CN110064224B - Traditional Chinese medicine extraction energy-saving system and traditional Chinese medicine extraction method thereof - Google Patents
Traditional Chinese medicine extraction energy-saving system and traditional Chinese medicine extraction method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN110064224B CN110064224B CN201910316750.2A CN201910316750A CN110064224B CN 110064224 B CN110064224 B CN 110064224B CN 201910316750 A CN201910316750 A CN 201910316750A CN 110064224 B CN110064224 B CN 110064224B
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine extraction, and particularly provides a traditional Chinese medicine extraction energy-saving system and a traditional Chinese medicine extraction method thereof, wherein the traditional Chinese medicine extraction energy-saving system comprises a heating system, a buffer tank and an extraction tank; two ends of the buffer tank are respectively connected with the heating system through first pipelines; two ends of the extraction tank are respectively connected with two ends of the buffer tank in parallel through a second pipeline, and a first reversing valve and a second reversing valve are arranged at the corresponding connection position of the second pipeline and the first pipeline; a circulating pump is arranged on the first pipeline between the first reversing valve or the second reversing valve and the heating system; the buffer tank is connected with the extraction tank through a third pipeline, and a first stop valve is arranged on the third pipeline; the invention realizes direct contact heat exchange of the medicament, thereby quickly meeting the requirement of the traditional Chinese medicine medicament on the extraction temperature and greatly improving the energy utilization rate and the traditional Chinese medicine extraction efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine extraction, in particular to an energy-saving system for traditional Chinese medicine extraction and a traditional Chinese medicine extraction method thereof.
Background
At present, the traditional Chinese medicine extraction is an important production unit for producing a traditional Chinese medicine preparation by taking an extract as a main processing raw material, and the reasonability and the advancement of an extraction process and equipment directly relate to the yield and the quality of a medicine and also relate to the energy consumption and the cost of a product.
The extraction of Chinese medicine is divided into water extraction, alcohol extraction and the like, the extraction tank is the most important part in the extraction process of Chinese medicine, and the principle is that the Chinese medicine is soaked in water and the effective components are extracted after a certain time. In the prior art, most of extraction tanks use steam as a heat source, and steam heats medicaments to release latent heat to form condensed water which is discharged, so that a large amount of steam is needed in the process of boiling and extracting traditional Chinese medicines, and the energy consumption is huge.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
The invention aims to solve the problem of huge energy consumption in the traditional Chinese medicine extraction with steam as a heat source in the current extraction tank, and provides an energy-saving system for extracting the traditional Chinese medicine and a traditional Chinese medicine extraction method thereof, so as to greatly improve the energy utilization rate and the extraction efficiency.
(II) technical scheme
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a traditional Chinese medicine extraction energy-saving system, which comprises a heating system, a buffer tank and an extraction tank, wherein the heating system is arranged on the heating system;
two ends of the buffer tank are respectively connected with the heating system through first pipelines;
two ends of the extraction tank are respectively connected with two ends of the buffer tank in parallel through a second pipeline, and a first reversing valve and a second reversing valve are arranged at the corresponding connection position of the second pipeline and the first pipeline;
a circulating pump is arranged on the first pipeline between the first reversing valve or the second reversing valve and the heating system;
the buffer tank is connected with the extraction tank through a third pipeline, and a first stop valve is arranged on the third pipeline.
Preferably, the heating system comprises a compressor, a condenser, a throttle valve and an evaporator which are sequentially connected through pipelines to form a closed loop, wherein two ends of the buffer tank are respectively connected with two ends of the condenser through the first pipeline.
Preferably, the extraction tank is provided with a tank body, the tank body is provided with a medicine feeding port, a liquid inlet, a liquid outlet and a slag discharging port, the liquid outlet is provided with a bypass branch pipe, and the bypass branch pipe is provided with a second stop valve.
Preferably, at least one group of spray headers is arranged at the top of the inner side of the tank body, the spray headers are connected with the liquid inlet, and the diameter of the spray ports on the spray headers is 3-5 mm.
