CN110073157A - 用于可持续产生能量的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于可持续产生能量的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN110073157A
CN110073157A CN201780076401.7A CN201780076401A CN110073157A CN 110073157 A CN110073157 A CN 110073157A CN 201780076401 A CN201780076401 A CN 201780076401A CN 110073157 A CN110073157 A CN 110073157A
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energy
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internal combustion
combustion engine
thermal motor
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CN110073157B (zh
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佩里·范德伯格特
威利布罗杜斯·尼古拉斯·约翰内斯·于尔瑟姆
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Abstract

本公开涉及一种用于可持续产生能量的系统，包括用于将自然力转换成有用能量的至少一个设备，以及至少一个内燃发动机或热力发动机。内燃发动机或热力发动机可以连接到用于燃料或热供应的气体清洁设备。本公开还涉及一种用于可持续产生能量的方法，包括以下步骤：通过转换自然力来产生第一量的有用能量；以及通过操作至少一个内燃发动机或热力发动机产生第二量的能量，其中内燃发动机或热力发动机由源自清洁废气的燃料或热来驱动。

Description

用于可持续产生能量的系统和方法
本发明涉及一种用于可持续产生能量的系统，包括用于将自然力转换成有用能量的至少一个设备，以及至少一个内燃发动机或热力发动机。
鉴于对全球环境和化石燃料储量的枯竭的日益增长的关切，对用于产生能量的可持续系统和方法越来越感兴趣。通过可持续能量的产生，本申请意味着很少或不涉及化石燃料并且很少或不涉及有害排放物的能量产生。
完全依赖像太阳能或风力的天然资源的能量供应的一个问题是这些资源的不连续和不可预测的特性。因此，某种形式的非天然能量通常是必要的，至少作为后备。
本发明的目的是提供一种用于可持续产生能量的系统，该系统比全天然能量产生系统更可靠和可预测，同时比依赖化石燃料驱动的备用发电机的系统具有更低的燃料消耗和更小的碳足迹(carbon footprint)。
根据本发明，这是通过将内燃发动机或热力发动机连接到用于燃料或热供应的气体清洁设备来实现的。通过使用源自清洁废气的燃料或热，减少了总燃料消耗和碳足迹。
本发明的系统的优选实施方案形成从属权利要求2-7的主题。
本发明还涉及一种用于可持续产生能量的方法。这种方法可以包括以下步骤：通过转换自然力来产生第一量的有用能量；以及通过操作至少一个内燃发动机或热力发动机产生第二量的能量。根据本发明，内燃发动机或热力发动机由通过清洁废气而获得的燃料或热来驱动。
实施该方法的优选方式在从属权利要求9-12中定义。
现在将参考附图通过许多示例性实施方案来进一步阐明本发明，在附图中：
图1是用于对船的罐脱气的组合气体清洁装置和非天然能量转换器(non-naturalenergy converter)的示意图；
图2是根据本发明的实施方案的用于可持续能量产生的系统的示意图；
图3是根据本发明的另外的实施方案的用于可持续能量产生的系统的示意图；
图4示出了用于本发明的系统的热力发动机的三个示意图；
图5是用于存储源自废气流的燃料的罐的示意性侧视图；
图6是图2的可持续能量产生系统的附加部分的示意图；
图7示意性地示出了图1的气体清洁装置的多级冷凝器的实施方案；
图8示意性地示出了图7的多级冷凝器的另一个实施方案；
图9示出了容纳图1的气体清洁装置和非天然能量转换器的容器；
