CN110078959B - Water bamboo waste liquefied cellulose film and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Water bamboo waste liquefied cellulose film and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
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- C08J2301/00—Characterised by the use of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08J2301/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
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- C08J2471/00—Characterised by the use of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2471/02—Polyalkylene oxides
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/05—Alcohols; Metal alcoholates
- C08K5/053—Polyhydroxylic alcohols
Abstract
The invention discloses a liquefied cellulose film of cane shoot wastes and a preparation method thereof, the liquefied cellulose is obtained by taking the cane shoot wastes as raw materials and sequentially carrying out steam explosion treatment, cellulase treatment and cellulose liquefaction technology, and then the liquefied cellulose is extended into the film by combining a rotary film method, so that the film can replace poly-hydrocarbon substances to a certain extent, the problem of serious white pollution is effectively solved, waste is changed into valuable, and waste plant fibers are changed into the film with higher utilization value. The cellulose film obtained by the method has uniform thickness and high light transmittance on the basis of ensuring the mechanical properties such as elongation at break, tensile strength and the like, and the thickness of the cellulose film is thinner than that of the conventional cellulose film.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of cellulose films, and particularly relates to a cane shoot waste liquefied cellulose film and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Along with the improvement of the living standard of people in recent years, the requirements of people on the quality of life are higher and higher, and the awareness of protecting the environment is improved. The main influence of polymer material products on the environment comes from synthetic polymer material products discarded in the production and life of people, and at present, polymer material products are mainly concentrated in the fields with short service cycles such as food packaging, agricultural films, medical materials and the like, but because the polymer material products have stable properties, can stably exist in the nature, are not easy to degrade and cause so-called white pollution, the requirement for degradable polymer materials is increasingly high internationally at present, especially in the field of food packaging.
At present, the production capacity of the zizania latifolia in Taizhou city is huge, but the edible part of the zizania latifolia is less, most of the zizania latifolia is lignocellulose, ten thousand tons of zizania latifolia leaves are dumped beside roads, rivers and field heads in piles in each harvest season of the zizania latifolia, leaf sheaths are left in the field and are allowed to rot or incinerated, so that the healthy development of the zizania latifolia industry is influenced, and meanwhile, the problem of serious white pollution is brought. How to effectively realize the high-valued utilization of the cane shoot wastes draws more and more attention of people.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a water bamboo waste liquefied cellulose film and a preparation method thereof aiming at the defects. The inventor finds that the product obtained by liquefying the cane shoot waste is polyether ester polyol, has better ductility under certain conditions, can be stretched into a film, and can replace some hydrocarbon films due to higher melting point to reduce white pollution.
The method obtains the liquefied cellulose sequentially through the preparation sequence of steam explosion treatment, cellulase treatment and cellulose liquefaction technology, and then extends the liquefied cellulose into a film by combining a rotary film method, thereby changing waste into valuable and changing waste plant fibers into the film with higher utilization value. The cellulose film obtained by the method has uniform thickness and high light transmittance on the premise of ensuring the mechanical properties such as tensile elongation, tensile strength and the like, and the thickness of the cellulose film is thinner than that of the conventional cellulose film.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a liquefied cellulose film of water bamboo waste is prepared from water bamboo waste through steam explosion, cellulase treatment, cellulose liquefaction and rotary film method.
The cane shoot waste is obtained by drying and crushing cane shoot leaves and/or cane shoot stems.
The preparation method of the cane shoot waste liquefied cellulose film comprises the following steps: the cane shoot waste is subjected to steam explosion treatment, cellulase treatment and cellulose liquefaction in sequence to obtain liquefied cellulose, the obtained liquefied cellulose is mixed with chloroform to obtain cellulose gel, and a rotary membrane method is adopted to prepare the cellulose film.
The material-liquid ratio adopted by the steam explosion treatment is 15:1-8: 1; the ratio of the material to the liquid adopted by the cellulase treatment is 15:1-8: 1; the feed-liquid ratio in the cellulose liquefaction process is 15:1-8: 1; the volume ratio of the liquefied cellulose to the chloroform is 3:1-2: 1.