Preferably, the extraction tank is also provided with a vacuum pump, and the vacuum pump is communicated with the tank body through an air pipe.
The invention also provides a traditional Chinese medicine extraction method of the traditional Chinese medicine extraction energy-saving system, which comprises the following steps:
adding the solvent into a buffer tank;
heating the solvent, closing the first stop valve, switching the first reversing valve and the second reversing valve at the same time, and heating the solvent in the buffer tank by the heating system until the solvent reaches the traditional Chinese medicine extraction temperature;
preparing a medicament, opening a first stop valve to enable the solvent in the buffer tank to enter the extraction tank, and adding the traditional Chinese medicine into the extraction tank;
heating the medicament, closing the first stop valve, switching the first reversing valve and the second reversing valve again, and heating the medicament in the extraction tank by the heating system;
changing the medicine and discharging the medicine, switching the first reversing valve and the second reversing valve again when the medicine reaches the set concentration, heating the solvent in the buffer tank, and simultaneously discharging the medicine and medicine dregs in the extraction tank;
the next cycle of heating and extraction is started according to the above steps.
Preferably, in the step of heating the medicament, the medicament in the volume capacity of 1/4-1/5 in the extraction tank is circularly heated, and the rest of the medicament in the extraction tank is directly contacted and exchanged with the circularly heated medicament in the extraction tank.
Preferably, in the step of heating the solvent and the step of changing the medicine and discharging the medicine, the operating frequency of a compressor in the heating system is 30-50 Hz; in the step of heating the medicine, the operation frequency of the compressor is controlled according to the temperature of the medicine in the extraction tank, when the temperature of the medicine is lower than the extraction temperature by 5 ℃, the operation frequency of the compressor is 30-50Hz, and when the temperature of the medicine is higher than the extraction temperature by 5 ℃, the operation frequency of the compressor is 5-30 Hz.
(III) advantageous effects
The technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the traditional Chinese medicine extraction energy-saving system provided by the invention fully utilizes low-grade air energy in the environment, converts the air energy into heat energy stored in the condenser, and respectively supplies heat to the solvent or the medicament, so that the direct contact heat exchange of the medicament is realized, the requirement of the traditional Chinese medicine medicament on the extraction temperature is quickly met, and the energy utilization rate and the traditional Chinese medicine extraction efficiency are greatly improved; meanwhile, the system realizes that a set of heating system respectively supplies heat to the solvent in the buffer tank and the medicament in the extraction tank alternately, and in the process, the compressor, the circulating pump and related equipment are always in the running state, thereby effectively avoiding the damage of the equipment caused by frequent starting.
The invention also provides a traditional Chinese medicine extraction method of the traditional Chinese medicine extraction energy-saving system, in the traditional Chinese medicine extraction method, the process operations of heating a solvent, preparing a medicament, heating the medicament, changing the medicament, discharging the medicament and the like can be sequentially completed by controlling the on-off states of the first stop valve, the first reversing valve and the second reversing valve, and the direct contact heat exchange between the circularly heated medicament and the rest of the medicaments in the extraction tank is realized when the medicament is heated, so that the heat exchange efficiency and the extraction efficiency of the traditional Chinese medicine are greatly improved; meanwhile, in the step of heating the medicament, the compressor is regulated and controlled to operate at different frequency sections in real time according to the temperature of the medicament, so that the energy consumption of the compressor is greatly reduced, and the energy utilization rate of the whole system is improved; in addition, the extraction method of the traditional Chinese medicine can be applied to the processes of boiling, water extraction, alcohol extraction and the like of the traditional Chinese medicine.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and those skilled in the art can also obtain other drawings according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of an energy-saving system for extracting traditional Chinese medicines according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of each inlet and outlet configured on the extraction tank in embodiment 2 of the present invention.
