CN110079376A - A kind of wax releasing agent and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of wax releasing agent and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110079376A CN110079376A CN201910394543.9A CN201910394543A CN110079376A CN 110079376 A CN110079376 A CN 110079376A CN 201910394543 A CN201910394543 A CN 201910394543A CN 110079376 A CN110079376 A CN 110079376A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- wax
- paraffin wax
- fully refined
- gasoline
- parts
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
- B28B7/38—Treating surfaces of moulds, cores, or mandrels to prevent sticking
- B28B7/384—Treating agents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
- B28B7/38—Treating surfaces of moulds, cores, or mandrels to prevent sticking
- B28B7/388—Treating surfaces of moulds, cores, or mandrels to prevent sticking with liquid material, e.g. lubricating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
- C10M169/041—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being macromolecular compounds only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
- C10M2203/1006—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen used as base material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/16—Paraffin waxes; Petrolatum, e.g. slack wax
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/12—Inhibition of corrosion, e.g. anti-rust agents or anti-corrosives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/36—Release agents or mold release agents
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of wax releasing agent, by weight, it is mixed by 10-24 parts of 52# fully refined paraffin wax, 30-80 parts of 92# gasoline and 12-30 parts of diesel engine oils, and the preparation method for also providing above-mentioned wax releasing agent is: 1) mixing gasoline and diesel engine oil in proportion;2) 52# solid fully refined paraffin wax is cut into small pieces and is put into heating water bath in container, heated coolant-temperature gage between 52 to 60 DEG C, make melted paraffin wax at liquid 52# fully refined paraffin wax;3) take drop-method that 52# fully refined paraffin wax is added in the mixed solution in the first step; mixing vessel is shaken simultaneously; keep 52# fully refined paraffin wax, gasoline, diesel engine oil mixing complete; after use of the present invention coating of wax film can be formed in aluminum dipping form plate surface; concrete can not only be effectively isolated; pollution will not be generated to concrete surface, moreover it is possible to protect aluminum dipping form plate surface, have the effect of rust resistance and corrosion resistance.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of concrete additives, and in particular to a kind of concrete pouring construction is demoulded with wax
Agent.
Background technique
In recent years, the projects such as the industrial building, real estate in China, high-speed rail, subway, dam, road and bridge engineering are carried out on a large scale,
The demand of concrete is also increasing.Compared with other construction materials, concrete with its it is good it is comprehensive oneself become current
Most large artificial material.Nowadays, requirement of the people to aesthetic feeling is higher and higher, and building is the art of solidification, and this requires mixed
Solidifying upper structures will not only guarantee the safe and reliable of structure, while also require the art of appearance beautiful, then come into being out one
Indispensable concrete admixture --- the release agent of kind.And the use of concrete parting agent exactly guarantees outside concrete structures
A kind of effective way of table beauty.
A few years ago in building construction process, bamboo glue pattern plate and steel form are generally used, the release agent used is mostly that oiliness is de-
Mould agent.But because wooden model turnover rate is low, if building skyscraper, then the use cost of wooden model can then be greatly increased, and can make
At the waste of timber resources.Metal aluminium stencil technology was very widely used in recent years, and oil-based release agent is in metal aluminium stencil
Upper not applicable, since oil-based release agent viscosity is bigger, the interior formwork by template should not be discharged, and influence concrete
The presentation quality on surface.In addition, easily there is showing for oil-based release agent pollution concrete surface because of factors such as operator acted improperly
As also causing certain difficulty to the cleaning of template.When oil-based release agent is on aluminum alloy pattern plate, if oil-based release agent is put
Improper, tank body is toppled over, and the injury for generating tumble injury of slipping to operator has no small probability, also can cause one to environment
Fixed pollution.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is to solve the release agent that metal aluminium stencil or metal steel form use in the prior art to be not suitable for, and influences to mix
The defects of solidifying soil surface smoothness, damage template die station.
A kind of release agent for being exclusively used in being applied on metal form is provided, specific technical solution is:
A kind of wax releasing agent, by weight, it be by 10-24 parts of 52# fully refined paraffin wax, 30-80 parts of 92# gasoline and
12-30 parts of diesel engine oils mix.
