CN1100395A - Design optimized compositions and processes for microstructurally engineering cementitious mixtures - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a design optimization method, which is used for determining a mixture ratio to produce a cement compound with required strength and slump constant but the lowest cost. The cement compound is mixed by sand, cement, coarse-grained material, water, coal ash, water decreasing agent, air entraining agent, and stuffing in a certain ratio. The design optimization method comprises a combination of a plurality of models. The models can precisely reflect the nature of the mixture according to the character of each component of the cement compound. The method also can optimize the durability of the cement compound and accurately calculate the prospective yield of the mixture.

Description

Design optimized compositions and processes for microstructurally engineering cementitious mixtures

The present invention relates to hydraulic cement compositions, the product of making by this composition, and the method for this hydraulic cement compositions of processing treatment and product.In particular, the present invention relates to method,, reduce manufacturing cost as far as possible, and optimize the serviceability of cement material and the system and method for design performance from microstructure angle design and the various materials of use by Materials science.The invention still further relates in specific manufacture method, can make machined parameters do suitably to change corresponding to raw-material variation, thereby can produce the system and method for the use properties product consistent with reappearing with design performance.

The water cement material before about 2,000 years by the Roman at first as the binding agent in building mortar (promptly now typical cement, the mixture of water and sand) and the concrete (promptly present typically cement, water, and the mixture of sand and/or stone and so on pellet).This knowledge about the water cement material was lost afterwards, and was rediscovered in Britain by J.Aspin in 1829.Since 1829, concrete has had widely to be used, because it is relatively more cheap and can easily use under the condition of broad range.Importantly, make only need training and specific equipment seldom of common concrete product, thereby concrete versatility has improved more.Beyond the main raw as building structure over more than 100 years, concrete also is used for the foundation structure of each important component part of modern society, as pipeline, and walkway, edge, street, bridge, highway, support, ground, and dykes and dams.

Be that the material of matrix is mixed into grout with cement and water and forms with the water cement.The ratio of water and cement is about the scope of 0.1-1 in the typical grout.Fluid mixture at this specification sheets and terminology in claims " grout " a kind of water of expression and cement.In general, in grout, hydration reaction has just begun later on adding entry, but does not finish.When water joined in the water cement, synthetic clinker mineral matter in the cement and water generation chemical reaction formed " CSH " gel or the new title complex phase structure of calcium silicate hydrate of a kind of being called.The result of this reaction is that the mixture of water and cement solidifies, and solidifies and pellet bonded together form mortar or concrete.

One of most important purposes of hydraulic cement compositions is to be used in the concrete.At this specification sheets and terminology in claims " concrete " is a kind of inorganic composite materials of general reference, and it comprises grout as main binding agent, and forms its various character under " being bordering on " envrionment conditions.(concrete is that with the difference of inorganic ceramic material it is not to be heated to hundreds of degree to combine by sintering process, but a kind of hydration agglutinating material).Concrete is a kind of hard, strong material of construction, is water-cement admixture and one or more pellets (comprising sand, gravel, other geological materials, metal and/or metal alloy) are mixed and to constitute.

For Modern High-Tech's cement (for example in Ying-Fa tunnel or the Great Belt Link Connection of Denmark used), in concrete mix, can contain the nearly different components of 12-15 kind.These components for example can comprise three kinds of sand, three kinds of Coarse Aggregates, and a kind of specially designed cement, coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide, two kinds of softening agent/waters subtract the depressant prescription admixture, air, accelerator, retarding agent and water.Outside all these components, other variable that influences products obtained therefrom character also has the processing treatment technology and equipment.

In general, most important two design criteria of cement material be the rheology flowability of (a) fresh concrete and (b) course of hardening begin the back ultimate compression strength that recorded in 28 days.Measuring the typical method of concrete flowability, is with taper barrel shell that 30cm is high of fresh concrete cast.Remove barrel shell then, stay the fresh concrete that becomes taper, putting independently.The vertical range that concrete is subside or collapsed is just corresponding to concrete flowability.Concrete ultimate compression strength then typically loads breaking-up by the concrete column that solidified 28 days and determines.Intensity is with psi(pound/square inch) or the MPa(MPa) be unit.