The solvent adopted by the steam explosion treatment is ethanol solution or water; preferably, the concentration of the ethanol solution is 20-30%; the bursting pressure is 1.2-1.5MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 12-14 min.
The specific steps of the cellulase treatment are as follows: collecting the blasted feed liquid and residues, filtering, washing the obtained filter residues with deionized water, uniformly mixing the filter residues with the deionized water according to the proportion of 15:1, adding cellulase for reaction at the reaction temperature of 30-35 ℃ for 2-3 h. Wherein the weight percentage of the added cellulase is 0.1-0.5% (based on the total weight of the mixture of the obtained filter residue and the deionized water).
The cellulose liquefaction process comprises the following specific steps: mixing the residue after the cellulase treatment with a mixed solution of polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol, adding a sulfuric acid solution for reaction after ultrasonic dissolution, and filtering to obtain a solution, namely the liquefied cellulose after the reaction is finished. The reaction conditions are as follows: the reaction is stirred for 2-3h at the temperature of 140-150 ℃. Wherein, the weight percentage of the mixed solution of the polyethylene glycol 400 and the glycerol is 5-10% (based on the total weight of the mixed solution of the filter residue after the cellulase treatment, the polyethylene glycol 400 and the glycerol); the weight percentage of the sulfuric acid solution is 5-10% (based on the total weight of the filter residue after the cellulase treatment and the mixed solution of the polyethylene glycol 400 and the glycerol). The process for preparing the cellulose film by the rotary film method comprises the following steps: mixing liquefied cellulose and chloroform according to the volume ratio of 3:1, stirring for 1-2h to obtain cellulose gel, dripping the obtained cellulose gel on a substrate, and rotating the substrate at the rotation speed of 100-300rpm for 2-3min to obtain the cellulose film.
The pretreatment is carried out before the steam explosion treatment, and the pretreatment steps are as follows: cleaning and drying the water bamboo waste, crushing, and sieving with a 80-120 mesh sieve to obtain water bamboo waste powder.
The feed-liquid ratio of the present invention refers to the ratio of the mass of the solid "feed" to the volume of the solvent "liquid", and is expressed in g/ml.
The preparation method of the cane shoot waste liquefied cellulose film comprises the following specific preparation steps:
(1) pretreatment of water bamboo waste: cleaning water bamboo waste, drying in a drying oven to constant weight, pulverizing to 80-120 meshes, and sieving to obtain water bamboo waste powder; the water bamboo waste is water bamboo leaves and water bamboo stems.
(2) And (3) performing steam explosion treatment on water bamboo waste powder: putting the water bamboo waste powder into a steam explosion system with 20-30% ethanol solution or water as solvent for explosion (ethanol treatment is used for better dissolving xylose and other substances), wherein the material-liquid ratio of the water bamboo waste powder to the ethanol solution is 15:1-8: 1; maintaining the pressure in the system at 1.2-1.5MPa for 12-14min, filtering after blasting, collecting the filter residue, and cleaning the filter residue with deionized water;
(3) and (3) cellulase treatment: uniformly mixing the filter residue cleaned by deionized water after blasting with the deionized water according to a material-liquid ratio of 15:1-8:1, adding 0.1-0.5 wt% of cellulase, and reacting at 30-35 ℃ for 2-3 h;
(4) liquefaction of cellulose: mixing the residues after the cellulase treatment with a reaction solution (a mixed solution of polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol with a volume ratio of 4:1) according to a material-liquid ratio of 15:1-8:1, ultrasonically dissolving, pouring into a three-neck flask, adding a 5-10 wt% sulfuric acid solution with a concentration of 3-5% at a temperature of 140-150 ℃, stirring and reacting for 2-3h, and filtering insoluble residues after the reaction is finished to obtain a solution, namely the liquefied cellulose;
(5) film formation by a rotary film method: mixing the obtained liquefied cellulose and chloroform according to the volume ratio of 3:1-2:1, stirring for 1-2h to obtain cellulose gel, dripping the cellulose gel on a substrate, and rotating the substrate at the rotation speed of 100-300rpm for 2-3min to obtain the cellulose film. The thickness of the obtained cellulose film is 0.1-0.15 mm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the method adopts steam explosion to treat the waste powder of the cane shoots, can fully dissolve monosaccharides such as xylose and the like in the cane shoots, and improves the subsequent cellulose liquefaction efficiency.
