CN110078300A - Wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor and its method - Google Patents
Wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor and its method Download PDFInfo
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- CN110078300A CN110078300A CN201910320765.6A CN201910320765A CN110078300A CN 110078300 A CN110078300 A CN 110078300A CN 201910320765 A CN201910320765 A CN 201910320765A CN 110078300 A CN110078300 A CN 110078300A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/006—Water distributors either inside a treatment tank or directing the water to several treatment tanks; Water treatment plants incorporating these distributors, with or without chemical or biological tanks
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F2001/007—Processes including a sedimentation step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/16—Nitrogen compounds, e.g. ammonia
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2203/00—Apparatus and plants for the biological treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2203/006—Apparatus and plants for the biological treatment of water, waste water or sewage details of construction, e.g. specially adapted seals, modules, connections
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
- C02F2305/06—Nutrients for stimulating the growth of microorganisms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/28—Anaerobic digestion processes
- C02F3/2806—Anaerobic processes using solid supports for microorganisms
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor and its methods, and reactor body is cylindrical, inside set water distribution area, reaction zone, Disengagement zone;Water distribution area is located at cylinder lower part, if water inlet pipe, water distributing tray, evacuated tube;Reaction zone is located in the middle part of cylinder, and inside filling wheat and anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular sludge, reaction zone top is equipped with liquid-solid separator;Disengagement zone is located at cylinder top, if collection chamber and exhaust pipe.Sloping plate deposition is applied to the liquid-solid separating region of Anammox denitrification reactor by the present invention, and apparatus structure is compact and mud-water separation is efficient.The reactor can withhold convenient for function bacterium attachment by filling wheat as carrier, constitute high-performance bio reaction bed;Using wheat as carbon source, it is convenient for electron donor slow release, matches denitrification process;Wheat appropriate density, circulation of easily drifting along with automatic gas-producing strengthen matrix products transmission.The reactor assembly structure is simple, installs easy to operate, operation efficient stable.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor more particularly to a kind of wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactors
And its method.
Background technique
National statistics office data shows, national 699.66 hundred million tons of wastewater emission amount in 2017, ammonia nitrogen discharge amount in waste water
139.51 ten thousand tons.Ammonia-containing water discharge caused by lake " wawter bloom " and coastal waters " red tide " again and again occur, jeopardized agricultural, fishery,
All conglomeraties such as tourist industry, and constitute a threat to drinking water hygiene and food safety, seriously affect human health and ecological safety.It is useless
The advantages that aquatic organism denitrogenation has treatment effect excellent, and processing cost is cheap, and treatment process is stablized, and operational administrative is easy, has become
For most widely used denitrogenation of waste water technology.
Anammox technology is a kind of new biological nitrogen removal technology, using anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria that ammonia and nitrite is big
It is partially converted into nitrogen and fraction is converted into nitrate.More traditional nitration denitrification technique, Anammox ecology volume are gone
Removal rates are high, and processing cost is low.Currently, to be successfully used for landfill leachate, gourmet powder waste water, pig farm useless for anaerobic ammonia oxidation process
The denitrogenation processing of the high ammonia-nitrogen wastewaters such as water, sludge-digestion liquid.
