CN110133015A - Gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement system and method under a kind of high temperature and pressure - Google Patents
Gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement system and method under a kind of high temperature and pressure Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement systems under a kind of high temperature and pressure, including radioactive source, pre-collimator, vertical tube, post-collimator and photomultiplier tube；The ray that radioactive source generates is injected after pre-collimator from vertical tube side, then is projected from the vertical tube other side, and the ray of injection enters photomultiplier tube after post-collimator.The invention also discloses the methods of measurement mass dryness fraction, pure gaseous fluid, pure liquid phase fluid and gas-liquid two-phase fluid are each led into vertical tube, measure the corresponding transmitted intensity for entering photomultiplier tube of three kinds of fluids, gas-liquid two-phase fluid void fraction is calculated according to gas-liquid two-phase fluid void fraction measure equation, the mass dryness fraction of gas-liquid two-phase fluid is found out further according to existing Armand calculating formula and mass dryness fraction calculation formula.Using on-line measurement mode, fluid is flowed, non-interference data acquisition can be achieved, ensure that the accuracy of measurement result.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement technical fields, and in particular to gas-liquid two-phase under a kind of high temperature and pressure
Fluid dryness measurement system and method.
Background technique
Vapor-liquid two phases fluid flow phenomenon is widely present in thermoelectricity, nuclear power, refrigeration, petroleum, chemical industry etc. and is related to national development
Industrial circle among, in above-mentioned industry, due to vapor-liquid two phases fluid heat transfer, in terms of flowing compared with monophasic fluid tool
There is a high complexity, and the problem of this complexity still lacks the theory of uniformity so far and goes to illustrate.Gas-liquid two-phase flow soma degree is
One extremely important parameter of quantity of steam is controlled in the industries such as thermal power plant, nuclear power, petroleum, explains that two-phase fluid and monophasic fluid are poor
One exemplary parameter of opposite sex performance is the underlying parameter for studying the parameters such as two-phase void fraction, density.Up to the present, on
The operating condition for stating the operation of the industry devices such as derived energy chemical focuses mostly under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, but the research about mass dryness fraction and measurement side
Fado concentrates under normal temperature and pressure conditions, though there is pole individual method to can be applied under high temperature and high pressure environment, due to high pressure, height
At a temperature of the reasons such as touch sensor accuracy decline or the superposition of a variety of measuring device errors, so that measurement result more is difficult to reach and is wanted
It asks, so, it is badly in need of a kind of method that can accurately measure mass dryness fraction in complex conditions such as high temperature and pressure.
Common two-phase dryness factor measurement method mainly has thermodynamic method, optical method, supercritical ultrasonics technology, capacitance method, pressure differential method etc..Heat
Mechanical Method is substantially a kind of static measurement method, is from air water two-phase mainstream that steam extraction is certain according to thermodynamic argument
Sample, introduce measuring device further measure, the result that this method is measured is difficult to actual response and goes out air water two-phase fluid stream
Dynamic state as a result, measurement accuracy both depends on measurement links, influenced again by sample extraction link.Optical method is to be based on
When scattering principle-light of light penetrates the uniform dielectric containing fine particle, a part of light generates scattering phenomenon, another part light
It is absorbed by particle；This method is broadly divided into two kinds: i.e. angular scattering method and total scattering, and furthermore optical method is more severe to measurement environment
It carves, it is necessary to assure optical window is clean, and this point is difficult to meet in practice.Supercritical ultrasonics technology measuring principle is based on sound wave in gas-liquid
Spread speed in two-phase mixture is significantly less than that this is theoretical in pure liquid phase or gas phase spread speed, and gas-liquid two-phase mixes
Phase content is different in object, can also cause the variation of the velocity of sound, but in actual industrial, fluid temperature (F.T.), pressure raising can be to this
Method has larger impact, causes low measurement accuracy.The principle of capacitance measurement mass dryness fraction is that sensor oozes in two-phase fluid,
Physical signal is converted into electric signal measurement according to the difference of the two dielectric constant, the method measurement accuracy is mainly by contact sensor
Sensitivity, high sensor cost is high, and when changing in a big way with fluid temperature (F.T.), pressure, sensor measurement
Precision can significantly reduce.Pressure differential method is when being connect according to horizontal tube with vertical tube, and according to the characteristic of pressure drop between the two, foundation contains
Gas rate accounting equation calculates two degree of coherence numerical value indirectly, this method due to ignoring certain influence factor in model foundation,
So error is larger.