图10示意性地示出了设置有图1的气体清洁装置和非天然能量转换器的船；
图11示意性地示出了设置有图1的气体清洁装置和非天然能量转换器的道路运输交通工具；
图12示意性地示出了设置有多个如图1中示出的气体清洁装置和非天然能量转换器的驳船；以及
图13示意性地示出了用于离岸和岸上目的的图1的气体清洁装置和非天然能量转换器。
一种用于可持续产生能量的系统包括用于将自然力转换成有用能量的一个或更多个设备和一个或更多个内燃发动机或热力发动机。在图2中示出的实施方案中，用于将自然力转换成有用能量的设备包括太阳能转换器D、风力转换器或风力涡轮机E和波浪能转换器F。
内燃发动机10和/或热力发动机12可以形成非天然能量转换器20的一部分，非天然能量转换器20连接到气体清洁装置21(图1)。本发明人之一在现有技术文件GB 2532224A(下文的GB224)中详细描述了这种组合气体清洁装置20和非天然能量转换器21。
气体清洁装置21用于清洁废气流，例如存在于船(例如LNG油轮)24的罐中的大量燃料23上方的大量气体22。当燃料23通过排放管线25从船24泵送到岸上存储罐26时，气体22可以在气体清洁装置21的抽吸风扇1的影响下通过蒸汽管线27被抽出。
如在上文提及的文件GB224中更详细描述的，气体清洁装置21还包括露点冷转向单元(dew point cold steering unit)2和混合热交换单元3，混合热交换单元3可操作以冷却经由露点冷转向单元2供应的提取气体，以使得能够从提取气体中提取挥发性组分。首先，提取气体在混合热交换单元3中被冷却到低温，并且然后被再加热以作为清洁空气被排放到环境大气中，或者经由阀9重新注入到船的罐的气体区域中。气体清洁装置21还包括深冷器(chiller)4、冷却缓冲器5、冷凝VOC液体缓冲罐6、深度冷却缓冲器7和加热器8，它们的功能在GB224中详细描述。气体清洁装置21的所有部件可以布置在标准容器(图9)中，该标准容器可以被冷却和/或隔离。
连接到气体清洁装置21并由公共控制箱18控制的非天然能量转换器20包括内燃发动机10和热力发动机12，以及由内燃发动机10和/或热力发动机12驱动的电力发电机(electric generator)11。非天然能量转换器21还包括除雾器13、交流发电机14、惰性气体发生器(inert gas generator)15、惰性气体缓冲器16、用于(生物)LNG的燃料缓冲罐17和热空气缓冲罐19。非天然能量转换器20的所有部件也可以布置在标准容器(图9)中。
如图2中示出的，当太阳不发光、风太少和/或当波浪低时，非天然能量转换器20可以补充天然能量转换器D、E和F。所有能量转换器可以连接到公共网络，例如电网或热分配网络。通过挥发性有机化合物的冷凝得到的燃料可以暂时存储在缓冲罐28中，用于以后在非天然能量转换器20中使用。
燃料缓冲罐28包括在框架中的专门加内衬的容器29，该容器29还包括特别设计的伸缩喷嘴(telescopic nozzle)30，以防止在装载/卸载和运输期间形成蒸汽(图5)。
波浪能产生设备F包括布置在吃水线下方的缸31和活塞32，它们连接到水面上方的曲轴33。缸充当连通器(communicating vessels)，以通过由曲轴驱动的发电机38来产生电能。曲轴33还驱动泵34，泵34将冷水泵送到岸上热力发动机35。热力发动机35由在水的冷36和来自例如工业区或家庭(图6)的残留热37或来自非天然能量转换器20的热之间的温度差来驱动。
图2的系统可以进一步包括遥控自推进船舶(remote controlled self-propelled vessel)60，其可以携带多个气体清洁装置21，并且其可以由多个非天然能量转换器20供给能量。该船舶或驳船60可以用于在其他船或设施停留在港口期间为其他船或设施供给能量，并且可以用作浮动发电站。由于气体清洁装置21的存在，它还可以用作脱气站。
尽管没有详细示出，但是风能转换器E可以具有叶片58，该叶片58具有特殊形状，包括波纹状或正弦形后边缘59。
在图3中，示出了集成能量产生系统的另外的实施方案。来自工业区39的VOC 40用于在通过膜42之后形成VOC液体41。可替代地或附加地，VOC 40可以被冷凝，例如在如图1中示出的冷凝器3中被冷凝，从而形成另外的VOC液体41。该液体可以用作内燃发动机(例如图1的发动机10)中的燃料。附加地或可替代地，VOC可以通过催化43、光氧化44或电离45(例如通过热等离子体)来处理。