In the figure: 1-buffer tank, 2-circulating pump, 3-filter, 4-condenser, 5-draw jar, 6-third pipeline, 7-first stop valve, 8-first switching-over valve, 9-second switching-over valve, 10-compressor, 11-evaporimeter, 12-choke valve, 13-dosing mouth, 14-inlet, 15-outlet, 16-row cinder notch, 17-bypass branch pipe, 18-second stop valve, 19-shower head, 20-vacuum pump, 21-first pipeline, 22-second pipeline, 23-trachea.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 1, the embodiment provides an energy-saving system for extracting traditional Chinese medicine, which includes a heating system, a buffer tank 1 and an extraction tank 5;
two ends of the buffer tank 1 are respectively connected with a heating system through a first pipeline 21;
the two ends of the extracting tank 5 are respectively connected with the two ends of the buffer tank in parallel through a second pipeline 22, and a first reversing valve 8 and a second reversing valve 9 are arranged at the corresponding connection position of the second pipeline 22 and the first pipeline 21, wherein two switching direction channels of the first reversing valve 8 are respectively represented by a channel A1-B1 and a channel A1-C1, and two switching direction channels of the second reversing valve 9 are respectively represented by a channel A2-B2 and a channel A2-C2;
a circulating pump 2 and a filter 3 are arranged on the first pipeline 21 between the first reversing valve or the second reversing valve and the heating system, the buffer tank 1, the circulating pump 2, the filter 3 and the heating system form a buffer system for heating the solvent, the extraction tank 5, the circulating pump 2, the filter 3 and the heating system form a heating extraction system for heating the medicament to be extracted, and water is used as the solvent for extracting the traditional Chinese medicines in the embodiment; the buffer tank 1 is connected with the extraction tank 5 through a third pipeline 6, and the third pipeline 6 is provided with a first stop valve 7.
Further, the filter 3 in this embodiment is used for filtering solid impurities present in the solvent or the drug flowing circularly.
Further, in this embodiment, the heating system includes a compressor 10, a condenser 4, a throttle valve 12 and an evaporator 11 which are sequentially connected to form a closed loop system through pipelines, wherein two ends of the buffer tank 1 are respectively connected to two ends of the condenser 4 through the first pipeline 21.
As is known, the condenser 4 includes a casing and a heat exchange tube located in the casing, working medium (refrigerant) flows in the heat exchange tube in a circulating manner, and an interlayer space between the casing and the heat exchange tube is used as a heat exchange channel for another fluid (solvent or medicament), wherein when the buffer system is started to operate, the fluid flowing through the heat exchange channel is the solvent, and when the heating extraction system is started to operate, the fluid flowing through the heat exchange channel is the medicament.
When the heating system works circularly, working medium (refrigerant) absorbs low-grade air energy of the external environment in the evaporator 11, the temperature and enthalpy of the working medium are improved through the compressor 10, then the working medium flows through the heat exchange tubes in the condenser 4, latent heat is released in the condenser, and solvent or medicament in the heat exchange channels absorbs latent heat released by the heat exchange tubes through heat exchange; the working medium after releasing latent heat is cooled and depressurized through the throttle valve 12 and then enters the evaporator 11 again, and the evaporator 11 absorbs low-grade air energy in the environment, so that a cycle is completed.
Therefore, the heating system of the embodiment makes full use of the low-grade air energy of the external environment, and realizes the purpose of converting the air energy into the heat energy for supplying heat to the solvent or the medicament in the traditional Chinese medicine extraction process.