(2) The invention uses cellulase to treat the blasted water bamboo waste residue, and the cellulase can break beta-1, 4 glycosidic bonds of long-chain polysaccharide in cellulose to form short-chain polysaccharide, thereby improving the subsequent cellulose liquefaction efficiency.
(3) The invention uses chloroform to dissolve liquefied cellulose, which can reduce the viscosity of the liquefied cellulose and improve the efficiency of subsequent film forming.
(4) Compared with the cellulose film obtained by extending on a plastic plate, the cellulose film prepared by the rotary film forming method has more uniform and thinner thickness.
(5) The cellulose liquefaction technology of the invention firstly carries out steam explosion treatment and cellulase treatment, and then carries out cellulose liquefaction through ultrasound and stirring, compared with the traditional liquefaction technology, the liquefaction efficiency of the invention is higher, and the liquefied cellulose is extended into a film through combining the cellulose liquefaction technology with a rotating film method, so that the invention can replace the poly-hydrocarbon substances to a certain extent, thereby not only effectively solving the problem of serious white pollution, but also changing waste into valuables and changing waste plant fibers into films with higher utilization value. The cellulose film obtained by the method has uniform thickness and high light transmittance on the premise that the mechanical properties such as elongation at break, tensile strength and the like are not changed, and the thickness of the cellulose film is thinner than that of the conventional cellulose film.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples:
example 1
A preparation method of a water bamboo waste liquefied cellulose film comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreating the wild rice stem leaves and the wild rice stem: cleaning leaves and stems of Zizania latifolia (mixed according to a weight ratio of 1: 1), drying in a 50 ℃ oven to constant weight, pulverizing into 80 meshes after drying, and sieving to obtain Zizania latifolia waste powder;
(2) and (3) performing steam explosion treatment on water bamboo waste powder: putting the water bamboo waste powder into a steam explosion system taking an ethanol solution with the concentration of 25% as a solvent for explosion, setting the pressure to be 1.2MPa, maintaining the pressure for 12min, and setting the material-liquid ratio of the water bamboo waste powder to the ethanol solution with the concentration of 25% to be 15:1 (unit is g/mL);
(3) and (3) cellulase treatment: collecting the blasted feed liquid and residues, filtering, washing the obtained filter residues with deionized water, uniformly mixing the filter residues with the deionized water according to the material-liquid ratio of 15:1, adding 0.1 wt% of cellulase (based on the total weight of the mixture of the obtained filter residues and the deionized water) for reaction, and reacting for 2 hours in an environment at 30 ℃;
(4) liquefaction of cellulose: mixing the residues after the cellulase treatment with a mixed solution of polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol (the volume ratio of PEG400 to glycerol is 4:1) according to a material-liquid ratio of 15:1, ultrasonically dissolving for 30min, then pouring into a three-neck flask, then adding a sulfuric acid solution with the concentration of 5% and the weight percentage of 10% (based on the total weight of the mixed solution of the residues after the cellulase treatment and the mixed solution of polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol) for reaction, carrying out magnetic stirring reaction for 2h in an environment of 140 ℃, and filtering out insoluble residues after the reaction is finished, wherein the obtained solution is the liquefied cellulose;
(5) film formation by a rotary film method: mixing the obtained liquefied cellulose and chloroform according to a volume ratio of 3:1, stirring for 1h to obtain a cellulose solution, dripping the obtained cellulose solution on a substrate, and rotating the substrate at a rotating speed of 200rpm for 2min to obtain a cellulose film with a thickness of 0.1 mm.
The preparation method of the 5% sulfuric acid solution comprises the following steps: slowly injecting 51mL of concentrated sulfuric acid (98%) into 800mL of deionized water, continuously stirring, injecting the diluent into a 1L volumetric flask after the concentrated sulfuric acid is added, continuously adding the deionized water to the scale mark, turning the flask upside down for 3-5 times after a cover is closed, and standing for later use.