后一过程导致合成气体48的形成，合成气体48可以用作内燃发动机10中的燃料。可替代地或附加地，合成气体48可以用作燃料电池设施49中的燃料。液化VOC 41也可以用作用于燃料电池49的燃料。在催化或光氧化之后，处理的VOC也可以被供应给燃料电池49。
由内燃发动机10或燃料电池49产生的能量，特别是电能(由黑色圆圈中的字母E来标示)可以被提供给变电站46。来自发动机10和燃料电池49的热可以被供给到热缓冲器57，热缓冲器57也接收工业废热55。
图示的能量产生系统还包括(生物)LNG存储罐50，其连接到生物LNG发动机51、风力转换器52、太阳能转换器53和波浪能发电机54。所有这些电力发电机都连接到电网47，电网47最终也将系统连接到终端用户。波浪能发电机54还连接到冷却缓冲器56，冷却缓冲器56又连接到热力发动机，例如图1中示出的热力发动机12。热力发动机12还连接到热缓冲器57，并利用温度差来产生电能，电能被供应到终端用户或电网47。
并且最后，所示的系统包括一个或非天然能量转换器20。
所有这些资源，天然资源和非天然资源，都合作来确保以可持续的方式按需发电。
该系统还包括用于暂时存储所产生的能量用于以后使用的装置(未示出)。当使用天然能源时，能量存储也非常重要。这些能量存储装置可以是重力能量存储装置、气动能量存储装置、动能存储装置和化学能存储装置。
示例是可充电材料，像碳、石墨烯、锂、水、纳米片晶(nano-platelets)、铅酸、镍镉、钠、硅、氢，像大黄的有机材料。
能量存储系统中使用的另外的技术可以是：
固态电池，即具有固体电极和固体电解质两者的电池。
液流电池，其由溶解在包含在系统内的液体中的两种化学组分提供，并且最常见的是由膜分离开。该技术类似于燃料电池和电池——其中利用液体能源来生成电力并且能够在同一系统内再次充电。
电化学存储系统，其中能量存储在各种碳材料中，诸如石墨烯。
磁能存储系统，其将来自电网的电力存储在由超导导线构成的线圈的磁场中同时能量的损耗接近于零(可连接到磁冷却系统)。
飞轮存储系统，其使用电能输入来旋转飞轮，飞轮以动能的形式存储电能。
压缩空气能量存储系统，其将能量存储为压缩气体/空气的势能。
基于材料(或液体)中的温度变化和单元存储容量的热存储系统(可连接到热力发动机和其它温度差工作系统)。
泵水力发电存储系统，其通过在不同海拔的两个水库之间移动水来存储和产生能量(可连接到波浪系统和基于温度差的系统两者)。
具有高效光降解的太阳能/光存储系统包括光阳极、和反电极、以及电荷存储电极。
固体氧化物燃料能量存储系统，其将化学能转换为电能。
氢能存储系统，其通过电解将电力转化为氢。然后，氢可以存储起来，并最终重新通电。
图4示出了热力发动机的各种实施方案，热力发动机可以是斯特林发动机或基于类似原理工作的其它发动机。在这些实施方案的每一个中，都有活塞60、膨胀空间61和压缩空间62。“β”和“γ”实施方案还包括置换器63，而“α”实施方案具有两个活塞60。所有三个实施方案还包括热侧交换器64、冷侧交换器65和再生器66。
在图7中，示出了气体清洁装置21的多级冷凝器3的实施方案。该冷凝器包括三个热交换器67，其中由泵或风扇68运输的被VOC污染的进入气流与基本上不含VOC的排出气流进行热交换接触。冷凝器3还包括两个中间冷却器69和最终热交换器70，其中深度冷却的流体与气流进行热交换接触。在该实施方案中，所有冷却能量都示出为源自单个源73。尽管该图中未示出，但是冷凝VOC可以在连续阶段之间的各种点处被提取和收集。如图中标示的，气流在每个阶段之后可能具有的温度仅是示例。这些温度通过连接到处理单元72的传感器71来测量。
图8中示出了用于在图1的气体清洁装置中使用的多级冷凝器3的另外的示例。这里，每个热交换器67被示出为分别具有用于进入和排出气流的两个隔室74、75。每个隔室74、75具有入口76、78和出口77、79。在该实施方案中存在的三个冷却器中的每个冷却器68也具有两个隔室，一个隔室80用于进入气流，并且一个隔室81用于冷却流体。用于气流的隔室80具有气体入口82、气体出口83和冷凝物出口84。冷却流体隔室81具有连接到冷却单元87的入口85和出口86。
除了作为用于可持续产生能量的集成系统的一部分，气体清洁装置21和非天然能量转换器20可以与天然能量转换器分开地使用。