The working process of the traditional Chinese medicine extraction energy-saving system is as follows:
when the traditional Chinese medicine extraction process is started, firstly, a normal-temperature solvent is added into the tank body through the liquid inlet on the buffer tank 1, and the buffer system is started to heat the solvent, and the specific operation is as follows:
switching the first reversing valve 8 and the second reversing valve 9 to enable the channel A1-B1 of the first reversing valve 8 and the channel A2-B2 of the second reversing valve 9 to be conducted, closing the channel A1-C1 of the first reversing valve 8 and the channel A2-C2 of the second reversing valve 9, and ensuring that the first stop valve 7 is in a closed state, wherein the normal-temperature solvent enters the buffer tank 1, passes through the channel A2-B2 of the second reversing valve 9, enters the heat exchange channel in the condenser through the circulating pump 2 and the filter 3, absorbs the latent heat of the working medium in the condenser to increase the temperature, and returns to the buffer tank 1 through the channel A1-B1 of the first reversing valve 8, so as to circularly heat the solvent until the latent heat of the solvent in the buffer tank 1 reaches the preset temperature for traditional Chinese medicine extraction.
Then, closing the liquid inlet on the buffer tank 1, and opening the first stop valve 7 to make the solvent reaching the preset temperature in the buffer tank 1 enter the extraction tank 5;
next, the first cut-off valve 7 is closed, and the first direction valve 8 and the second direction valve 9 are switched so that the a1-C1 channel of the first direction valve 8 and the a2-C2 channel of the second direction valve 9 are both turned on; adding Chinese medicinal materials into the extraction tank 5 through the inlet of the extraction tank 5, and soaking the Chinese medicinal materials in the solvent of the extraction tank 5 to obtain the final product.
At this time, the heating extraction system is started to operate to heat the medicament, the medicament passes through the channel A2-C2 of the second reversing valve 9, enters the heat exchange channel of the condenser through the circulating pump 2 and the filter 3, absorbs latent heat of the working medium in the heat exchange channel to increase the temperature, and then returns to the extraction tank 5 through the channel A1-C1 of the first reversing valve 8.
In the normal operation stage, only the medicament needs to be maintained at the extraction temperature, so that the compressor 10 can be kept to operate at a low frequency at the moment, when the medicament temperature is lower than the extraction temperature by 5 ℃, the operation frequency of the compressor 10 is set to be 30-50Hz, the operation frequency of 50Hz is usually selected in the actual operation, and when the medicament temperature is higher than the extraction temperature by 5 ℃, the compressor 10 is set to operate in the frequency range of 5-30Hz, and 10Hz can be specifically selected, so that the operation power consumption of the compressor is reduced.
When the medicine reaches the set concentration, the first and second direction change valves 8 and 9 are switched again so that the a1-B1 channels of the first direction change valve 8 and the a2-B2 channels of the second direction change valve 9 are both turned on. The solvent in the buffer tank 1 is heated through the same passage as the initial start-up stage, so that the operation frequency of the compressor 10 can be increased, the solvent in the buffer tank 1 is heated to the extraction temperature in a short time, and the filter 3 can be cleaned in the solvent circulation process. In this process, the medicament is discharged from the extraction tank 5 and the medicinal residue is discharged. At the same time, new Chinese medicine is added into the extraction tank 1 to start the next cycle of heating and extraction.
Example 2
An energy-saving system for extracting traditional Chinese medicine is an improvement on the basis of embodiment 1, and the improvement is as follows: referring to fig. 2, the extraction tank 5 has a tank body, a medicine feeding port 13, a liquid inlet 14, a liquid outlet 15 and a slag discharging port 16 are arranged on the tank body, a bypass branch pipe 17 is arranged at the liquid outlet 15, a second stop valve 18 is arranged on the bypass branch pipe 17, and the second stop valve 18 is used for controlling the discharge of the extracted medicine; at least one group of spray heads 19 are arranged at the top of the inner side of the tank body, the spray heads 19 are connected with the liquid inlet 14, wherein 2-3 groups of spray heads 19 can be specifically arranged, and the spray heads 19 are arranged for ensuring that the circularly heated medicament is in full contact heat exchange with the residual medicament in the extraction tank 5, so that the extraction efficiency of the traditional Chinese medicine is improved.
Further, the diameter of the spray opening on the spray header 19 in this embodiment is 3-5 mm.