Other design criteria such as perviousness, the muriate diffusibleness (has material impact to reinforcement corrosion, thereby the weather resistance of entire structure there is material impact), thermal spalling, dry shrinkage, plastic shrinkage, anti-vitriol performance, the reaction of alkali and silicon-dioxide, and the number of microdefect etc., all concrete intensity and weather resistance are had a direct impact.In the above-listed criterion, having many is functions of concrete pore degree.Microdefect is normally caused by bleeding and segregation phenomenon, and these phenomenons interrelate with poorly designed concrete.(" bleeding " is meant that water is moved and moves to concrete surface and concentrate from the teeth outwards or the phenomenon under the Coarse Aggregate." segregation " is that concrete does not have interior polymeric power, thereby the phenomenon separated of mortar and Coarse Aggregate).

Make concrete ubiquitous more same characteristics (be that cost is low, easy to use, the starting material source is broad) on using, make concrete fully do not studied yet, its potentiality are not fully developed and are explored.Up to now, leaving excessive safe clearance when the design mixture understands the mutual relationship of variant component and acts on much simple than attempting.Therefore, with cement be the engineering properties of the material of matrix also be have circumscribed.

Accumulated the experience of many decades, concrete production technology develops into one by guilding principle according to the experience result of various cement admixtures, the system that rule and criterion are formed.These guilding principles attempt to improve the concrete consistence with required quality.In the U.S., generally accepted standard is some experimental formulas in the concrete design, they are to be set up by American Concrete Institute (" ACI ") 211 councils, and in ACI211.1-81 ", the suggestion of extra heavy and method mass concrete ratio normal about selecting ", propose.Other country then adopts slightly different standard, and the formula of gained is similar substantially, and same shortcoming is also arranged.

These experience standards are provided in the concrete mix to the concrete producer of " ready-made batch mixing factory ", " Pre-coagulation factory " or " construction site ", for the serviceability (mainly being flow characteristics and strength characteristics) that obtains to be scheduled to, the cement that should use, sand (a certain particular types), the recommendation consumption of Coarse Aggregate (a certain particular types) and water.Regrettably, because material, the complicacy of environment and applicable cases and polytropy, cement-based material also is to correct mistakes with test to be the locality industry on basis so far all the time, rather than is based upon on the science and technology basis.

According to the typical method of ACI211 standard design concrete mix, be at first to select a kind of batching design with recommendation of the desired theoretical slump and intensity.Mix then and mixed concrete, measure its actual slump.Because the effect of the variablees such as size, shape, type and scope of sand, Coarse Aggregate and cement, and the influence of mixing process and environment, the slump of reality are often and do not correspond to the theoretical slump.Therefore, just prepare burden as a supplement, until the batching that obtains having the slump that requires with the water of different quantities.

Subsequently the concrete of gained is poured in the barrel shell and solidified 28 days.Then the gained concrete column is loaded, measure its actual ultimate compression strength.If actual strength does not correspond to desired intensity, then, repeat said process with a kind of recommendation batching design with lower or higher theoretical strength according to the actual strength of last mixture.See that easily such process may be very time-consuming and cost is very high often.

The method of this prior art has some shortcomings.The most noticeable, be the polytropy that this method is not considered each component, thereby must make various test mixtures to guarantee to obtain the required slump and intensity.Test mixture can cause quite long delay, because needed at least to solidify 28 days.And, because will prepare and test mixture, and the delay that causes because of test, expense is also very considerable.Moreover, even certain mixture that obtains satisfies the slump and requirement of strength, can not guarantee that it is the minimum mixture of cost.The test that replenishes may show, by changing sand, and the size of Coarse Aggregate and cement, scope and ratio, it is lower and have identical even more approach the mixture of desired slump and strength characteristics to obtain a kind of cost.At last, for one group of given material, in case obtained a kind of acceptable batching design, because starting material inherent difference, the consistence of keeping performance (being the slump and intensity) also is very difficult (if not impossible words).

