of the grid-type rain gauge.
Further, the lower width of the outer wall of the cavity of the grid-type rain gauge is smaller than the upper width.
Further, the rotary supporting mechanism is a circular platform, or is composed of a plurality of supporting arms with equal length, and the supporting arms are distributed radially and are positioned in the same horizontal plane.
Further, in the rotary support mechanism formed by a plurality of support arms with equal length: the plurality of support arms are horizontally and radially fixedly connected to the central rotating shaft of the rotary supporting mechanism, a driving motor is arranged below the rotary supporting mechanism, and a power output shaft of the driving motor is connected with the central rotating shaft of the rotary supporting mechanism.
Further, a central support column is sleeved outside the driving motor below the rotary supporting mechanism; the central pillar is cylindrical, the lower bottom and the upper bottom of the central pillar are open, and the inner diameter of the opening of the upper bottom of the central pillar is smaller than that of the opening of the lower bottom; the lower part of the central pillar is vertically and fixedly connected with the measuring instrument base; the shell of the driving motor is fixedly connected with the inner wall of the central pillar.
Further, in the rotary support mechanism formed by the circular platform, the rotary support mechanism comprises: the circular platform is horizontally arranged, a driving motor is arranged below the disc-shaped rotary supporting mechanism, and a power output shaft of the driving motor is connected with a central rotary shaft of the rotary supporting mechanism.
Further, the power supply of the driving motor is a frequency converter.
Further, the included angle between the grid plate and the bottom of the grid type rain gauge cup is 30-60 degrees.
The rainfall energy measuring and calculating method by using the rotary rainfall energy measuring instrument is carried out according to the following steps:
step one: placing the rotary type raindrop energy measuring instrument in the rain, and adjusting the rotating speed RPM of the driving motor until the raindrops enter the upper grid chamber in the grid type raindrop cup and do not enter the lowest grid chamber; then all rainwater entering the grid type rain gauge is emptied, and the rotating speed of the driving motor is set to be RPM;
step two: calculating the horizontal rotating speed V of the grid type rain gauge according to the formula (1) h ；
V in formula (1) h The horizontal rotating speed of the grid type rain gauge is m/s; r is the rotation radius of the grid type rain gauge, and the unit is m; RPM is the rotational speed of the grid type rain gauge cup, and the unit is the rotation/min;
step three: respectively acquiring the mass of the raindrops collected in each grid cavity of the grid type rain gauge cup, wherein the mass of the raindrops collected in the 1 st, 2 nd and … … th grid cavities from top to bottom is M 1 ，M 2 ，M 3 ，……，M i Wherein, the minimum vertical speeds of raindrops in the 1 st, 2 nd and … … th grid chambers are V respectively 1 ，V 2 ，V 3 ，……，V i Mass M of raindrops i And minimum vertical velocity V of raindrops i Carrying out formula (2) to calculate rainfall energy E;
in the formula (2), i and n are positive integers, and n is smaller than the total number of grid chambers in the grid type rain gauge (1); m is M i The mass of the raindrops collected in each grid cavity is in kg; v (V) i The unit is m/s for the minimum vertical velocity of the raindrops corresponding to each grid chamber; e is rainfall energy, and the unit is J/kg; v (V) i Calculating according to a formula (3);
in the formula (3), i is a positive integer; v (V) h The horizontal rotation speed (linear speed) of the grid type rain gauge is expressed as m/s.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
the grid type rain gauge cup in the rotary rain energy measuring instrument performs uniform circular motion, and rain drops can be collected, screened and classified according to different rain drop speeds. Raindrops with high falling speed can enter a grid chamber with a lower grid type rain gauge, and raindrops with low falling speed can only enter a grid chamber with a higher grid type. According to the difference of the quality of the raindrops collected by different grid chambers, rainfall energy information can be obtained.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the rotary raindrop energy measuring instrument structure and the measuring method have the advantages of simplicity, practicality, portability and low cost; compared with the existing ground raindrop spectrometer, the invention does not relate to the use of optical signals or electric signals, avoids the problem of inaccurate instrument measurement caused by interference of overlapping or shielding of raindrops on the optical signals, and greatly improves the accuracy of raindrop energy measurement. The raindrop velocity distribution V can be obtained by the method for measuring and calculating the rainfall energy i Mass M of raindrops in each speed range i And rainfall energy E. The invention can directly obtain data after rainwater is collected, belongs to direct measurement and calculation, and has simple calculation process.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a rotary raindrop energy meter according to example 1;