Although the denitrification efficiency of Anammox technology is rather good, a small amount of nitrate is contained in product, can not achieve completely
Denitrogenation.In addition, the ammonia nitrogen of composite wastewater level-one emission standard A is 5mg/L, it is higher than surface water IV class water standard (ammonia nitrogen
1.5mg/L), the cognizance index (0.2~0.3mg/L of nitrogen content) of higher than water eutrophication.Eliminate qualified discharge water
Eutrophication hidden danger must improve the discharge standard of denitrification system.For this purpose, the present invention devises a kind of wheat bed Anammox
Denitrification reactor withholds convenient for function bacterium attachment using wheat as carrier, constitutes high-performance bio reaction bed;Using wheat as carbon
Electron donor slow release is convenient in source, matches denitrification process;Wheat appropriate density, convenient for its circulation of drifting along with automatic gas-producing, by force
Change matrix products transmission;Apparatus structure is simple, installs easy to operate, operation efficient stable.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, research and develop wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor.This hair
Specific technical solution used by bright is as follows:
A kind of wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor, it includes reactor body, and reactor body is cylindrical, cylinder
Body bottom is equipped with the evacuated tube outside connection;Cylinder lumen is divided into water distribution area, reaction zone and Disengagement zone from top to bottom;The water distribution
Water distributing tray is equipped in area, water inlet pipe passes through barrel wall and is connected with water distributing tray, and water inlet pipe is equipped with and provides the intake pump of power;Institute
It states and is equipped with liquid-solid separator in reaction zone;The shell of the liquid-solid separator is in the infundibulate of uncovered, and interior of shell is equipped with two
The parallel midfeather of block, the overhead height of two pieces of midfeathers are above shell;Clamping forms one between every piece of midfeather and shell
A rectangle enters chute, forms sloping plate deposition room between two pieces of midfeathers, two rectangles enter chute and are located at sloping plate deposition room
Two sides, and the bottom of sloping plate deposition room is connected to the bottom that two rectangles enter chute;Several pieces are provided in sloping plate deposition room tiltedly
Plate, and effluent weir is equipped with above inclined plate, the effluent weir is connected to outside reactor by outlet pipe;The liquid-solid separator
Outer casing bottom is equipped with reflux seam, and the seam connection inner barrel reaction zone that flows back;The Disengagement zone includes collection chamber, and collection chamber is located at
The inner top of cylinder, and collection chamber is connected with exhaust pipe.
Preferably, wheat is filled in the reaction zone.
Preferably, anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular sludge is filled in the reaction zone.
Preferably, the bottom plate of reactor body is arc-shaped, and evacuated tube is connected to the extreme lower position of bottom plate.
Preferably, the ratio between the water distribution area, reaction zone and effective volume of Disengagement zone are 1:11~12:1.
Preferably, the water distributing tray is in patty, offers several vertical water distributing pores downward.
Preferably, on the reactor body side wall, several sample taps are set in the different height of reaction zone.
Preferably, the effluent weir is shelly-shaped in the cuboid of uncovered, is zigzag, effluent weir length at the top of side edge
With sloping plate deposition room equal length, effluent weir width is the 1/5 of sloping plate deposition room width, and effluent weir height is that sloping plate deposition room is high
The 3/15 of degree.
Preferably, inclined plate inclination is sandwiched between two pieces of midfeathers, parallel between each other, the folder of inclined plate and horizontal plane
Angle is 60 °.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of wheat bed Anammox denitrogenation of waste water using above-mentioned reactor
Method, its step are as follows:
Waste water to be processed is entered into water distributing tray by water inlet pipe using intake pump, then equal by the water distributing pore on water distributing tray
It is even to enter reaction zone;Wheat and anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular sludge are filled inside to reaction zone;After stable, sludge is attached to wheat
Grain surface constitutes bio-reaction bed, and wheat provides electron donor as slow release carbon source for denitrifying bacterium;Being continually fed into waste water makes it
Bio-reaction bed is flowed through, the ammonia nitrogen in waste water is converted to nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen by anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria, and the nitrate nitrogen of generation is again by waste water
In denitrifying bacterium be converted to nitrogen using carbon source wheat, the nitrogen of generation is constantly escaped from reaction zone, drives muddy water mixed solution
Buoyance lift;Muddy water mixed solution enters chute by rectangle and enters liquid-solid separator, and gas enters collection chamber and is discharged by exhaust pipe;It is logical
It crosses rectangle and enters the muddy water mixed solution that chute enters liquid-solid separator, inverse gravity enters in sloping plate deposition room behind direction of turning back, and leads to
It crosses inclined plate and carries out sloping plate deposition, complete mud-water separation, precipitating sludge settles again and returns to reaction zone by the seam that flows back, after separation
Liquid enter effluent weir to overflow along inclined plate, reactor is then discharged by outlet pipe.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: 1, that sloping plate deposition is applied to Anammox denitrogenation is anti-
The liquid-solid separating region of device is answered, apparatus structure is compact and mud-water separation is efficient;2, this is wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor,
It can be withheld convenient for function bacterium attachment by filling wheat as carrier, constitute high-performance bio reaction bed;Using wheat as carbon
Electron donor slow release is convenient in source, matches denitrification process;Wheat appropriate density, circulation of easily drifting along with automatic gas-producing strengthen base
The transmission of matter product;3, apparatus structure is simple, installs easy to operate, operation efficient stable.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the cross-sectional view of the structure of wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor;
Fig. 2 is the schematic perspective view of wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor inclined-plate clarifying basin;
Fig. 3 is that sloping plate deposition room middle swash plate places schematic diagram;
Marked in the figure: water distribution area I, reaction zone II, Disengagement zone III, water inlet pipe 1, water distributing tray 2, evacuated tube 3, liquid-solid separator
4, sloping plate deposition room 5, collection chamber 6, exhaust pipe 7, effluent weir 8, outlet pipe 9, wheat 10, anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular sludge 11, square
Shape enters chute 12, reflux seam 13, inclined plate 14, intake pump 15.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is further elaborated and is illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description.Each implementation in the present invention
The technical characteristic of mode can carry out the corresponding combination under the premise of not conflicting with each other.