Another kind of method of design is by adding and changing different component (comprising admixture), to prepare multiple concrete mix at the beginning.Above-mentioned admixture can comprise coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide, and water subtracts depressant prescription, volcanic ash, filler and air, they can influence the concrete slump and intensity.These mixtures are to choose from the various mixtures that a certain recommendation batching around the theoretical slump with requirement and intensity designs.But, the concrete mix with 13 kinds of components is changed 10 kinds of different experiments levels, its combination sum can reach 10 ¹³Fei Li task really.

The someone has write out some computer programs (for example, Dallas, the Shieldstone ﹠amp of Texas; Associate Inc. is write), these program pins attempt to gather and compile out the huge database about the batching design to these challenges, so that determine a kind of optimum proportion design when given a certain group of raw material.In short, the Shieldstone system attempts to make the particle size dispersion of known concrete batching and available raw material to be complementary, thereby designs the batching with similar performance.But because the type of the each component of the design that can be used in given place preparing burden almost is unlimited many, so these programs do not obtain much successes, are seldom used by the people yet.

For example, though general no more than three kinds of used Coarse Aggregate in the mixture, the actual size of various types of Coarse Aggregates and surface tissue (they itself all can influence concrete performance) all can have almost unlimited multiple variation.Therefore, have the people that certain organizes available raw material for one, be difficult to make it and the experience result of the mixture that makes according to different material to be complementary.When the number of available component increases, problem will be more complicated.In addition,, do not improve new mixture, can not guarantee that new blend is preferably or most economical with the experience result of last mixture basis as new blend.

Therefore, want to use conventionally test and experience form in the past, come type and ratio in sure ground and the accurately definite a kind of many mixture, to obtain making every batch of concrete of being produced all have intensity and the slump and the minimum batching design of cost of requirement.Basically be impossible (if not complete unpractical words).Even obtained a kind of mixture, also also has the problem of weather resistance with intensity and slump of requirement.If add enough water and cement, almost any pellet combination all can obtain the desired intensity and the slump.But along with the increase of water add-on, the weather resistance of resulting concrete structure lowers.Therefore, use aforesaid method can not guarantee that the mixture of selecting is the most competent.

Also existing people attempts to set up model for some characteristic and the performance of concrete mix.For example, Bolomey equation and Feret equation are just attempted 28 days intensity of difference simulation concrete and mortar.Similarly, the Larrard equation is attempted the influence of particles filled situation to the mixture intensity that contains cement, coal ash and atomization silicon dioxide associated, and the Popovic formula is then attempted the slump of the water-content in a kind of mixture and this mixture or processing characteristics are associated.

Owing to some reasons, these equations are not widely accepted and use in the concrete industry.At first, and be most important, do not set up mutual relationship between these equations.Therefore, though these equations may be useful when estimating a certain special properties, they can accurately be optimized in design independently and not have much good aspect the mixture of all properties.Secondly, experimental studies have found that, exist between notional result that obtains by above-mentioned each equation and the actual experimental value that obtains and depart from.At last, these equations just design are used to contain the standard mixture of sand, cement and Coarse Aggregate, do not consider the air gap in the mixture or add the influence of modern admixtures such as filler, coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide and other volcanic ash.

In ready-made batch mixing factory, often do not possess the price apparatus of test mixing thing before use, thereby each problem relevant with concrete mix just mixes.Newly mix " scleroma " concrete (reaches 10 hours) in the long period sometimes after puddling before cast flowability and mobile forfeiture owing to be difficult to control, most of concrete is to produce in the ready-made batch mixing factory near the building site relatively.So in the actual operator of these factorys, for " outward appearance and the feel " of appraisal concrete material, than designing concrete by scientific approach, suffered training is more more.

Way in the ready-made batch mixing of the overwhelming majority factory is to adopt fixed ratio (the being fixed design batching) combination of materials that these are variable in computer-controlled system, to obtain a kind of curing concrete with predetermined properties.But when production performance unanimity and predictable concrete, one of main historic difficulty is that used composition material became with day, even becomes, becomes with the place with criticizing.The result can obtain the inconsistent concrete material of performance, and the standard deviation of material property is very high.