FIG. 2 is a top view of FIG. 1;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural view of the center pillar 4 in embodiment 1; in the figure, a is a driving motor, and b is a measuring instrument base;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural view of a grid-type rain gauge 1 in embodiment 1;
fig. 5 is a schematic view showing the internal structure of the grid-type rain gauge 1 in example 1;
fig. 6 is a schematic structural view of the center pillar 4 in embodiment 1;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the principle of collecting raindrops with different speeds in the grid chamber in example 1; in the figure, vv represents the drop velocity of the raindrops, V h Rotary line for indicating grid type rain gaugeSpeed (reverse direction); trace 1 corresponds to vv=0.5v h Trace 2 corresponds to vv=v in the figure h Trace 3 corresponds to vv=1.5v in the figure h Trace 4 corresponds to vv=2v in the figure h Trace 5 corresponds to vv=2.5v in the figure h Trace 6 corresponds to vv=3v in the figure h ；
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1: the rotary type raindrop energy measuring instrument of the embodiment is composed of a plurality of grid type raindrops 1, a cylindrical raindrops 2 and a rotary supporting mechanism, and is described with reference to fig. 1 to 5;
the grid type rain gauge 1 is cube-shaped, a plurality of parallel equidistant grid plates 12 are fixedly connected on the inner wall of one side of the inside of the grid type rain gauge 1 and the bottom plate, the free ends of all grid plates 12 are arranged in the same vertical plane, and grid cavities are formed between the uppermost grid plate 12 and the inclined top plate 11 at the top of the grid type rain gauge 1 and between any adjacent grid plates 12; the other side of the grid cavity in the grid-type rain gauge 1 is a cavity, and the top of the cavity is an opening 13; the grid type rain gauge cups 1 are arranged on the outer edge of the rotary supporting mechanism in a central symmetry mode, openings 13 in the grid type rain gauge cups 1 are arranged upwards, and the open ends of grid cavities in the grid type rain gauge cups 1 face the rotary direction of the grid type rain gauge cups 1; the upper part of the rotation center of the rotation supporting mechanism is fixedly provided with a cylindrical rain gauge 2, the upper part of the cylindrical rain gauge 2 is an open mouth, and the open mouth area of the cylindrical rain gauge 2 is equal to the open mouth 13 area at the top of the grid-type rain gauge 1. The rainwater collected by the cylindrical rainfall cup 2 can be used for measuring rainfall intensity, and meanwhile, the method can be used for detecting whether the total amount of the rainwater collected in the grid-type rainfall cup 1 is consistent with the amount of the rainwater collected in the cylindrical rainfall cup 2 or not and judging whether the rainwater collected in the grid-type rainfall cup 1 is completely recovered or not.
Further, the lower width of the outer wall of the cavity of the grid-type rain gauge 1 is smaller than the upper width. The arrangement enables the upstream surface of the grid-type rain gauge 1 to be an inclined surface, and when the upstream surface of the grid-type rain gauge 1 contacts with rain drops, the rain drops can flow downwards along the upstream surface, so that the superfluous rain drops are prevented from entering the grid-type rain gauge 1.
Further, the rotary supporting mechanism is composed of a plurality of supporting arms 3 with equal length, and the supporting arms 3 are distributed radially and are positioned in the same horizontal plane.
Further, in the rotary support mechanism formed by a plurality of support arms 3 with equal length: the plurality of support arms 3 are horizontally and radially fixedly connected to a central rotating shaft of the rotary support mechanism, a driving motor is arranged below the rotary support mechanism, and a power output shaft of the driving motor is connected with the central rotating shaft of the rotary support mechanism.