The preparation method of above-mentioned wax releasing agent is:
1) gasoline and diesel engine oil are mixed in proportion;
2) 52# solid fully refined paraffin wax is cut into small pieces and is put into heating water bath in container, heat coolant-temperature gage at 52 to 60 DEG C
Between, make melted paraffin wax at liquid 52# fully refined paraffin wax;
3) it takes drop-method that 52# fully refined paraffin wax is added in the mixed solution in the first step, while shaking mixing vessel,
Keep 52# fully refined paraffin wax, gasoline, diesel engine oil mixing complete.
Preferably, when carrying out third step, production environment temperature is set in 30 to 35 DEG C.
Coating of wax film can be formed in aluminum dipping form plate surface after use of the present invention, concrete can not only be effectively isolated, it will not be right
Concrete surface generates pollution, moreover it is possible to protect aluminum dipping form plate surface, have the effect of rust resistance and corrosion resistance.
Specific embodiment
Design concept of the invention be with paraffin produce it is a kind of can be in the release agent of one layer of diaphragm of aluminum alloy pattern plate surface shape, this
Paraffin is basic materials in invention.Specifically optional 52# fully refined paraffin wax, 52# fully refined paraffin wax are that white is solid at normal temperature
Body, fusing point are 52 DEG C.It is real that the present invention carries out dissolution when selecting the solution for dissolving paraffin, with multiple material
It tests.
Experiment one
Solute: 52# fully refined paraffin wax (solid);Solution: the mixed liquor of gasoline and diesel engine oil.
Concrete operations are as follows: shred paraffin, taking the paraffin clasts of homogenous quantities, (fragment diameter is no more than 3mm, and thickness is no more than
1mm), it is directly added into can dissolving in the solvent of paraffin for multi-solvents mixing.It stands.
Course of dissolution: under 20 DEG C of environment, paraffin is directly added into solvent, dissolves and needs 48 hours completely.In 25 DEG C of environment
Under, paraffin is directly added into solvent, dissolves and needs 42 hours completely.Under 30 DEG C of environment, paraffin is directly added into solvent, and dissolution is complete
Need 37 hours.Under 35 DEG C of environment, paraffin is directly added into solvent, dissolves and needs 34 hours completely.In table 2, resulting test
Phenomenon is the state of paraffin solvent solution 34h.
Temperature is different, and the time required for paraffin being completely dissolved in the solution is also different.
Experiment two
Solute: 52# fully refined paraffin wax (solid);Solution: the mixing of carbon tetrachloride, dimethylbenzene and turpentine oil and gasoline is molten
Liquid
Concrete operations: paraffin is shredded, and takes the paraffin clast (diameter is no more than 3mm, and thickness is no more than 1mm) of homogenous quantities,
It is directly added into the mixed solvent.It stands.
Course of dissolution record: under 20 DEG C of environment, paraffin is directly added into solvent, dissolves and needs 30 hours completely.At 25 DEG C
Under environment, paraffin is directly added into solvent, dissolves and needs 26 hours completely.Under 30 DEG C of environment, paraffin is directly added into solvent, dissolution
Need 24 hours completely.Under 35 DEG C of environment, paraffin is directly added into solvent, dissolves and needs 20 hours completely.But exist for a long time
Under air exposure environment, after researcher contacts the mixed solution of carbon tetrachloride, dimethylbenzene and turpentine oil and gasoline, in appearance
Respiratory tract is scorching hot, irritant smell.After skin contamination, there is uncomfortable phenomenon in researcher.
Conclusion: dissolving paraffin using the direct dissolution method of solid, using carbon tetrachloride, dimethylbenzene and turpentine oil and gasoline
Mixed solution solution rate is very fast, and effect is preferable.It is contemplated that whether material can have an impact environment, if meet green
Material requirements, after material over time contact, if the expendable damage caused by human body.So abandoning with four chlorinations
The mixed solution of carbon, dimethylbenzene and turpentine oil and gasoline carrys out dissolved solid paraffin.