The cellulase is purchased from Shanghai bioengineering (Shanghai) GmbH, and other raw materials are all obtained from common markets.
Example 2
A preparation method of a water bamboo waste liquefied cellulose film comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreating the wild rice stem leaves and the wild rice stem: cleaning Zizania latifolia leaves, drying in a 50 ℃ oven to constant weight, pulverizing into 120 meshes after drying, and sieving to obtain Zizania latifolia waste powder;
(2) and (3) performing steam explosion treatment on water bamboo waste powder: putting the water bamboo waste powder into a steam explosion system with 20% ethanol solution for explosion, setting the pressure to be 1.5MPa and the pressure maintaining time to be 14min, wherein the material-liquid ratio of the water bamboo waste powder to the 25% ethanol solution is 13:1 (unit is g/mL);
(3) and (3) cellulase treatment: collecting the blasted feed liquid and residues, filtering, cleaning the obtained filter residues with deionized water, uniformly mixing the filter residues with the deionized water according to the material-liquid ratio of 13:1, adding 0.5 wt% (based on the total weight of the mixture of the filter residues and the deionized water) of cellulase for reaction, and reacting for 2.5h in an environment at 35 ℃;
(4) liquefaction of cellulose: mixing the residues after the cellulase treatment with a mixed solution of polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol (the volume ratio of PEG400 to glycerol is 4:1) according to a material-liquid ratio of 13:1, ultrasonically dissolving for 30min, then pouring into a three-neck flask, then adding a 5% sulfuric acid solution with the concentration of 5% by weight (based on the total weight of the filter residues after the cellulase treatment and the mixed solution of polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol) for reaction, carrying out magnetic stirring reaction for 3h at the temperature of 145 ℃, filtering out insoluble residues after the reaction is finished, and obtaining a solution, namely liquefied cellulose;
(5) film formation by a rotary film method: mixing the obtained liquefied cellulose and chloroform according to a volume ratio of 2:1, stirring for 2h to obtain cellulose gel, dripping the obtained cellulose gel on a substrate, and rotating the substrate at a rotating speed of 100rpm for 2min to obtain a cellulose film with a thickness of 0.1 mm.
The preparation method of the 5% sulfuric acid solution comprises the following steps: slowly injecting 51mL of concentrated sulfuric acid (98%) into 800mL of deionized water, continuously stirring, injecting the diluent into a 1L volumetric flask after the concentrated sulfuric acid is added, continuously adding the deionized water to the scale mark, turning the flask upside down for 3-5 times after a cover is closed, and standing for later use.
The cellulase is purchased from Shanghai bioengineering (Shanghai) GmbH, and other raw materials are all obtained from common markets.
Example 3
A preparation method of a water bamboo waste liquefied cellulose film comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreating the wild rice stem leaves and the wild rice stem: cleaning caulis Zizaniae Caduciflorae, oven drying at 50 deg.C to constant weight, pulverizing to 100 mesh, and sieving to obtain caulis Zizaniae Caduciflorae waste powder;
(2) and (3) performing steam explosion treatment on water bamboo waste powder: putting the water bamboo waste powder into a steam explosion system taking 30% ethanol solution as a solvent for explosion, setting the pressure to be 1.3MPa and the pressure maintaining time to be 13min, wherein the material-liquid ratio of the water bamboo waste powder to the 30% ethanol solution is 8:1 (unit is g/mL);
(3) and (3) cellulase treatment: collecting the blasted feed liquid and residues, filtering, cleaning the obtained filter residues with deionized water, uniformly mixing the filter residues with the deionized water according to a material-liquid ratio of 8:1, adding 0.3 wt% (based on the total weight of the mixture of the filter residues and the deionized water) of cellulase for reaction, and reacting for 3 hours in an environment at 30 ℃;
(4) liquefaction of cellulose: mixing the residues after the cellulase treatment with a mixed solution of polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol (the volume ratio of PEG400 to glycerol is 4:1) according to a material-liquid ratio of 8:1, ultrasonically dissolving for 30min, then pouring into a three-neck flask, then adding a sulfuric acid solution with the concentration of 3% and the weight percentage of 6% (based on the total weight of the mixed solution of the filter residues after the cellulase treatment and the polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol) for reaction, performing magnetic stirring reaction for 2.5h at 150 ℃, and filtering insoluble residues after the reaction is finished to obtain a solution, namely liquefied cellulose;
(5) film formation by a rotary film method: mixing the obtained liquefied cellulose and chloroform according to a volume ratio of 3:1, stirring for 1.5h to obtain cellulose gel, dripping the obtained cellulose gel on a substrate, and rotating the substrate at a rotating speed of 300rpm for 3min to obtain a cellulose film with a thickness of 0.15 mm.