在图10中，示出了一个实施方案，其中船88设置有布置在其罐89上方的气体清洁装置21，以及设置有连接到气体清洁装置21的非天然能量转换器20，并且该非天然能量转换器20用于向船员舱90提供能量，并且可能向船的推进系统91提供额外的驱动。
图11示出了一个实施方案，其中气体清洁装置21和非天然能量转换器20的组合安装在卡车92上。该布置的目的是提供一种移动式脱气单元。由转换器20产生的能量可以供应到外部用户或者可以用于驱动卡车92。
在图12中，更详细地示出了图2的遥控自推进驳船60。这里，气体清洁装置21可以再次被运输到使用的地方，其中驳船60也可以由于多个非天然能量转换器20的存在而用作电源。能量也可以用于驳船的推进系统93。
并且最后，在图13中，示出了一个实施方案，其中气体清洁装置21可以在岸上使用(例如在工业厂房94或建筑场所95处使用)，或者离岸使用，用于对船24的罐脱气。类似地，能量转换器20可以在岸上或离岸使用。岸上使用可以用来“减少”电网的峰值负荷，即在高需求时提供额外的能量。
上文描述的系统和方法允许几乎连续地产生能量，即没有通常与天然资源相关联的波峰和波谷，同时由于使用废能来补充天然来源的能量，仍然保持减少的碳足迹。因此，产生的能量可以说是“绿色的”。此外，本发明的系统和方法提供了容易获得能量的途径，特别是在对能量有高需求的场所，像工业厂房或港口。同时，该系统和方法还提供了处理工业废物、特别是VOC的能力。
本发明不限于示出的实施方案，而是可以在所附权利要求的范围内以各种方式修改。

Claims (12)

1.用于可持续产生能量的系统，包括：
-用于将自然力转换成有用能量的至少一个设备，以及
-至少一个内燃发动机或热力发动机，
其特征在于，所述内燃发动机或热力发动机连接到用于燃料或热供应的气体清洁设备。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述气体清洁设备包括多级冷凝器布置。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的系统，其特征在于，所述至少一个自然力转换设备选自由以下组成的组：太阳能转换器、风力涡轮机、水力涡轮机、波浪能转换器、地源热泵和潮汐能转换器。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的系统，其特征在于，用于将来自工业或家庭的废热转换成有用能量的至少一个设备。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的系统，其特征在于，用于存储产生的能量的装置。
6.根据权利要求5所述的系统，其特征在于，所述能量存储装置选自由以下组成的组：重力能量存储装置、气动能量存储装置、动能存储装置和化学能存储装置。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的系统，其特征在于，所述能量存储装置包括用于由所述气体清洁设备回收的燃料的罐。
8.用于可持续产生能量的方法，包括以下步骤：
-通过转换自然力来产生第一量的有用能量；以及
-通过操作至少一个内燃发动机或热力发动机来产生第二量的能量，
其特征在于，所述内燃发动机或热力发动机由通过清洁废气而获得的燃料或热来驱动。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，所述燃料通过冷凝存在于废气中的挥发性有机化合物而形成。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的方法，其特征在于，通过转换太阳能、风力、水力、波浪能、地热和潮汐能中的至少一种来产生所述第一量的能量。
11.根据权利要求8-10中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，通过转化来自工业或家庭的废热来产生额外的量的能量。
12.根据权利要求8-11中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所产生的能量的至少一部分被暂时地存储用于在稍后时间使用。
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