Further, a central support column 4 is sleeved outside the driving motor below the rotary supporting mechanism; the central pillar 4 is cylindrical, the lower bottom and the upper bottom of the central pillar 4 are open, and the inner diameter of the opening of the upper bottom of the central pillar 4 is smaller than the inner diameter of the opening of the lower bottom; the lower part of the central pillar 4 is vertically fixedly connected with the measuring instrument base; the shell of the driving motor is fixedly connected with the inner wall of the central pillar 4. The upper part of the central support column 4 is of a sleeve structure with smaller opening, so that rainwater in the measuring process can be isolated, and the motor is prevented from being short-circuited when meeting water; the opening at the upper bottom of the central pillar 4 is a through hole of a power output shaft of a driving motor, and rainwater can be prevented from entering the central pillar 4 from the top by the through hole under the shielding of the flashing 4 or the disc-shaped rotary supporting mechanism.
Further, the power supply of the driving motor is a frequency converter. The frequency converter can provide variable voltage and frequency for the driving motor so as to achieve the purpose of adjusting the rotating speed of the driving motor.
Further, the included angle between the grid plate 12 and the bottom of the grid type rain gauge 1 is 45 degrees.
The rotary type raindrop energy measuring instrument of the embodiment is composed of 4 grid type rain cups 1, a cylindrical rain cup 2 and a rotary supporting mechanism; the rotary supporting mechanism is composed of a plurality of supporting arms 3 with equal length. R=0.565 m in this embodiment; the length of the supporting arm 3 is 53cm; the vertical height L6 between the free ends of the adjacent grid plates 12 is 0.02m; the included angle between the grid plate 12 and the bottom of the grid type rainfall cup 1 is 45 degrees; the vertical height L6 between the free ends of adjacent grid plates 12 is 0.02m; the opening 13 is rectangular, and has a length L1 of 7cm and a width L2 of 7cm; the inner diameter of the cylindrical rain gauge cup 2 is 7.9cm; the height L3 of one side of the grid plate 12 of the grid type rain gauge cup 1 is 0.16m, the height L5 of the other side of the grid type rain gauge cup 1 is 0.23m, the total width L4 of the bottom of the grid type rain gauge cup 1 is 0.12m, L4 is smaller than L7, namely the width of the lower part of the outer wall of the cavity is smaller than the width of the upper part of the outer wall of the cavity, so that the water facing surface of the grid type rain gauge cup 1 is an inclined surface, and when the water facing surface of the grid type rain gauge cup 1 contacts with raindrops, the raindrops can flow downwards along the water facing surface, and the unnecessary raindrops are prevented from entering the grid type rain gauge cup 1.
The artificial rainfall simulation device used in the embodiment is developed by water conservation institute of water and soil conservation department of Chinese academy of sciences, and belongs to a downward-spraying rainfall device. The height of the rainfall device is 5m, two Fulljet GW series spray heads are arranged at the top end, the effective rainfall area is about 3m multiplied by 3m, the rainfall uniformity is more than 80%, and the rainfall intensity can be realized by changing the water supply pressure.
In order to test the response of the running result of the rotary raindrop energy meter instrument to the rainfall intensity, three gradients (three rainfall fields) are arranged in the embodiment, the water supply pressure is respectively 0.20Mpa, 0.15Mpa and 0.10Mpa, and the corresponding rainfall intensities are respectively 84.79mm/h, 63.75mm/h and 42.05mm/h, and respectively correspond to experiment 1, experiment 2 and experiment 3.