As shown in Figure 1, one of present invention wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor, which is in cylinder
Shape, cylinder body bottom are equipped with the evacuated tube 3 outside connection.The bottom plate of reactor body is arc-shaped, and evacuated tube 3 is connected to bottom plate most
Lower position.Entire cylinder lumen is divided into water distribution area I, reaction zone II and Disengagement zone III from top to bottom.Water distribution area I, II and of reaction zone
The ratio between effective volume of Disengagement zone III is 1:11~12:1.
Wherein, water distributing tray 2 is equipped in water distribution area I, water inlet pipe 1 passes through barrel wall and is connected with water distributing tray 2, and on water inlet pipe 1
Intake pump 15 equipped with offer power.
Liquid-solid separator 4 is equipped in reaction zone II.As shown in Fig. 2, the shell of liquid-solid separator 4 is in the infundibulate of uncovered,
Interior of shell is equipped with two pieces of parallel midfeathers, and the overhead height of two pieces of midfeathers is above shell.Every piece of midfeather and shell
Between clamping form a rectangle and enter chute 12, form sloping plate deposition room 5 between two pieces of midfeathers, be used for precipitation and separation particle,
Two rectangles enter the two sides that chute 12 is located at sloping plate deposition room 5.Muti-piece inclined plate 14, inclined plate are provided in sloping plate deposition room 5
14 inclinations are sandwiched between two pieces of midfeathers, parallel between each other, and the angle of inclined plate 14 and horizontal plane is 60 °, as shown in Figure 3.Tiltedly
The bottom of plate mud chamber 5 is hanging, so that two rectangles enter chute 12 around sloping plate deposition room 5 is connected to behind the bottom of two pieces of midfeathers
Bottom, entering the mud mixture that chute 12 leaves from rectangle can flow up from the bottom of sloping plate deposition room 5 again.And tiltedly
Effluent weir 8 is equipped at 14 over top certain altitude of plate, the water flowed out from inclined plate 14 can be acted on by overflow enters effluent weir
8,8 bottom of effluent weir is not connected to sloping plate deposition room 5.8 sidewall bottom of effluent weir is connected to outside reactor by outlet pipe 9, will
The waste water discharge reactor being disposed.In addition, in order to which the sludge for enabling sloping plate deposition to get off flows back again, liquid-solid separator
4 outer casing bottom is equipped with reflux seam 13, and the 13 connection inner barrel reaction zone II of seam that flows back.
Disengagement zone III includes collection chamber 6, and collection chamber 6 is located at the inner top of cylinder, and collection chamber 6 is connected with exhaust pipe 7, is used
Outlet is carried out in the gas generated will be reacted.
In the present invention, it is filled with wheat 10 in reaction zone II and is filled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular sludge 11.Wheat 10
It can according to need and be pre-filled in cylinder reaction zone, also can according to need and add at runtime.Anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular
Sludge 11 can be seeded in reactor when operation starts.It using wheat as carrier, withholds, constitutes efficient convenient for function bacterium attachment
Bio-reaction bed;Using wheat as carbon source, it is convenient for electron donor slow release, matches denitrification process.And wheat appropriate density,
Convenient for its circulation of drifting along with automatic gas-producing, matrix products transmission can be strengthened.