Example 3
An energy-saving system for extracting traditional Chinese medicine is an improvement on the basis of embodiment 2, and the improvement is as follows: referring to fig. 2, the extraction tank 5 is further provided with a vacuum pump 20, the vacuum pump 20 is communicated with the tank body of the extraction tank 5 through an air pipe 23, wherein the vacuum pump 20 is arranged to maintain the extraction tank 5 at a negative pressure, which increases the driving force for the effective components in the traditional Chinese medicine to permeate into the medicine, and makes the medicine in a boiling state at a lower extraction temperature, thereby further improving the extraction efficiency of the traditional Chinese medicine, and effectively avoiding the damage of the effective components in the medicine due to high-temperature extraction.
Example 4
The present embodiment is based on the system structure described in embodiments 1 to 3, and specifically relates to a method for extracting a traditional Chinese medicine of an energy saving system for extracting a traditional Chinese medicine, which includes the following steps:
adding a solvent into the buffer tank 1;
heating the solvent, closing the first stop valve 7, and simultaneously switching the first reversing valve 8 and the second reversing valve 9 to start the buffer system to operate, and heating the solvent in the buffer tank 1 until the solvent reaches the preset temperature for extracting the traditional Chinese medicine;
preparing a medicament, opening a first stop valve 7 to enable the solvent in the buffer tank 1 to enter the extraction tank 5, and adding the traditional Chinese medicine into the extraction tank 5;
heating the medicament, closing the first stop valve 7, switching the first reversing valve 8 and the second reversing valve 9 again, and starting the heating and extracting system to heat the medicament in the extracting tank 5;
changing the medicine and discharging the medicine, and switching the first reversing valve 8 and the second reversing valve 9 again when the medicine reaches the set concentration so as to start the buffer system to operate, so that the residual medicine in the circulating pipeline of the buffer system and the filter 3 arranged on the pipeline are cleaned, and the medicine dregs in the extraction tank 5 are discharged;
adding new Chinese medicinal materials into the extraction tank 5, and heating and extracting according to the above steps.
Further, in the step of heating the medicine, the medicine in the volume capacity of 1/4-1/5 in the extraction tank 5 is circularly heated by the heating extraction system, and the rest of the medicine in the extraction tank 5 is directly contacted with the medicine circularly heated by the heating extraction system in the extraction tank 5 for heat exchange.
Further, in the step of heating the solvent and the step of changing the medicine and discharging the medicine in the embodiment, the operating frequency of the compressor 10 in the heating system is 30-50Hz, wherein the operating frequency of 50Hz is usually selected during actual operation; in the step of heating the medicament, the operation frequency of the compressor 10 is controlled according to the temperature of the medicament in the extraction tank 5, when the temperature of the medicament is lower than the extraction temperature by 5 ℃, the operation frequency of the compressor is 30-50Hz, wherein the operation frequency of 50Hz is generally selected in the actual operation, and when the temperature of the medicament is higher than the extraction temperature by 5 ℃, the compressor is operated in the frequency interval of 5-30Hz, wherein the actual operation frequency of the compressor is 10 Hz.
The above-described embodiments of the apparatus are merely illustrative, and the units described as separate parts may or may not be physically separate, and parts displayed as units may or may not be physical units, may be located in one place, or may be distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the modules may be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of the present embodiment. One of ordinary skill in the art can understand and implement it without inventive effort.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. An energy-saving system for extracting traditional Chinese medicine is characterized by comprising a heating system, a buffer tank and an extracting tank;
two ends of the buffer tank are respectively connected with the heating system through first pipelines;
two ends of the extraction tank are respectively connected with two ends of the buffer tank in parallel through a second pipeline, and a first reversing valve and a second reversing valve are arranged at the corresponding connection position of the second pipeline and the first pipeline;
a circulating pump is arranged on the first pipeline between the first reversing valve or the second reversing valve and the heating system;
the buffer tank is connected with the extraction tank through a third pipeline, and a first stop valve is arranged on the third pipeline.
