CN110095804B - Method and device for measuring carbon ion range/energy - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method and a device for measuring carbon ion range/energy, belongs to the field of radiotherapy and radiation detection, and can realize real-time, in-vivo and non-invasive measurement of the carbon ion range/energy. The method is mainly used for reducing the range uncertainty in the carbon ion radiotherapy process and other use scenes needing to obtain the range/energy of the carbon ion beam in the object. The measuring method comprises the following steps: acquiring a prompt gamma energy spectrum generated in the carbon ion treatment process through a measuring device, quantifying Doppler shift peak positions of characteristic gamma in the energy spectrum, and obtaining carbon ion energy and a range through a numerical algorithm; the measuring device includes: the device comprises a single-slit collimator, a main detector, an active shielding device, a signal amplification device, a multi-channel data registration collection module and a computer processing unit. Compared with the traditional method, the method has the advantages of non-invasion, real-time measurement and no need of a detection array, and has wide application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of radiotherapy and radiation detection, and particularly relates to a method and a device for measuring carbon ion range/energy.
Background
Most energy of carbon ions is deposited at the end of a range (namely a Bragg peak) in a tissue, the Bragg peak is placed at a tumor position by adjusting the energy of the carbon ions, normal tissue can be well protected, and the carbon ions have the advantage of high biological effect, so the carbon ions are concerned by the radiotherapy field. In the carbon ion treatment process, factors such as anatomical structure change (among fractionated treatment), patient positioning error, CT conversion coefficient error and the like can cause that the carbon ion range cannot accurately reach the expectation, and the Bragg peak type dose deposition characteristic determines that the carbon ion treatment dose distribution is extremely sensitive to range uncertainty, namely, small range deviation can cause that the actual dose and the expected dose of a region near a tumor contour are almost 100% changed, so that great dose uncertainty is caused, the tumor curative effect is influenced, and even acute radiotherapy side effects are caused. In clinical practice, to improve the reliability of treatment (mainly considering prevention of recurrence due to tumor under-dose), a method of setting a range guaranteed region is adopted, that is, a target region is expanded in the radiation irradiation direction. However, this method increases the exposure range of normal tissues, and especially for the case where a large number of organs at risk of being sensitive to radiation exist around the tumor, the treatment planning is extremely difficult.
The real-time measurement and calibration of the range in the carbon ion treatment process can reduce the uncertainty of the range, thereby improving the reliability of carbon ion dose delivery, finally reducing the range guarantee area in the treatment plan setting process, and reducing the normal tissue dose while ensuring the sufficient dose delivered by the tumor. Currently, range measurement methods include an insertion type micro ionization chamber method, a PET method, a distributed prompt gamma method, and the like, but are not effective range measurement methods due to invasiveness (ionization chamber), delay, and uncertainty. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a new device and a new method for real-time non-invasive measurement of carbon ion range, which can realize precise measurement and calibration of the range in the body of a patient.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method and a device for measuring carbon ion range/energy, which can realize real-time, in-vivo and non-invasive measurement of the carbon ion range/energy.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method of carbon ion range/energy measurement, comprising the steps of:
(1) Acquiring a gamma energy spectrum generated in the incident process of the carbon ions through a detection device;
(2) Quantifying Doppler shift peak positions of characteristic gammas in the energy spectrum;
(3) And obtaining the energy and the range of the carbon ions through a numerical algorithm.
In the above steps, step (1) utilizes the physical process that the incident carbon ions are excited after nuclear reaction with human body substances and are de-excited to generate gamma in continuous fast flight, and step (2) can calculate the relativistic doppler shift effect formula based on the lorentz coordinate transformation principle:
this formula describes the relationship between the frequency f' of the electromagnetic wave recorded by the observer and the frequency f of the electromagnetic wave in the centroid of the emission source in the state of relative motion, which depends on the speed β of motion of the emission source relative to the recorder and on the direction of observation θ. Gamma radiation is also an electromagnetic waveThus in flight 12 C, the frequency of the emission gamma ray is influenced by the Doppler effect to shift, namely, the gamma ray energy shifts, the gamma ray energy spectrum of a certain depth point is detected in a specific direction, the energy of a Doppler shift gamma ray peak is obtained through quantization, and then the carbon ion energy and the range can be obtained through a numerical algorithm.