Wax releasing agent provided by the invention uses 52# fully refined paraffin wax for solute;The main solvent used is gasoline, specifically
For 92# gasoline;Cosolvent is diesel engine oil.
Research staff first carries out blank test when selecting paraffin type with common paraffin (atoleine), then takes again
The solid fully refined paraffin wax of equal quality is dissolved, and gained fully refined paraffin wax liquid is further tested.According to different examinations
It tests obtained by data, data analysis is carried out to test result, repeats and is tested.
The present invention has recorded the experimental data of three kinds of formula combinations:
Sample 1 is formulated are as follows: solute: 52# fully refined paraffin wax gained liquid after heating;Main solution: 92# gasoline;Hydrotropy liquid
1: diesel engine oil.
Sample 2 is formulated are as follows: solute: the clast that 52# fully refined paraffin wax (being solid under room temperature) is cut into;Main solution: 92# vapour
Oil;Hydrotropy liquid 1: diesel engine oil.
Sample 3 is formulated are as follows: solute: common liq paraffin (being liquid under room temperature);Main solution: 92# gasoline;Hydrotropy liquid 1:
Diesel engine oil.
Formula is shown in Table 1 with proportion when specific experiment:
1 wax releasing agent formula of table
Serial number | Solute species | Solute (unit: g) | Main solution (g) | Hydrotropy liquid 1 (g) | Hydrotropy liquid 2 (g) |
1 | Liquid 52# fully refined paraffin wax | 12 | 40 | 15 | 0 |
2 | Solid 52# fully refined paraffin wax | 12 | 40 | 15 | 0 |
3 | Common liq paraffin | 12 | 40 | 15 | 0 |
In the case of different temperatures, same solution's solute content, solute solubility is different, and wax releasing agent effect is different.Table 1
The wax releasing agent that the middle sample for recording three kinds of formulas obtains at different temperatures are as follows: be shown in Table 2
Dissolution situation (12g) under 2 paraffin different temperatures of table
According to test data and phenomenon it is found that solute solubility is directly proportional to temperature relation.
The using effect comparison of three kinds of samples: by the brushing respectively of three kinds of samples in metal aluminium stencil surface, the metallic aluminium
Template is placed on outdoor, and it is 30 DEG C that examination, which applies environment temperature,.Sample 1 and sample 2 can be in one minutes to 2 minutes in metal aluminum dipping form
There is white clear film in plate surface.Do not occur white clear film after sample 3 one minutes, do not have yet after ten minutes white at
Film.The price of sample 3 and the far super sample 1 of cost price, sample 2.By experimental data: under same experiment effect, examination
Sample 1 compared with the advantage that sample 2 has Production Time substantially to shorten, therefore selects sample 1.
It is therefore preferable that liquid 52# fully refined paraffin wax is solute.The present invention is first complete by solid 52# using water bath heating
Fully refined paraffin wax is molten into liquid, then mixes with solution.
Immersion method heating process are as follows: the 1CM fritter paraffin that will be cut, with assay balance accurate weighing it is good after, pressed from both sides with tweezers
It takes, it is uniform to pile up in container (being beaker in test).Using being not less than 52 DEG C, warm water heating water bath is used no more than 60 DEG C
Container surrounding, and rotate clockwise container at the uniform velocity.20 seconds or so, paraffin BOB(beginning of block) melted.At 30 seconds, paraffin mass melts speed
Accelerate.After one minute, paraffin mass melts completely.When to guarantee heating water bath, water temperature does not occur to change by a relatively large margin, needs to use
Low temperature chamber type electric resistance furnace heats water water for shower.It is maintained at 52 DEG C -60 DEG C of water temperature.
Demoulding agent prescription made above is a present invention more preferably proportion, but simultaneously non-present invention release agent is unique
Proportional quantity, 52# fully refined paraffin wax, 92# gasoline and diesel engine oil difference dosage can be by weight in release agent provided by the invention
Part meter, is mixed by 12-24 parts of 52# fully refined paraffin wax, 40-80 parts of 92# gasoline and 15-30 parts of diesel engine oils.