In above-mentioned reactor, the parameter of each component is settable as follows: water distribution area I, reaction zone II, Disengagement zone IV volume
The ratio between be 1:11~12:1;Water distributing tray 2 is set to I center of water distribution area;Cylinder bottom plate is arc-shaped, and evacuated tube 3 is set to circular arc
Central lowest point;Water inlet pipe 1 is from cylinder bottom along 300mm;Water distributing tray 2 is in patty, and diameter is the 0.747 of barrel diameter
Times, with a thickness of 300mm, vertical circular arc floor uniformly opens up 6 water distributing pores, and water distribution is directed downward;Reaction zone II is located at cylinder
Middle part surrounds liquid-solid separator 4;Wheat 10 and anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular sludge 11, the volume of the two are filled inside reaction zone II
The ratio between can be set as needed such as 1:9;Several sample taps 16 are set along II side wall of reaction zone, the work for sampling monitoring reactor
Make situation.Sloping plate deposition room 5 can be divided into inclined plate area, clear water zone and superelevation area from lower to upper, and the ratio between three's height is 9:
4:2.Effluent weir 8 is shelly-shaped in the cuboid of uncovered, both sides of the edge top is zigzag, convenient for water outlet.8 length of effluent weir and tiltedly
5 equal length of plate mud chamber, 8 width of effluent weir are the 1/5 of 5 width of sloping plate deposition room, and 8 height of effluent weir is sloping plate deposition room 5
The 3/15 of height.
Above-mentioned reactor establishes ultra-deep denitrification system mainly for processing Low Concentration Ammonia Containing Wastewater.It is chronically at low negative
Sludge under lotus state be it is cotton-shaped, can adhere to wheat surface, constitute high-performance bio reaction bed;Wheat has certain density,
Certain upflow velocity can be resisted without being washed out;Wheat can be used as solid-state carbon source, there is certain compactness, slow release electricity
Sub- donor realizes wastewater biological denitrificaion by nitrate reduction at nitrogen.
Based on above-mentioned reactor, the present invention also provides a kind of slow-release wheat bed Anammox denitrogenation of waste water method,
Steps are as follows:
Waste water to be processed is entered into water distributing tray 2 by water inlet pipe 1 using intake pump 15, then passes through the cloth on water distributing tray 2
Water hole is even into reaction zone II;Wheat 10 and anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular sludge 11 are filled inside to reaction zone II;It is stable
Afterwards, sludge is attached to wheat surface and constitutes bio-reaction bed, and wheat provides electron donor as slow release carbon source for denitrifying bacterium;It holds
Continuous to be passed through waste water it is made to flow through bio-reaction bed, the ammonia nitrogen in waste water is converted to nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen by anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria, generates
Nitrate nitrogen nitrogen is converted to using carbon source wheat by the denitrifying bacterium in waste water again, the nitrogen of generation constantly escapes from reaction zone II
Out, muddy water mixed solution buoyance lift is driven;Muddy water mixed solution enters chute 12 by rectangle and enters liquid-solid separator 4, and gas enters gas collection
Room 6 is simultaneously discharged by exhaust pipe 7;Enter the muddy water mixed solution that chute 12 enters liquid-solid separator 4 by rectangle, it is inverse behind direction of turning back
Gravity enters in sloping plate deposition room 5, and carries out sloping plate deposition by inclined plate 14, completes mud-water separation, and precipitating sludge settles again
And reaction zone II is returned to by reflux seam 13, the liquid after separation enters effluent weir 8 to overflow along inclined plate 14, then passes through
Reactor is discharged in outlet pipe 9.