The gamma energy spectrum in the step (1) is a prompt gamma energy spectrum obtained by removing slow gamma by using flight time measurement. The delayed gamma results from the decay of nuclear species, which remain present for long periods throughout the treatment process, forming a plateau in the time spectrum, since their half-life is far in excess of the time between pulses of the carbon ion beam. The nuclides are mainly from interaction between neutrons and substances in the treatment process, belong to third-level particles, and are difficult to reflect range and energy information of primary particles, namely initial carbon ions, so that the nuclides need to be rejected to reduce measurement errors. Prompt gammas exist only in ns-order of time after the carbon ions collide with the material atoms, and thus appear in the shape of pulse peaks on the time spectrum, and this part of gammas contains the subsequently required information. The time difference recorded from the gamma signal of carbon ion incidence in each carbon ion beam pulse can be obtained by measuring the flight time, and the screening of instant gamma and delayed gamma can be realized through the time difference, so that the instant gamma energy spectrum is finally obtained.
The Doppler shift peak in step (2) is from 12 C-back excitation produces a peak in the energy of the characteristic gamma of 4.44MeV after doppler shift. Due to the particularity of the carbon ion treatment, i.e. the incident particles are 12 C 6+ The incident particle can be excited after colliding with human body atoms and can be de-excited in a high-speed motion state, so that a large amount of gamma after Doppler shift is generated 12 And C. For being stationary 12 C, according to nuclear physics theory, is characterized by a gamma energy of 4.44MeV. For high-speed movement 12 C, the characteristic gamma energy of which deviates from 4.44MeV at the probe end and can be clearly identified in the prompt gamma energy spectrogram.
In the step (3), the carbon ion range/energy is calculated through a numerical algorithm, and the method comprises the following steps:
(a) Based on a Doppler shift formula, calculating the average energy of the carbon ions of the detection site by using peak position shift in the energy spectrum;
(b) Based on a Beth-Bloch formula, obtaining the equivalent range of the residual water behind the detection site by using the average energy of carbon ions;
(c) And acquiring the density of the material in the body based on CT data, and acquiring a residual range and a real range by using the residual water equivalent range.
The numerical algorithm relates the instantaneous gamma spectrum data to the carbon ion range/energy by means of doppler effect. The Doppler energy migration formula and the relativistic formula are used for obtaining the Doppler energy migration formula and the relativistic formula simultaneously:
wherein, E' γ Is the instantaneous gamma peak energy, E, after Doppler shift γ Is instantaneous gamma energy (4.44 MeV), m, generated by carbon ion de-excitation under the system of centroids 0 Is the static mass of the carbon ion, c is the vacuum speed of light, E c Is the energy of the carbon ions, and theta is the included angle between the detection direction and the flight direction (incidence direction) of the carbon ions, and the formula describes the relation between the instantaneous gamma Doppler energy shift and the average energy of the carbon ions at the detection point. And combining CT data to obtain the density of the material in the body, calculating the residual range of the carbon ions, namely the distance between the detection point and the actual range of the carbon ions, by using a Beth-Bloch formula and the average energy of the carbon ions, and finally obtaining the actual range.
An apparatus for measuring carbon ion range/energy, comprising: the system comprises a single-slit collimator 1, a main detector 2, a scattered ray shielding device 3, a computer processing unit 4, a signal amplification device 5 and a multi-channel data registration collection module 6; the single-slit collimator 1 is placed at a position close to the body surface of a patient, the main detector 2 is placed at one end, far away from the patient, of a slit of the single-slit collimator 1, the scattered ray shielding device 3 laterally wraps the main detector 2, the main detector 2 and the shielding device 3 are connected with the signal amplification device 5, the other end of the signal amplification device 5 is connected with one end of the multi-channel data registration collection module 6, and the other end of the multi-channel data registration collection module 6 is connected with the computer processing unit 4.
In the above-described apparatus, the scattered ray shielding apparatus 3 employs an active shielding method, and four quarter ring-shaped BGO scintillators are used.