The specific preparation method of wax releasing agent provided by the invention:
Firstly, gasoline and diesel engine oil are mixed in proportion;
Then, fully refined paraffin wax liquid that above-mentioned immersion method obtains is added to the mixed of above-mentioned gasoline and diesel engine oil with drop-method
It closes in solution, since gasoline and diesel oil mix at normal temperature, it is solid that paraffin liquid white can occur in container bottom after instillation
Body, therefore, vessel shaken will be made simultaneously by being added dropwise, or use agitating mode, be completely dissolved the white solid of bottom, until holding
It is in pale yellow gum shape substance inside device.Finally, finally obtaining the release agent of completely pale yellow gum shape.
Experiment on probation is carried out to release agent made from above-mentioned preparation method: gained colloid is directly applied to gold with small brushes
Belong on aluminum alloy pattern plate, about 1 minute or so, forms visual white crystals film and occur fingerprint, thickness on mould after finger pressing
About 1mm.
The embodiment of the present invention one:
12 parts of 52# fully refined paraffin wax
80 parts of 92# gasoline
30 parts of diesel engine oil
Product: preparation 30min obtains finished product, is in band glue body within the scope of 27 degree to 35 degree, brushes at a temperature of 30 in aluminium
Film forming speed 5 minutes in template.Film thickness is degenerate, is lower than 1mm, but naked eyes can observe sparkling and crystal-clear cere.Stablize in this formula
Agent is more, and gaseous volatilization is slower, and film forming speed is slower.
The embodiment of the present invention two:
20 parts of 52# fully refined paraffin wax
50 parts of 92# gasoline
15 parts of diesel engine oil
Product: preparation 30min obtains finished product, is in band glue body within the scope of 30 degree to 35 degree, brushes at a temperature of 25 in aluminium
Film forming needs 9 minutes in template, and since wax is excessive, solvent dissolution is bigger, and film layer is thicker, is greater than 1mm.
The embodiment of the present invention three:
20 parts of 52# fully refined paraffin wax
70 parts of 92# gasoline
30 parts of diesel engine oil
Product: preparation 30min obtains finished product, is in band glue body within the scope of 26 degree to 35 degree, brushes at a temperature of 30 in aluminium
Film forming speed 4 minutes in template, solution is more, and stabilizer component amount is larger, and film forming speed is slower.
Through examples detailed above, when modulating formula, it should be noted that solute dosage is more, in the case where keeping solubility constant,
Solvent group component also should be increased accordingly or be adjusted.The dosage of diesel oil is capable of the ratio control of stable gasoline on 37.5% left side
The right side, in the more situation of solute, gasoline also should not use excess, the amount of cosolvent can be accordingly increased, with specific reference to solvent
Dosage 40%
Release agent produced by the present invention character under 35 DEG C of environment is homogeneous solution, and mobility is preferable, can directly use brush
It picks and is coated on metal aluminium stencil surface.After complete dissolution, character is pale yellow gum shape under 20 DEG C of degree environment, loses flowing
Property, it cannot directly use.Therefore when construction environment temperature is lower than 20 degree, made again for diluent can be added convenient for construction
With.Diluent need to select the organic solvent containing C=H, it is desirable that and it is non-hazardous to environment and operator, and to metal die station mould
Plate does not have any corrosion.The diluent used of the invention is 6# solvent naphtha.The dosage of diluent can be according to every 80 grams of removers
The ratio of 32 grams of 6# solvent naphthas is added to use.After being sufficiently mixed, dipped with small round brush.Rolling is applied on metal aluminium stencil, about 3-5
After minute, a visual very thin tunic is formed on aluminum alloy pattern plate.
If dosage is smaller, in the case where container volume is little, the demoulding of colloidal can also be made by rocking or supportting to mix
Agent restores mobility, does not need addition diluent.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of wax releasing agent, it is characterized in that: by weight, it is by 10-24 parts of 52# fully refined paraffin wax, 30-80 parts
92# gasoline and 12-30 parts of diesel engine oils mix.
2. wax releasing agent as described in claim 1, it is characterized in that: by weight, it is by 12 parts of 52# full refining stones
Wax, 40 parts of 92# gasoline and 15 parts of diesel engine oils mix.