The rainfall energy measuring and calculating method by using the rotary rainfall energy measuring instrument is carried out according to the following steps:
step one: placing the rotary type raindrop energy measuring instrument in the rain, and adjusting the rotating speed RPM of the driving motor until the raindrops enter an upper grid chamber in the grid type raindrop cup 1 and do not enter a lowest grid chamber; then, all rainwater entering the grid type rainfall cup 1 is emptied, and the rotating speed of the driving motor is set to be RPM;
in the first step, when the grid type rain gauge 1 performs uniform circular motion, the rain drops entering the grid type rain gauge 1 can be classified according to the dropping speed of the rain drops, the rain drops with high vertical speed can enter the grid cavity at the lower part of the grid type rain gauge, and the rain drops with low vertical speed can only enter the grid cavity at the upper part of the grid type rain gauge (fig. 7).
And firstly, calibrating the rotating speed RPM of the optimal instrument before formally measuring rainfall energy, so that the raindrop speed distribution of the most level can be obtained, and the accuracy of a measuring result is further improved. If the RPM is too large, no raindrops enter the grid near the bottom of the grid type rain gauge 1, the number of the raindrop speed steps is reduced, and the rainfall energy calculation accuracy is reduced; too small an RPM can cause raindrops to reach outside the bottom grid chamber of the rain gauge cup and the accuracy of the rainfall energy calculation can be reduced.
Step two: calculating the horizontal rotating speed V of the grid type rain gauge 1 according to the formula (1) h ；
V in formula (1) h The horizontal rotating speed of the grid type rain gauge 1 is in m/s; r is the rotation radius of the grid type rain gauge, and the unit is m; RPM is the rotational speed of the grid type rain gauge cup, and the unit is the rotation/min;
step three: respectively acquiring the mass of the raindrops collected in each grid cavity of the grid-type rain gauge 1 (after the rainwater is collected, the rain amount collected in each grid cavity is measured by a needle tube and a water absorbing paper in a sucking way), wherein the mass of the raindrops collected in the 1 st, 2 nd and … … th and i th grid cavities from top to bottom is M respectively 1 ，M 2 ，M 3 ，……，M i Wherein, the minimum vertical speeds of raindrops in the 1 st, 2 nd and … … th grid chambers are V respectively 1 ，V 2 ，V 3 ，……，V i Mass M of raindrops i And minimum vertical velocity V of raindrops i Carrying out formula (2) to calculate rainfall energy E;
in the formula (2), i and n are positive integers, and n is smaller than the total number of grid chambers in the grid type rain gauge 1; the total number of grid chambers in this embodiment is 11; m is M i The mass of the raindrops collected in each grid cavity is in kg; v (V) i The minimum vertical velocity of the raindrops corresponding to each grid chamber is m/s; e is rainfall energy, and the unit is J/kg; v (V) i Calculating according to a formula (3);
in the formula (3), i is a positive integer; v (V) h The horizontal rotational speed and linear speed of the grid type rain gauge 1 are in m/s.
Before the first step, the grid-type rain gauge 1 and the cylindrical rain gauge 2 need to be detected, so that the inside is ensured to contain no moisture. The rotary type rain drop energy measuring instrument is placed in the process of artificial or natural rainfall, and before the linear speed of the grid type rain gauge cup reaches a stable state after the instrument is powered on, the shielding state of the instrument is kept, and the rain drops are prevented from entering the grid type rain gauge cup 1 and the cylindrical rain gauge cup 2. And exposing the rotary raindrop energy measuring instrument to rainfall until the linear speed of the grid-type rain gauge 1 is stable. After the measurement is finished, shielding is provided for the rotary type rain drop energy measuring instrument before the instrument power supply is turned off and before the rain amount of the grid type rain gauge 1 is measured, so that rain drops in the two processes are prevented from entering, and the test result is influenced.
Experiment 1 was repeated four times, experiment 2 was repeated four times and experiment 3 was repeated four times, and experimental process data are shown in tables 1 to 3; table 4 shows the rainfall energy results calculated in experiments 1 to 3. Rpm=52 r/min in experiment 1, rpm=50 r/min in experiment 2, rpm=48 r/min in experiment 3.