2. The energy-saving system for extracting traditional Chinese medicine according to claim 1, wherein the heating system comprises a compressor, a condenser, a throttle valve and an evaporator which are sequentially connected through pipelines to form a closed loop, wherein two ends of the buffer tank are respectively connected with two ends of the condenser through the first pipeline.
3. The energy-saving system for extracting traditional Chinese medicine according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the extracting tank is provided with a tank body, the tank body is provided with a medicine feeding port, a liquid inlet, a liquid outlet and a slag discharging port, the liquid inlet is connected with the second pipeline, the liquid outlet is provided with a bypass branch pipe, and the bypass branch pipe is provided with a second stop valve.
4. The energy-saving system for extracting traditional Chinese medicine according to claim 3, wherein at least one group of spray headers are arranged at the top of the inner side of the tank body, and the spray headers are connected with the liquid inlet.
5. The energy-saving system for extracting traditional Chinese medicine according to claim 3, wherein the extracting tank is further provided with a vacuum pump, and the vacuum pump is connected with the tank body through an air pipe.
6. A traditional Chinese medicine extraction method using the traditional Chinese medicine extraction energy-saving system of any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by comprising the following steps:
adding the solvent into a buffer tank;
heating the solvent, closing the first stop valve, switching the first reversing valve and the second reversing valve at the same time, and heating the solvent in the buffer tank by the heating system until the solvent reaches the preset temperature for extracting the traditional Chinese medicine;
preparing a medicament, opening a first stop valve to enable the solvent in the buffer tank to enter the extraction tank, and adding the traditional Chinese medicine into the extraction tank;
heating the medicament, closing the first stop valve, switching the first reversing valve and the second reversing valve again, and heating the medicament in the extraction tank by the heating system;
changing the medicine and discharging the medicine, switching the first reversing valve and the second reversing valve again when the medicine reaches the set concentration, heating the solvent in the buffer tank, and simultaneously discharging the medicine and medicine dregs in the extraction tank;
the next cycle of heating and extraction is started according to the above steps.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein during the step of heating the pharmaceutical agent, the pharmaceutical agent is cyclically heated from 1/4 to 1/5 volumetric capacities of the pharmaceutical agent in the extraction tank, and the remainder of the pharmaceutical agent in the extraction tank is in direct contact heat exchange relationship with the cyclically heated pharmaceutical agent in the extraction tank.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein in the steps of heating the solvent and changing the drug and discharging the drug, the compressor in the heating system is operated at 30-50 Hz; in the step of heating the medicine, the operation frequency of the compressor is controlled according to the temperature of the medicine in the extraction tank, when the temperature of the medicine is lower than the extraction temperature by 5 ℃, the operation frequency of the compressor is 30-50Hz, and when the temperature of the medicine is higher than the extraction temperature by 5 ℃, the operation frequency of the compressor is 5-30 Hz.
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| CN2776511Y (en) * | 2004-12-27 | 2006-05-03 | 济南倍力粉技术工程有限公司 | Powder extracting and separating machine |
| CN103054923B (en) * | 2013-01-04 | 2015-03-11 | 霸王（广州）有限公司 | Method and device for carrying out dynamic and continuous circulating extraction on total triterpenoid saponin in yerbadetajo herb medicinal material |
| CN203342432U (en) * | 2013-06-20 | 2013-12-18 | 山东沂蒙山花生油股份有限公司 | Hot reflux alcohol extraction device |
| CN206793097U (en) * | 2016-11-29 | 2017-12-26 | 高坚珂 | A kind of food medicinal material biology extraction device based on the loose mechanism of breathing |
| CN108018118B (en) * | 2018-01-08 | 2023-12-12 | 蒋悦茜 | Device for extracting oleoresin from capsicum particles and application method thereof |
| CN108635910B (en) * | 2018-07-18 | 2024-02-06 | 河北鑫民和医药科技开发有限责任公司 | Automatic change concentrated integrated equipment of traditional chinese medicine extraction |
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