Therefore based on above analysis and discussion, it is necessary to establish a kind of new gas-liquid two-phase dryness factor measurement method.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement system and methods under a kind of high temperature and pressure, overcome
Because temperature, pressure greatly improve so as to cause traditional measurement method accuracy decline, be unable to measure the disadvantages of.
The present invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions:
Gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement system under a kind of high temperature and pressure, including radioactive source, pre-collimator, vertical tube,
Post-collimator and photomultiplier tube；
Radioactive source and pre-collimator are placed on the side of vertical tube, and post-collimator and photomultiplier tube are placed on vertically
The other side of pipe；
The ray that radioactive source generates is injected after pre-collimator from vertical tube side, then is penetrated from the vertical tube other side
Out, the ray of injection enters photomultiplier tube after post-collimator.
Further, radioactive source chooses gamma-ray emission source.
Further, gamma-ray emission source uses Cs-137.
Further, the fluid being passed through in vertical tube is pure gaseous fluid, pure liquid phase fluid or gas-liquid two-phase fluid.
Using the method for gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement systematic survey mass dryness fraction under the high temperature and pressure, including following step
It is rapid:
1) radioactive source and pre-collimator are installed in vertical tube side, installs post-collimator in the vertical tube other side
And photomultiplier tube；
2) in the channel of vertical tube in each lead into pure gaseous fluid, pure liquid phase fluid and gas-liquid two-phase fluid, radiate
The ray that source generates is injected after pre-collimator from vertical tube side, then is projected from the vertical tube other side, the ray of injection
Enter photomultiplier tube after post-collimator；
Measure the transmitted intensity I for reaching vertical tube antetheca0；What photomultiplier tube detected when measuring pure gas phase respectively again penetrates
Line intensity (Id)g, photomultiplier tube detects when pure liquid phase transmitted intensity (Id)l, photomultiplier tube is visited when gas-liquid two-phase fluid
The transmitted intensity I measuredd；
3) when ray and gas-liquid two-phase fluid perpendicular contact, the numerical value measured is substituted into following gas-liquid two-phase fluid and is cut
Face void fraction measure equation:
When ray and gas-liquid two-phase fluid flat contact, the numerical value measured is substituted into following biphase gas and liquid flow body section
Void fraction measure equation:
α is gas-liquid two-phase fluid void fraction, converts gas-liquid two-phase fluid volume for α according to Armand calculating formula and contains
After gas rate β, the mass dryness fraction of gas-liquid two-phase fluid can be found out by substituting into mass dryness fraction calculation formula.
Further, the derivation process of gas-liquid two-phase fluid void fraction measure equation specifically:
The rule to be decayed when passing through fluid according to ray with exponential function, can obtain following calculation formula:
Wherein, μ ` is vertical tube pipe wall material linear absorption coefficient, μgFor gaseous substance linear absorption coefficient, μlFor liquid phase
Substance linear absorption coefficient, e represent natural logrithm；
When in vertical channel being pure gas phase, then:
Wherein, when in vertical channel being pure liquid phase, then:
Joint type (2) can be obtained with (3):
Bringing formula (2), (3) and (4) into formula (1) can obtain:
When ray and gas-liquid two-phase fluid perpendicular contact, derived from formula (5):
When ray and gas-liquid two-phase fluid flat contact, derived from formula (5):
Further, mass dryness fraction calculation formula are as follows:
In formula, x is gas-liquid two-phase fluid mass dryness fraction；β is gas-liquid two-phase fluid gas volume fraction；ρLFor density of liquid phase；ρGFor gas
Phase density.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
Gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement system under high temperature and pressure disclosed by the invention, including radioactive source, pre-collimator,
Vertical tube, post-collimator and photomultiplier tube；Pre-collimator and post-collimator are hung down for obtaining stable singular ray
For being passed through fluid in straight tube, photomultiplier tube is for converting optical signal into electric signal；Since different material molecular structure is deposited
It is also different to radiation absorption and the degree of scattering in difference, so when the ray of radioactive source transmitting passes through vertical tube from side, by
Gamma ray is absorbed and scattered in the fluid in vertical tube, the transmitted intensity projected from the other side reduces, after strength reduction
Ray enters photomultiplier tube by post-collimator, and ray is converted into electric signal in photomultiplier tube.This system structure
It simply, can be when Fluid pressure, temperature vary widely, in the case where not interfering fluid to flow, to high temperature, high pressure etc.