The principle of the embodiment is as follows: the grid type rain gauge cup 1 in the rotary rain energy measuring instrument performs uniform circular motion, and can collect, screen and classify rain drops according to different rain drop speeds. Raindrops with high falling speed can enter the lower grid chamber of the grid type rain gauge 1, while raindrops with low falling speed can only enter the higher grid chamber. According to the difference of the quality of the raindrops collected by different grid chambers, rainfall energy information can be obtained.
As described with reference to FIG. 7, when the grid type rain gauge 1 is stationary, i.e., the horizontal rotational speed and linear velocity V h The raindrops can be vertically dropped into the grid-type rain gauge 1 =0 (unit: m/s). When the grid type rain gauge is horizontally moved, namely the horizontal rotating speed V h When the relative speed between the raindrops and the grid type rain gauge 1 is more than 0, the relative speed is V h According to the vector synthesis principle, the relative velocity V of the raindrops and the grid type rain gauge 1 h Vertical velocity V with raindrops V (unit: m/s) vector synthesis, the track angle of the raindrops entering the grid-type rain gauge 1 is changed, the track of the raindrops entering the grid-type rain gauge 1 is changed from vertical to oblique, and based on the phenomenon, the horizontal rotating speed V h At > 0, raindrops of different velocities can enter the grid chambers of different heights. Horizontal rotating speed V of grid type rain gauge 1 h At a certain time, the larger the vertical velocity Vv of the raindrops, the more the raindrops can reach the grid chamber near the bottom layer. When vv=0.5V h When rain drops can only enter the grid chambers (1) and (2), when vv=v h In the case of rain drops, the rain drops can enter the grid chambers (1), (2), (3) and (4), and vv=2v h In the case of rain drops can enter the grid chambers (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6), V V ＝3V h Can enter all grid chambers.
The rotary raindrop energy measuring instrument structure and the measuring method have the advantages of simplicity, practicality, portability and low cost; compared with the existing ground raindrop spectrometer, the embodiment does not relate to the use of optical signals or electric signals, the problem of inaccurate instrument measurement caused by interference of overlapping or shielding among raindrops on the optical signals is avoided, and the accuracy of raindrop energy measurement is greatly improved. By the rainfall energy measuring and calculating method in the embodiment, the raindrop velocity distribution V can be obtained i Mass M of raindrops in each speed range i And rainfall energy E. In addition, the embodiment can directly obtain data after rainwater is collected, belongs to direct measurement and calculation, and has simple calculation process.
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
TABLE 3 Table 3
TABLE 4 Table 4
| Sequence number | Rain intensity (mm h) -1 ) | Rainfall energy (J kg) -1 ) |
| Experiment 1 | 84.79 | 16.99 |
| Experiment 2 | 63.75 | 12.19 |
| Experiment 3 | 42.05 | 7.64 |
Claims (8)
1. A rotary raindrop energy measurement instrument, characterized in that: the rotary type raindrop energy measuring instrument consists of a plurality of grid type raindrops (1), a cylindrical raindrops (2) and a rotary supporting mechanism;
the grid type rain gauge cup (1) is cube-shaped, a plurality of parallel equidistant grid plates (12) are fixedly connected on the inner wall of one side of the inside of the grid type rain gauge cup (1) and the bottom plate, the free ends of all the grid plates (12) are arranged in the same vertical plane, and a grid cavity is formed between the uppermost grid plate (12) and an inclined top plate (11) at the top of the grid type rain gauge cup (1) and between any adjacent grid plates (12); the other side of the grid cavity in the grid-shaped rain gauge cup (1) is a cavity, and the top of the cavity is an opening (13); the grid type rain gauge cups (1) are arranged on the outer edge of the rotary supporting mechanism in a central symmetry mode, openings (13) in the grid type rain gauge cups (1) are arranged upwards, and the open ends of grid cavities in the grid type rain gauge cups (1) face the rotary direction of the grid type rain gauge cups (1); the upper part of the rotation center of the rotation supporting mechanism is fixedly provided with a cylindrical rain gauge cup (2), the upper part of the cylindrical rain gauge cup (2) is provided with an opening, and the area of the opening of the cylindrical rain gauge cup (2) is equal to the area of the opening (13) at the top of the grid-type rain gauge cup (1);