3. the preparation method of wax releasing agent as described in claim 1 is:
1) gasoline and diesel engine oil are mixed in proportion;
2) 52# solid fully refined paraffin wax is cut into small pieces and is put into heating water bath in container, heat coolant-temperature gage between 52 to 60 DEG C,
Make melted paraffin wax at liquid 52# fully refined paraffin wax;
3) it takes drop-method that 52# fully refined paraffin wax is added in the mixed solution in the first step, while shaking mixing vessel, make
52# fully refined paraffin wax, gasoline, diesel engine oil mixing are complete.
4. the preparation method of wax releasing agent as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that: when carrying out third step, production environment temperature
Degree is set in 30 to 35 DEG C.
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CN201910394543.9A CN110079376A (en) | 2019-05-13 | 2019-05-13 | A kind of wax releasing agent and preparation method thereof |
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Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5428286A (en) * | 1977-08-04 | 1979-03-02 | Daiwa Seisakusho Kk | Molddreleasing agent |
JPS56162608A (en) * | 1980-05-21 | 1981-12-14 | Kindai Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Release agent in case of manufacture of construction material |
WO2010008694A1 (en) * | 2008-07-14 | 2010-01-21 | Chemtura Corporation | Liquid additives for the stabilization of lubricant compositions |
CN101787325A (en) * | 2009-11-18 | 2010-07-28 | 辽宁金帝建工集团有限责任公司 | Clear release agent for large area |
CN101880585A (en) * | 2010-04-20 | 2010-11-10 | 中国十七冶集团有限公司 | Waxy separant for precast concrete unit |
CN103122267A (en) * | 2012-09-17 | 2013-05-29 | 刘洋 | Releasing agent of fair-faced concrete product and preparation method of releasing agent |
CN103436339A (en) * | 2013-09-16 | 2013-12-11 | 马清浩 | Wax releasing agent and preparation method thereof |
CN103450995A (en) * | 2013-09-16 | 2013-12-18 | 马清浩 | Oily solid releasing agent and preparation method thereof |
CN108130182A (en) * | 2017-12-29 | 2018-06-08 | 浙江中天氟硅材料有限公司 | A kind of PC components demoulding agent emulsion and preparation method thereof |
KR101917355B1 (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2019-01-24 | 황윤익 | Manufacturing method of eco-friendly releasing agent |
-
2019
- 2019-05-13 CN CN201910394543.9A patent/CN110079376A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5428286A (en) * | 1977-08-04 | 1979-03-02 | Daiwa Seisakusho Kk | Molddreleasing agent |
JPS56162608A (en) * | 1980-05-21 | 1981-12-14 | Kindai Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Release agent in case of manufacture of construction material |
WO2010008694A1 (en) * | 2008-07-14 | 2010-01-21 | Chemtura Corporation | Liquid additives for the stabilization of lubricant compositions |
CN101787325A (en) * | 2009-11-18 | 2010-07-28 | 辽宁金帝建工集团有限责任公司 | Clear release agent for large area |
CN101880585A (en) * | 2010-04-20 | 2010-11-10 | 中国十七冶集团有限公司 | Waxy separant for precast concrete unit |
CN103122267A (en) * | 2012-09-17 | 2013-05-29 | 刘洋 | Releasing agent of fair-faced concrete product and preparation method of releasing agent |
CN103436339A (en) * | 2013-09-16 | 2013-12-11 | 马清浩 | Wax releasing agent and preparation method thereof |
CN103450995A (en) * | 2013-09-16 | 2013-12-18 | 马清浩 | Oily solid releasing agent and preparation method thereof |
CN108130182A (en) * | 2017-12-29 | 2018-06-08 | 浙江中天氟硅材料有限公司 | A kind of PC components demoulding agent emulsion and preparation method thereof |
KR101917355B1 (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2019-01-24 | 황윤익 | Manufacturing method of eco-friendly releasing agent |
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Title |
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卞葆芝: "混凝土脱模剂", 《混凝土与水泥制品》 * |
河南省建设教育协会: "《建筑新材料》", 31 December 2003 * |
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