The gas-liquid two-phase fluid mass dryness fraction of complex condition carries out real-time online precise measurement.
Further, compared to X-ray, gamma ray is either in transmitted intensity, half-life period feature, or in price all
Better than X-ray, therefore the present invention selects gamma ray as measurement ray.
Further, it is contemplated that ray energy is strong and weak, half-life period length and single requirement, the present invention selection Cs-137 such as can require
As gamma radiation source.
Method disclosed by the invention using gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement systematic survey mass dryness fraction under high temperature and pressure, mainly
It is to need to each lead into pure gaseous fluid, pure liquid phase fluid and gas-liquid two-phase fluid into vertical tube, it is corresponding measures three kinds of fluids
Into the transmitted intensity of photomultiplier tube, gas-liquid two-phase fluid is calculated according to gas-liquid two-phase fluid void fraction measure equation
Void fraction finds out the mass dryness fraction of gas-liquid two-phase fluid further according to existing Armand calculating formula and mass dryness fraction calculation formula.Using
On-line measurement mode flows fluid and non-interference data acquisition can be achieved, ensure that the accuracy of measurement result.
Further, the rule to be decayed when passing through fluid according to existing ray with exponential function, derives gas-liquid step by step
Two-phase fluid void fraction measure equation, establishes unified theoretical formula, can calculate two-phase fluid by the formula
Mass dryness fraction so that measurement two-phase fluid mass dryness fraction become simple.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is gamma ray measuring system figure；
Fig. 2 is counting rate before and after saturation temperature under three Characteristic pressures with the changing rule of fluid temperature (F.T.)；
Fig. 3 is that gamma ray passes perpendicularly through gas-liquid two-phase fluid plan view；
Fig. 4 is gamma ray parallel across gas-liquid two-phase fluid plan view.
Wherein, 1 is radioactive source, and 2 be pre-collimator, and 3 be vertical tube, and 4 be post-collimator, and 5 be photomultiplier tube, 6
For singular gamma ray.
Specific embodiment
Below with reference to specific embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail, it is described be explanation of the invention and
It is not to limit.
According to biphase gas and liquid flow body dynamics knowledge it is found that there is certain function to close for two degree of coherences and two-phase gas volume fraction
System, expression are
In formula:
X-gas-liquid two-phase fluid mass dryness fraction；
β-gas-liquid two-phase fluid gas volume fraction；
ρL- density of liquid phase；
ρG- density of gas phase.
Gas volume fraction β is measured to be updated in above formula and can obtain two-phase fluid mass dryness fraction numerical value.Although volume gassiness
Rate measurement method is more, but focuses mostly under non-heated or lower temperature operating condition, the survey for the parameter under high-temperature high-pressure state
Amount still lacks effective method, and proposed adoption gamma ray absorption technique of the present invention solves this problem.
The common ray type of ray method mainly has X-ray and gamma ray, since the present invention emphasizes Fluid pressure, temperature
It is extended under high pressure, hot conditions from room temperature, and compared to X-ray, gamma ray is either special in transmitted intensity, half-life period
Point, or X-ray is better than in price, so the present invention selects gamma ray as measurement ray.