Has the beneficial effects that: the invention provides a method and a device for measuring carbon ion range/energy, which can realize real-time, in-vivo and non-invasive measurement of the carbon ion range/energy; the device of the invention realizes the detection of the prompt gamma energy spectrum by a single collimator-scintillator detector device and a back-end multichannel analyzer, and the traditional prompt gamma detection in the field is based on the yield distribution of the prompt gamma in a path in a range direction, determines the range position through the relation between the distribution and the range, and is called as a prompt gamma relative measuring device. The relative measurement device needs extremely high spatial resolution, so that a dense collimator array, a detector array and a high-integration back-end electronic circuit array are needed, and the cost is high and the system stability is poor. The device provided by the invention removes an array structure of a detection/collimation device, utilizes a gamma energy spectrum obtained by multi-channel analysis as additional data, has low cost and strong stability, adopts an active shielding method and adopts four quarter annular BGO scintillators. A scattered radiation shielding device is required in view of the large number of secondary particles present during the incidence of the carbon ions, which can generate severely scattered background radiation throughout the space. The active shielding is different from a passive scattered ray shielding method (a shielding layer formed by high-atomic-number substances), scattered ray signals are distinguished in a multi-detector signal time coincidence detection mode, scattered signals are removed in a subsequent signal processing step, the volume and the mass are smaller, the movement and the frequent positioning are easy, and the method is suitable for use environments. Considering whether signals from the active shielding detector and the main detector are from the same incident gamma particle or not, and combining the gamma fluence rate under the carbon ion incident condition, signal pulse discrimination needs to be carried out at ns level, so that multi-channel data collection and a fast computer processing unit are needed to realize fast signal processing, and signal accumulation and scattered ray misjudgment are reduced. In addition, the active shielding device can realize reverse recovery, so that an energy spectrum is cleaner, and subsequent characteristic peak energy quantification is facilitated. The BGO scintillator is a cheap and efficient scintillator crystal, has high light yield and detection efficiency, and can be currently cut into a desired shape. The volume of the active shielding device can be reduced as much as possible by adopting the quarter ring shape under the condition of ensuring the active shielding efficiency, the active shielding device is convenient to move in the using process, and the requirements for representing the energy or the range of a carbon ion beam in an object (a detector cannot be placed in the object) also exist in other fields, so that the method is not limited to the field of carbon ion treatment.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a carbon range/energy measuring device; in the figure, 1 is a single slit collimator, 2 is a main detector, 3 is a scattered ray shielding device, 4 is a computer processing unit, 5 is a signal amplification processing device, 6 is a multi-channel data registration collection module, 7 is a water body model, and 8 is a carbon ion ray beam;
FIG. 2 (1) is a prompt gamma energy spectrum detected when the detection device is placed at a depth of 16.3 cm; (2) The instantaneous gamma energy spectrum detected when the detection device is placed at the depth of 14.8cm is detected.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the following figures and specific examples:
first, the instant gamma source and doppler shift principle related to the present invention are explained specifically: after the carbon ions are incident to the human body, a large number of nuclear reactions occur, and an unstable nuclear excited state is generated, and the excited state is de-excited, which is a cause of gamma generation. After the high-speed injected carbon ions collide with elements of the human body (especially hydrogen nuclei existing in large quantity), the high-speed injected carbon ions have the possibility of reaching an excited state and continuing to be in a high-speed motion state. For static/low velocity or in the centroidal system 12 C, with a high probability of de-excitation producing a prompt gamma of 4.44MeV, while for high speed motion 12 C, the influence of relativistic Doppler effect (based on Lorentz coordinate transformation) can generate obvious energy shift phenomenon, namely, on the prompt gamma energy spectrum, the characteristic peak of 4.44MeV deviates from the original positionAs shown in fig. 2. It should be additionally noted here that since there may be the influence of delayed gamma (mainly from the interaction between neutrons and matter), which may cause the offset peak to be difficult to identify, the detection system needs high time response, and the delayed gamma and the prompt gamma are discriminated by the time-of-flight method.