The preparation method of the 3% sulfuric acid solution comprises the following steps: slowly injecting 31mL of concentrated sulfuric acid (98%) into 800mL of deionized water, continuously stirring, injecting the diluent into a 1L volumetric flask after the concentrated sulfuric acid is added, continuously adding the deionized water to the scale mark, turning the flask upside down for 3-5 times after a cover is closed, and standing for later use.
The cellulase is purchased from Shanghai bioengineering (Shanghai) GmbH, and other raw materials are all obtained from common markets.
Test example 1
Comparative example 1: a conventional cellulose film (liquefied cellulose is dripped on a plastic plate by using a conventional technology and is spread into a film);
comparative example 2: cellulose film obtained without cellulase treatment (without cellulase treatment, the remaining steps and conditions were the same as in example 2 of the present invention);
comparative example 3: cellulose film without steam explosion treatment (without steam explosion treatment, the rest steps and conditions are the same as the embodiment 2 of the invention);
comparative example 4: a cellulose film not subjected to the chloroform dissolution treatment (in the film formation by the rotary film method, liquefied cellulose is not dissolved by chloroform, and the other steps and conditions are the same as those in example 2 of the present invention);
the product of embodiment 1 of the invention: the cellulose film prepared in example 1 of the present invention.
The product of embodiment 2 of the invention: the cellulose film prepared in example 2 of the present invention.
The product of embodiment 3 of the invention: the cellulose film prepared in example 3 of the present invention.
The preparation method of the traditional cellulose film comprises the following steps: mixing bamboo fiber cleaned by 30-35% ethanol and deionized water with 7-9% hydrochloric acid, pouring into a three-neck flask, carrying out magnetic stirring liquefaction reaction for 2-4h at 130-140 ℃, removing undissolved solid after the reaction is finished, collecting liquid which is liquefied cellulose, dropwise adding the obtained liquefied cellulose onto a plastic plate, carrying out tape casting to form a film, and drying for 2-3h at 50 ℃ to obtain the required cellulose film.
In the process of preparing the cellulose films of the various proportions and the embodiments of the invention, the liquefaction efficiency test is carried out on the liquefied cellulose of each product after the cellulose liquefaction step; the film thickness, light transmittance, elongation at break and tensile strength of the cellulose film obtained in each of the above comparative examples and the examples of the present invention were respectively tested, and the test results are shown in table 1;
the liquefaction efficiency testing method comprises the following steps: drying undissolved solid in the liquefied cellulose obtained by each reaction, wherein the dried solid is m1, and the liquefaction efficiency is obtained by weighing m0. mass of liquefied cellulose raw material
The film thickness test method comprises the following steps: the thickness of the obtained film was measured at multiple points using a micrometer screw, and the average value obtained by the measurement was taken.
And (3) testing the light transmittance: each of the cellulose films obtained in the comparative example and the example of the present invention was cut into 50mm by 50mm sheets by a cutter, the samples were loaded into a transmittance meter, a transmittance value was displayed on a display screen after an indicator light was turned into red light, experimental data was recorded, 3 sets were tested in parallel, and an average value was taken.
The method for testing the mechanical properties of the tensile elongation and tensile strength comprises the following steps: the test was performed by DMA Q800 manufactured by TA Inc. During testing, the cellulose films obtained in the comparative example and the embodiment of the invention are cut into sample strips with the length of 30 x 4mm by a cutter, the testing length between clamps is 10mm, a fixed step length stretching mode of 500um/min is adopted until the sample strips are pulled apart, the testing data displayed on an instrument is recorded, parallel tests are repeated for 3 times, and the average value of the three testing tests is taken, so that the tensile strength and the elongation at break are obtained.