It can provide that gamma-ray emission source is more in nature, in order to meet the requirement of measurement accuracy, need to select to close
Suitable radioactive source.Table 1 is the gamma-ray source and relevant parameter table applied at present, it is contemplated that ray energy power, long half time
Short, single the requirement such as to require, Cs-137 is as gamma radiation source for the selection of this measurement method.
The classification of 1 gamma-ray source of table
The principle of gamma ray measurement gas-liquid two-phase mass dryness fraction is that transmitted intensity is inhaled based on composed structure different substance
The difference of the variation of the difference of receipts, i.e. gas phase and liquid phase unit time inner rays intensity.Therefore, in fluid heating process, when
When liquid phase is to gas phase conversion, if gamma ray count intensity changes, measure theory and actual conditions are coincide.
In order to confirm this method extent feasible in the measurements, selected from tri- Characteristic pressures of 17MPa, 19MPa and 21MPa
Lower fluid saturation temperature point regional study gamma ray count rate changing rule, as can be seen from Figure 2, gamma ray count rate with
Increasing for fluid temperature (F.T.) and enhance, temperature be more than saturation point after, due to undergoing phase transition at this time, gamma ray count rate amplitude of variation
Increase suddenly, completely reflect the process that liquid phase fluid gasifies, experiments prove that this method measures gas-liquid mass dryness fraction
Be feasible.
As shown in Figure 1, gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement system under a kind of high temperature and pressure of the invention, is broadly divided into three
Major part is from left to right followed successively by radioactive source 1, pre-collimator 2, vertical tube 3, post-collimator 4 and photomultiplier tube 5,
Pre-collimator 2 is mainly used for obtaining stable singular gamma ray 6 with post-collimator 4, and becoming singular ray can survey
Ray is measured by the intensity of 3 front and back of vertical tube, horizontal arrow indicates singular gamma ray 6.Radioactive source 1 is Cs-137, radiation
Gamma ray out enters the vertical tube 3 as test section after passing through pre-collimator 2.Since different material molecular structure exists
Difference, the degree for absorbing and scattering to gamma ray is also different, so when ray passes through test section from side, due to two-phase in pipe
Fluid is absorbed and is scattered to gamma ray, and the gamma ray intensity projected from the other side reduces.Gamma ray after strength reduction
Enter photomultiplier tube 5 by post-collimator 4, gamma ray is converted by a series of amplifying circuits in photomultiplier tube 5
Electric signal enters acquisition system.
The distance for remembering radioactive source 1 to 3 antetheca of vertical tube is Sst, the distance of 3 rear wall of vertical tube to photomultiplier tube 5 is Std,
3 wall thickness of vertical tube is tm, gas-liquid two-phase fluid occupies circulation passage with a thickness of t.
There is two kinds of ways of contact, one kind is perpendicular contact for ray and two-phase fluid in actual measurement (see Fig. 3)；Separately
One kind is parallel contact (see Fig. 4).
It is public can to obtain the following calculating with versatility for the rule to be decayed when passing through fluid according to gamma ray with exponential function
Formula:
In formula:
Sst- gamma-ray source to 3 antetheca of vertical tube distance/m；
Std3 rear wall of-vertical tube to photomultiplier tube 5 distance/m；
tm3 pipe thicknesses of-vertical tube/m；
T-gas-liquid two-phase fluid occupies circulation passage thickness/m；
I0Gamma ray intensity/Bq of-arrival 3 antetheca of vertical tube；
IdGamma ray intensity/Bq that-photomultiplier tube 5 detects；
The vertical pipe wall material linear absorption coefficient of μ `-；
μg- gaseous substance linear absorption coefficient；
μl- liquid phase substance linear absorption coefficient；
α-gas-fluid two-phase mixture void fraction；
E-natural logrithm.