The detection device concerned is shown in fig. 1, which comprises: the system comprises a single-slit collimator, a main detector, a group of scattered ray active shielding devices, a group of computer processing units, a plurality of signal amplification processing devices and a multi-channel data registration collection module; the single-slit collimator is placed at a position close to the surface of the irradiated model, the collimation slit is perpendicular to the carbon ion beam, the main detector is placed behind the collimation slit, the main detector is wrapped by the active shielding device, the signal amplification device is connected with the main detector, the signal amplification device is connected with the multi-channel data registration collection module, and the multi-channel data registration collection module is connected with the computer processing unit. The single-slit collimator is made of metal tungsten, the opening is set to be 0.5cm, the main detector is a lanthanum bromide cylindrical scintillator and is 3 inches multiplied by 3 inches, the scattered ray shielding device is four BGO active shielding scintillators, lanthanum bromide and four BGO are respectively connected with a high-multiple photomultiplier, signals are amplified and then converted into digital signals in ns grade through a digital-to-analog conversion device, the digital signals are merged into FPGA for signal analysis, invalid pulse elimination is carried out, and finally, a prompt gamma energy spectrum is obtained after computer processing.
In order to eliminate slow-emitting gamma signals and obtain a more accurate prompt gamma energy spectrum, the main detector needs to be subjected to high time resolution to realize flight time measurement, so the light attenuation time of the main scintillator is short, and energy spectrum identification under a lower counting rate is needed, so the detection efficiency is high, and the light yield is high (the light attenuation time of lanthanum bromide is 55ns, the density is 4.3g/cm < 3 >, and the light yield is 35000-60000/MeV). The carbon ion radiotherapy environment contains a large amount of scattered rays, and an efficient lateral ray shielding device is needed for eliminating scattered ray backgrounds, so that the shielding scintillator has large sensitive volume, high atomic number and easy cutting and forming (the BGO density is 7.13g/cm & lt 3 & gt, the light yield is 7000-20000 per MeV, and the preparation and processing technology is mature). The scattered ray removing device also has a back-off function, and a cleaner prompt gamma energy spectrum can be obtained. And the FPGA processing unit carries out time coincidence identification on the signals generated by the four BGO active shielding scintillator detectors and the signals generated by the main detector, if the signals generated by the four BGO active shielding scintillator detectors have the same time or the time difference does not reach a threshold value, the signals are judged to be scattered ray signals, and if the time difference of the generated signals is larger, the output signals of the main detector are judged to be effective signals.
The specific operating steps and portions of the data for the carbon range/energy measurements and calibrations are shown below.
This example is illustrated with a carbon ion incident water tank of 3600 MeV.
(1) According to the incident energy of the carbon ions, a suitable measuring point is determined, for example, for the carbon ions with the energy of 3600MeV, a position with the water equivalent depth of about 15cm is suitable to be selected for placing a detection device, the position needs to be selected through the carbon ion energy and the CT image set by the treatment planning system, and the position is generally selected before 2cm from the set range end.
(2) As shown in fig. 1, the corresponding measuring device is placed in a position where the collimator needs to be close to the model surface to improve the detection efficiency.
(3) The detection system acquires prompt gamma energy spectrograms as shown in fig. 2- (1) and 2- (2), wherein the instantaneous gamma energy spectrograms are acquired when the detection point of fig. 2- (1) is set at 16.3cm and the instantaneous gamma energy spectrograms of fig. 2- (2) are acquired when the detection point of fig. 2- (2) is set at 14.8 cm. In both spectra there is a gamma peak (initial peak position) of 4.44MeV and a gamma peak (doppler shift peak position) of less than 4.44MeV.
(4) The computer unit automatically obtains the quantified Doppler shift amount through linear bottoming and Gaussian fitting and a machine learning algorithm, and the shift peak energy is 4.26MeV in the graph 2- (1) and 4.02MeV in the graph 2- (2).
(5) Doppler shifted peak position E' γ The theoretical relationship to the average energy of the carbon ions at that site is as follows:
wherein E' γ Is the instantaneous gamma peak energy, E, after Doppler shift γ Is instantaneous gamma energy (4.44 MeV), m, generated by carbon ion de-excitation under the system of centroids 0 Is the resting mass of the carbon ions, c is the vacuum light velocity, E c Is the energy of the carbon ions, and θ is the angle (90 ° in this example) between the detection direction and the flight direction (incident direction) of the carbon ions. For deep probe sites, the average energy of the carbon ions is low, i.e. the flight velocity is low, and the doppler effect is weak, so that the energy of the offset peak in fig. 2- (1) is higher than that in fig. 2- (2). The method has the core that the relation between the energy deviation of the 4.44MeV prompt gamma and the average energy of the carbon ions at the detection site is established, and the average energy information of the carbon ions in the object is obtained in real time under the non-invasive condition by analyzing the prompt gamma energy spectrum. Since a depth of 14.8cm is a suitable depth, a calculation analysis was performed with fig. 2- (2): in FIG. 2- (2), the energy of the off-peak was 4.02MeV, and the residual energy of carbon ions estimated by the above formula was 1192.7MeV.