Above-mentioned embodiment is only a preferred solution of the present invention, so it is not intended to limiting the invention.Have
The those of ordinary skill for closing technical field can also make various changes without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention
Change and modification.Therefore all mode technical solutions obtained for taking equivalent substitution or equivalent transformation, all fall within guarantor of the invention
It protects in range.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor, which is characterized in that including reactor body, reactor body is in circle
Tubular, cylinder body bottom are equipped with the evacuated tube (3) outside connection;Cylinder lumen is divided into water distribution area (I), reaction zone (II) from top to bottom
With Disengagement zone (III);Water distributing tray (2) are equipped in the water distribution area (I), water inlet pipe (1) passes through barrel wall and is connected with water distributing tray (2),
And water inlet pipe (1) is equipped with and provides the intake pump (15) of power;Liquid-solid separator (4) are equipped in the reaction zone (II);It is described
Liquid-solid separator (4) shell be in uncovered infundibulate, interior of shell is equipped with two pieces of parallel midfeathers, two pieces of midfeathers
Overhead height is above shell;One rectangle of clamping formation enters chute (12) between every piece of midfeather and shell, two pieces of midfeathers
Between form sloping plate deposition room (5), two rectangles enter the two sides that chute (12) is located at sloping plate deposition room (5), and inclined plate is heavy
The bottom of shallow lake room (5) is connected to the bottom that two rectangles enter chute (12);Several pieces of inclined plates are provided in sloping plate deposition room (5)
(14), effluent weir (8) and above inclined plate (14) are equipped with, the effluent weir (8) is connected to outside reactor by outlet pipe (9);Institute
The outer casing bottom for the liquid-solid separator (4) stated is equipped with reflux seam (13), and seam (13) connection inner barrel reaction zone (II) that flows back;
The Disengagement zone (III) includes collection chamber (6), and collection chamber (6) is located at the inner top of cylinder, and collection chamber (6) and exhaust pipe (7)
It is connected.
2. wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the reaction zone (II)
In be filled with wheat (10).
3. wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the reaction zone (II)
In be filled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular sludge (11).
4. wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the bottom plate of reactor body
It is arc-shaped, evacuated tube (3) is connected to the extreme lower position of bottom plate.
5. wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the water distribution area (I),
The ratio between effective volume of reaction zone (II) and Disengagement zone (III) is 1:11~12:1.
6. wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the water distributing tray (2)
In patty, several vertical water distributing pores are offered downward.
7. wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the reactor body
On side wall, several sample taps (16) are set in the different height of reaction zone (II).
8. wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the effluent weir (8)
It is shelly-shaped in the cuboid of uncovered, it is zigzag at the top of side edge, effluent weir (8) length and sloping plate deposition room (5) equal length,
Effluent weir (8) width is the 1/5 of sloping plate deposition room (5) width, and effluent weir (8) is highly the 3/15 of sloping plate deposition room (5) height.
9. wheat bed Anammox denitrification reactor as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the inclined plate (14) inclines
It is tiltedly sandwiched between two pieces of midfeathers, parallel between each other, the angle of inclined plate (14) and horizontal plane is 60 °.
10. a kind of wheat bed Anammox denitrogenation of waste water method using reactor as described in claim 1, feature exist
In steps are as follows:
Waste water to be processed is entered into water distributing tray (2) by water inlet pipe (1) using intake pump (15), then by water distributing tray (2)
Water distributing pore even into reaction zone (II);Filling wheat (10) and anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular sludge inside to reaction zone (II)
(11);After stable, sludge is attached to wheat surface and constitutes bio-reaction bed, and wheat is mentioned as slow release carbon source for denitrifying bacterium
Supplied for electronic donor;Being continually fed into waste water makes it flow through bio-reaction bed, and the ammonia nitrogen in waste water is converted to nitrogen by anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria
Gas and nitrate nitrogen, the nitrate nitrogen of generation are converted to nitrogen using carbon source wheat by the denitrifying bacterium in waste water again, and the nitrogen of generation is continuous
It is escaped from reaction zone (II), drives muddy water mixed solution buoyance lift;Muddy water mixed solution enters chute (12) into solid-liquor separation by rectangle
Device (4), gas enter collection chamber (6) and are discharged by exhaust pipe (7);Enter chute (12) into liquid-solid separator by rectangle
(4) muddy water mixed solution, inverse gravity enters in sloping plate deposition room (5) behind direction of turning back, and it is heavy by inclined plate (14) to carry out inclined plate
It forms sediment, completes mud-water separation, precipitating sludge settles again and returns to reaction zone (II) by reflux seam (13), the liquid edge after separation
Inclined plate (14) enter effluent weir (8) to overflow, then by outlet pipe (9) be discharged reactor.
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CN115180720A (en) * | 2022-08-18 | 2022-10-14 | 北京工业大学 | Integrated anaerobic ammonia oxidation granular sludge self-gas release device and method |
CN115259370A (en) * | 2022-08-12 | 2022-11-01 | 上海东振环保工程技术有限公司 | Biological denitrification reactor and application thereof |
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