When in vertical channel being pure gas phase, then
Wherein, (Id)gThe transmitted intensity that photomultiplier tube 5 detects when representing pure gas phase；
When in vertical channel being pure liquid phase, then
Wherein, (Id)lThe transmitted intensity that photomultiplier tube 5 detects when representing pure liquid phase；
Joint type (2) can be obtained with (3)
Bringing formula (2), (3) and (4) into formula (1) can obtain
So the measurement of gas-liquid two-phase fluid void fraction is public in vertical tube when ray and two-phase fluid perpendicular contact
Formula, it may be assumed that
Similarly, according to above-mentioned calculation method can proper ray and when two-phase fluid flat contact, gas-liquid two-phase in vertical tube
Fluid cross-section void fraction measure equation, it may be assumed that
α is gas-liquid two-phase fluid void fraction.
Formula (1) is to obtain when being that liquid phase coexists in pipeline, and ray is through intensity ratio before and after piping；Formula (2) be
When being pure gas phase in pipeline, ray is through intensity ratio before and after piping；Formula (3) is to obtain when being pure liquid phase in pipeline, ray
Through intensity ratio before and after piping.When ray and two-phase fluid are perpendicular contact, using formula (6)；When ray and two-phase fluid water
When flat contact, using formula (7).It can be seen that from formula (6) and (7), to measure void fraction α, it must be understood that be pure gas in pipeline
When phase, pure liquid phase and when coexistence of gas and liquid, gamma ray intensity that photomultiplier tube detects.
Using the method for gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement systematic survey mass dryness fraction under above-mentioned high temperature and pressure, including following step
It is rapid:
1) radioactive source 1 and pre-collimator 2 are installed in 3 side of vertical tube, installs postposition standard in 3 other side of vertical tube
Straight device 4 and photomultiplier tube 5；
2) in the channel of vertical tube 3 in each lead into pure gaseous fluid, pure liquid phase fluid and gas-liquid two-phase fluid, radiate
The ray that source 1 generates is injected after pre-collimator 2 from 3 side of vertical tube, then is projected from 3 other side of vertical tube, injection
Ray enters photomultiplier tube 5 after post-collimator 4；
Measure the transmitted intensity I for reaching 3 antetheca of vertical tube0；Photomultiplier tube 5 detects when measuring pure gas phase respectively again
Transmitted intensity (Id)g, photomultiplier tube 5 detects when pure liquid phase transmitted intensity (Id)l, photomultiplier transit when gas-liquid two-phase fluid
The transmitted intensity I that pipe 5 detectsd；
3) numerical value measured above is substituted into formula (6) or formula (7), obtains two-phase fluid void fraction, and two-phase
Void fraction and gas volume fraction have certain linear relationship.Armand calculating formula is used according to two phase hydrodynamics knowledge
It converts α to after β to substitute into drimeter and calculate formula and can find out the mass dryness fraction of gas-liquid two-phase fluid.Armand calculating formula is in different operating conditions
It is lower to choose different parameters, it is found by application person according to handbook.
The essence of radionetric survey is realized according to the composed structure differentiation of measured matter, theoretical based on this, the present invention
Can be used for normal temperature and pressure or high temperature it is high under the conditions of the heterogeneous fluids mass dryness fraction such as Air-Water, vapor-water, oil-gas measurement, application
Range is wide；And it is smaller due to being influenced by external disturbance, and measured using most methods according to probability statistics, compared to other
Method, measurement accuracy of the invention are higher.The present invention can be achieved fluid flowing noiseless due to using on-line measurement mode
Data acquisition ensure that the accuracy of measurement result.
Claims (7)
1. gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement system under a kind of high temperature and pressure, which is characterized in that including radioactive source (1), preposition standard
Straight device (2), vertical tube (3), post-collimator (4) and photomultiplier tube (5)；
Radioactive source (1) and pre-collimator (2) are placed on the side of vertical tube (3), post-collimator (4) and photomultiplier tube
(5) it is placed on the other side of vertical tube (3)；
The ray that radioactive source (1) generates is by pre-collimator (2) after, from the injection of vertical tube (3) side, then from vertical tube (3)
The other side is projected, and the ray of injection enters photomultiplier tube (5) after post-collimator (4).
2. gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement system under high temperature and pressure according to claim 1, which is characterized in that radioactive source
(1) gamma-ray emission source (1) is chosen.
3. gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement system under high temperature and pressure according to claim 2, which is characterized in that gamma is penetrated
Line source (1) uses Cs-137.
4. gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement system under high temperature and pressure according to claim 1, which is characterized in that vertical tube
(3) fluid being passed through in is pure gaseous fluid, pure liquid phase fluid or gas-liquid two-phase fluid.
5. dry using gas-liquid two-phase fluid dryness measurement systematic survey under high temperature and pressure described in Claims 1 to 4 any one
The method of degree, which comprises the following steps:
1) radioactive source (1) and pre-collimator (2) are installed in vertical tube (3) side, after vertical tube (3) other side installs
Set collimator (4) and photomultiplier tube (5)；
2) in the channel of vertical tube (3) in each lead into pure gaseous fluid, pure liquid phase fluid and gas-liquid two-phase fluid, radioactive source
(1) ray generated is injected after pre-collimator (2) from vertical tube (3) side, then is projected from vertical tube (3) other side,
The ray of injection enters photomultiplier tube (5) after post-collimator (4)；
Measure the transmitted intensity I for reaching vertical tube (3) antetheca0；Photomultiplier tube (5) detects when measuring pure gas phase respectively again
Transmitted intensity (Id)g, photomultiplier tube (5) detects when pure liquid phase transmitted intensity (Id)l, photoelectricity times when gas-liquid two-phase fluid
Increase the transmitted intensity I that pipe (5) detectsd；
3) when ray and gas-liquid two-phase fluid perpendicular contact, the numerical value measured is substituted into following biphase gas and liquid flow body section and is contained
Gas rate measure equation:
When ray and gas-liquid two-phase fluid flat contact, the numerical value measured is substituted into following biphase gas and liquid flow body section gassiness
Rate measure equation:
α is gas-liquid two-phase fluid void fraction, converts gas-liquid two-phase fluid gas volume fraction for α according to Armand calculating formula
After β, the mass dryness fraction of gas-liquid two-phase fluid can be found out by substituting into mass dryness fraction calculation formula.
6. the method for measurement mass dryness fraction according to claim 5, which is characterized in that the measurement of gas-liquid two-phase fluid void fraction
The derivation process of formula specifically:
The rule to be decayed when passing through fluid according to ray with exponential function, can obtain following calculation formula:
Wherein, μ ` is vertical tube (3) pipe wall material linear absorption coefficient, μgFor gaseous substance linear absorption coefficient, μlFor liquid phase object
Matter linear absorption coefficient, e represent natural logrithm；
When in vertical channel being pure gas phase, then:
Wherein, when in vertical channel being pure liquid phase, then:
Joint type (2) can be obtained with (3):
Bringing formula (2), (3) and (4) into formula (1) can obtain:
When ray and gas-liquid two-phase fluid perpendicular contact, derived from formula (5):
When ray and gas-liquid two-phase fluid flat contact, derived from formula (5):
7. the method for measurement mass dryness fraction according to claim 5, which is characterized in that mass dryness fraction calculation formula are as follows:
In formula, x is gas-liquid two-phase fluid mass dryness fraction；β is gas-liquid two-phase fluid gas volume fraction；ρLFor density of liquid phase；ρGIt is close for gas phase
Degree.
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| CN111504407A (en) * | 2020-04-30 | 2020-08-07 | 西安石油大学 | On-line measurement method for gas-liquid two-phase flow in gas reservoir well of produced liquid |
| CN111504407B (en) * | 2020-04-30 | 2022-02-22 | 西安石油大学 | On-line measurement method for gas-liquid two-phase flow in gas reservoir well of produced liquid |
| CN111999347A (en) * | 2020-08-31 | 2020-11-27 | 北京经纬恒润科技有限公司 | Method and device for determining internal dryness of heat exchange device |
| CN111999347B (en) * | 2020-08-31 | 2024-05-07 | 北京经纬恒润科技股份有限公司 | Method and device for determining internal dryness of heat exchange device |
| CN114199908A (en) * | 2021-12-13 | 2022-03-18 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | Alkali metal heat pipe phase distribution measuring device and method |
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