(6) And (5) calculating the equivalent range of the residual water to be 2.57cm according to a Beth-Bloch formula and the residual energy of the carbon ions obtained in the step 5. And the depth of the detection point is added to obtain the real equivalent range of water, namely 14.8cm +2.57cm =17.37cm, and the difference with the real range of 17.32cm of 3600MeV carbon ions in water is 0.288%, so that the accurate measurement of the range is realized.
(7) After the equivalent range of the residual water is obtained, the actual range of the carbon ions in the human body can be obtained by combining material density information obtained by CT images, and the uncertainty of the range is effectively reduced.
The foregoing is considered as illustrative of the preferred embodiments of this invention and it is understood that various changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A method of carbon ion range/energy measurement, comprising the steps of:
(1) Acquiring a gamma energy spectrum generated in the process that the incident carbon ions are excited after nuclear reaction with human body substances and are de-excited in continuous rapid flight through a detection device;
(2) Quantifying the Doppler shift peak position of the characteristic gamma in the energy spectrum, and calculating to obtain a relativistic Doppler shift effect formula based on the Lorentz coordinate transformation principle:
wherein f' is the electromagnetic wave frequency recorded by an observer, f is the electromagnetic wave frequency under the emission source centroidal system, and beta and theta are the motion speed and the observation direction of the emission source relative to the recorder respectively;
(3) The method for obtaining the energy and the range of the carbon ions through a numerical algorithm comprises the following steps:
(a) Based on a Doppler shift formula, calculating the average energy of the carbon ions of the detection site by using peak position shift in the energy spectrum;
(b) Based on a Beth-Bloch formula, obtaining the equivalent range of the residual water behind the detection site by using the average energy of carbon ions;
(c) And acquiring the density of the material in the body based on CT data, and acquiring a residual range and a real range by using the residual water equivalent range.
2. The method of carbon ion range/energy measurement as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gamma spectrum in step (1) is a prompt gamma spectrum after rejecting delayed gamma using time-of-flight measurements.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the Doppler shift peak in step (2) is derived from 12 C-back excitation produces a peak in the energy of the characteristic gamma of 4.44MeV after doppler shift.
4. The method of carbon ion range/energy measurement according to claim 1, wherein the step (a) relates the prompt gamma spectrum data to the carbon ion range/energy by doppler effect, and the doppler energy shift formula and the relativistic formula are used to obtain:
wherein E' γ Is the instantaneous gamma peak energy, E, after Doppler shift γ Is instantaneous gamma energy m generated by carbon ion de-excitation under the system of centroids 0 Is the static mass of the carbon ion, c is the vacuum speed of light, E c Is the energy of the carbon ions, and θ is the angle between the detection direction and the flight direction of the carbon ions.
5. The method of carbon ion range/energy measurement according to claim 1, wherein the detecting means comprises: the system comprises a single-slit collimator (1), a main detector (2), a scattered ray shielding device (3), a computer processing unit (4), a signal amplification device (5) and a multi-channel data registration collection module (6); the single-slit collimator (1) is placed at a position close to the body surface of a patient, the main detector (2) is placed at one end, away from the patient, of a slit of the single-slit collimator (1), the scattered ray shielding device (3) laterally wraps the main detector (2), the main detector (2) and the shielding device (3) are connected with the signal amplification device (5), the other end of the signal amplification device (5) is connected with one end of the multi-channel data registration collection module (6), and the other end of the multi-channel data registration collection module (6) is connected with the computer processing unit (4).
6. The method of carbon ion range/energy measurement according to claim 5, wherein the scattered ray shielding means (3) employs an active shielding method.
7. The method of carbon ion range/energy measurement according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the scattered radiation shielding device (3) employs four quarter-ring shaped BGO scintillators.
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