TABLE 1 Performance test Table
The result shows that the cellulose film prepared by the preparation method has the thinnest thickness and the best light transmittance, and the liquefaction efficiency in the process of liquefying cellulose is obviously improved by sequentially passing through the steam explosion treatment and the cellulase treatment technology in the preparation process; and the treatment process of dissolving and liquefying cellulose by using chloroform in the film forming process by a rotary film method is combined, so that the thickness and the light transmittance of the film are greatly influenced, and the tensile elongation and the tensile strength of the cellulose film can be ensured. Therefore, the cellulose film with high mechanical property, thin film thickness and good light transmittance can be prepared by the preparation method.
Having described embodiments of the present invention, the foregoing description is intended to be exemplary, not exhaustive, and not limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments.
Claims (9)
1. A liquefied cellulose film of water bamboo waste is characterized in that water bamboo waste is used as a raw material, liquefied cellulose is obtained by steam explosion treatment, cellulase treatment and cellulose liquefaction in sequence, the obtained liquefied cellulose is mixed with chloroform to obtain cellulose gel, and then a rotary membrane method is adopted to prepare the cellulose film; the volume ratio of the liquefied cellulose to the chloroform is 3:1-2: 1.
2. The water bamboo waste liquefied cellulose film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the water bamboo waste is obtained by drying and crushing water bamboo leaves and/or water bamboo stems.
3. The preparation method of the water bamboo waste liquefied cellulose film according to claim 1, wherein a solvent adopted in the steam explosion treatment is an ethanol solution or water, and the material-liquid ratio adopted in the steam explosion treatment is 15:1-8: 1.
4. The preparation method of the water bamboo waste liquefied cellulose film as claimed in claim 3, wherein the concentration of the ethanol solution is 20-30%; the bursting pressure is 1.2-1.5MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 12-14 min.
5. The preparation method of the water bamboo waste liquefied cellulose film according to claim 1, wherein the cellulose treatment comprises the following specific steps: collecting the blasted feed liquid and residues, filtering, washing the obtained filter residues with deionized water, uniformly mixing the filter residues with the deionized water according to the mass volume ratio of 15:1-8:1, adding cellulase for reaction at the reaction temperature of 30-35 ℃ for 2-3 h.
6. The preparation method of the cane shoot waste liquefied cellulose film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cellulose liquefaction process comprises the following specific steps: mixing the residue after the cellulase treatment with a mixed solution of polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol, wherein the material-to-liquid ratio of the residue to the mixed solution of polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol is 15:1-8:1, adding a sulfuric acid solution for reaction after ultrasonic dissolution, and filtering to obtain a solution, namely the liquefied cellulose after the reaction is finished.
7. The method for preparing the water bamboo waste liquefied cellulose film according to claim 6, wherein the reaction conditions are as follows: the reaction is stirred for 2-3h at the temperature of 140-150 ℃.
8. The preparation method of the water bamboo waste liquefied cellulose film according to claim 1, wherein the process of preparing the cellulose film by the rotary film method comprises the following steps: mixing liquefied cellulose and chloroform according to the volume ratio of 3:1, stirring for 1-2h to obtain cellulose gel, dripping the obtained cellulose gel on a substrate, and rotating the substrate at the rotation speed of 100-300rpm for 2-3min to obtain the cellulose film.
9. The preparation method of the water bamboo waste liquefied cellulose film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pretreatment is performed before the steam explosion treatment, and the pretreatment steps are as follows: cleaning and drying the water bamboo waste, crushing, and sieving with a 80-120 mesh sieve to obtain water bamboo waste powder.
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| Transfer Mechanism, Uptake Kinetic Process, and Bioavailability of P, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn in Macrophyte Rhizosphere Using Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films;Wang Shengrui等;《Environmental Science and Technology》;20180206;全文 * |
| 植物-生物膜氧化沟处理生活污水的中试研究;刘雯，等;《中国给水排水》;20090801;全文 * |
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