the method for measuring and calculating rainfall energy by the rotary type rainfall energy measuring instrument comprises the following steps:
step one: placing the rotary type raindrop energy measuring instrument in the rain, and adjusting the rotating speed RPM of the driving motor until the raindrops enter an upper grid chamber in the grid type raindrop cup (1) and do not enter a lowest grid chamber; then all rainwater entering the grid-type rainfall cup (1) is emptied, and the rotating speed of the driving motor is set to be RPM;
step two: calculating the horizontal rotating speed V of the grid-type rain gauge cup (1) according to the formula (1) h ；
V in formula (1) h Is the horizontal rotating speed of the grid type rain gauge (1),the unit is m/s; r is the rotation radius of the grid type rain gauge, and the unit is m; RPM is the rotational speed of the grid type rain gauge cup, and the unit is the rotation/min;
step three: respectively acquiring the mass of the raindrops collected in each grid cavity of the grid-type rain gauge cup (1), wherein the mass of the raindrops collected in the 1 st, 2 nd and … … th and i th grid cavities from top to bottom is M 1 ，M 2 ，M 3 ，……，M i Wherein, the minimum vertical speeds of raindrops in the 1 st, 2 nd and … … th grid chambers are V respectively 1 ，V 2 ，V 3 ，……，V i Mass M of raindrops i And minimum vertical velocity of rain drops V i Carrying out formula (2) to calculate rainfall energy E;
in the formula (2), i and n are positive integers, and n is smaller than the total number of grid chambers in the grid type rain gauge (1); m is M i The mass of the raindrops collected in each grid cavity is in kg; v (V) i The unit is m/s for the minimum vertical velocity of the raindrops corresponding to each grid chamber; e is rainfall energy, and the unit is J/kg; v (V) i Calculating according to a formula (3);
in the formula (3), i is a positive integer; v (V) h The unit is m/s, which is the horizontal rotating speed (linear speed) of the grid type rain gauge (1).
2. The rotary raindrop energy meter of claim 1, wherein: the lower width of the outer wall of the cavity of the grid type rain gauge (1) is smaller than the upper width.
3. The rotary raindrop energy meter of claim 1 or 2, wherein: the rotary supporting mechanism is a round platform or is composed of a plurality of supporting arms (3) with equal length, and the supporting arms (3) are distributed radially and are positioned in the same horizontal plane.
4. A rotary raindrop energy meter according to claim 3, wherein: the rotary supporting mechanism is composed of a plurality of supporting arms (3) with equal length: the plurality of support arms (3) are horizontally and radially fixedly connected to the central rotating shaft of the rotary support mechanism, a driving motor is arranged below the rotary support mechanism, and a power output shaft of the driving motor is connected with the central rotating shaft of the rotary support mechanism.
5. The rotary raindrop energy meter of claim 1, 2 or 4, wherein: a central support column (4) is sleeved outside the driving motor below the rotary supporting mechanism; the central support column (4) is cylindrical, the lower bottom and the upper bottom of the central support column (4) are open, and the inner diameter of the opening at the upper bottom of the central support column (4) is smaller than that of the opening at the lower bottom; the lower part of the central pillar (4) is vertically and fixedly connected with the measuring instrument base; the shell of the driving motor is fixedly connected with the inner wall of the central pillar (4).
6. The rotary raindrop energy meter of claim 5, wherein: in the rotary support mechanism composed of the circular platform: the circular platform is horizontally arranged, a driving motor is arranged below the disc-shaped rotary supporting mechanism, and a power output shaft of the driving motor is connected with a central rotary shaft of the rotary supporting mechanism.
7. The rotary raindrop energy meter of claim 6, wherein: the power supply of the driving motor is a frequency converter.
8. The rotary raindrop energy meter of claim 7, wherein: the included angle between the grid plate (12) and the bottom of the grid type rain gauge cup (1) is 30-60 degrees.
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