Therefore, the concrete industry can only rely on overproof design so far, compensates the incapability to the control conformity of production.A kind of standard concrete mixture can provide its Design Theory intensity according to each minimum 28 days intensity testing cylinder.Actual strength and Design Theory intensity can be according to the standard deviations between underproof cylinder number and the test result, and change significantly.On the contrary, the concrete performance of production is consistent more, and the overproof degree of concrete design is just more little.

Overproof design and inferior initial designs combine, and concerning producer and entire society, its cost is all bigger than what seem at first.After having determined a certain batch of concrete standard and working standard, the producer can not only prepare the product that satisfies each criterion on average simply.The producer must design a kind of like this product, supposes that all material all is in an end the poorest in its variable range simultaneously, and it still can satisfy minimum standard.

For example, the quality and the rank of getable cement, may be the poorest at A() best to B() scope in change.Equally, the quality of every type of pellet and rank can change in C to D scope.And the quality of sand can change in E to F scope.Even the quality of water and other admixture also will change in given scope; But in general, its importance will be not as the variation of cement, sand and Coarse Aggregate.

The cement that any is given, the variation range of sand or pellet can be very big, because will obtain quality and the narrow starting material of consistent size scope are comparison costlinesses.It is found that, overproof significantly when the design concrete material, than more economical from quality controlled system, guaranteed, consistent starting material.

Therefore, when fabrication of concrete, the producer must suppose that the quality of sand is " A " level (the worst) at arbitrary given time, and the quality of pellet is " C " level (the worst), and the quality of cement is " E " level (the worst).Can obviously find out immediately, actual material type and the quantity of using, inevitable with differ widely for the result who obtains to wish required material type and quantity.

The result is that possible to make a kind of cost higher, and the product of high thousands of psi that compressive strength rate requires.But at arbitrary given time, the product that is produced can only close requirement to being above standard between 50%.In the market of high competition, best result obtains low (if not non-existent words) rate of profit, and the worst result lures that people go " taking a shortcut " into, makes product inferior, that a little dates of mistake will damage.

Overproof design way also is reflected on the ratio of various components.In other words, predetermined batching generally all has excessive sand in mixture, and obtaining with assurance can bleeding or the isolating mixture that cohesiveness is arranged.But, add excessive sand, it is bigger to obtain porosity, the mixture that weather resistance is relatively poor.Generally also comprise the cement (thereby improved price) many in the mixture, have sufficient intensity to guarantee product than requirement.

In addition, even the operator of ready-made batch mixing factory is overproof significantly when its product of design, the operator can't affirm forever that also this kind material can satisfy desired standard of performance.This is not only the polytropy because of material, and is because the operator has used the batching design (or prescription) of standard to go to obtain one group of given performance perameter.These prescriptions are experimental, are based on average, historical empirically, and they still stay query to the performance of any given product.The operator can't affirm forever used material whether during with the design of exploitation standard batching used material identical or whether will provide same performance.

The problem that also has that runs in the concrete industry routine work is; because the variation of above-mentioned materials character; trucker regular meeting takes certain action; according to circumstances go to change or " correction " concrete processibility or flow characteristics, the concrete when making it and packing truck in ready-made batch mixing factory is different.According to estimates, in the concrete that the U.S. transports, having 70% to be changed its specification by the trucker approximately, generally is to add water in concrete mix, make it " pour into " better or " outward appearance " better.The result makes water improve the ratio of cement, and ultimate compression strength reduces.In other country, judged that this way has serious consequence, thereby be unallowed.So ready-made batch mixing factory product is in another disadvantageous situation, because concrete is left that this factory understands later on that what's going on can not fully be predicted and uncontrollable.

From the above, be appreciated that the present technique field is needed, be can be as one man and method and the manufacturing technology that can produce the cement composition and the product of homogeneous, these compositions and product can guarantee to meet predetermined quality characteristic and the satisfied performance criterion of being scheduled to with predicting.

As one man satisfying the predetermined design and the cement composition and the product of standard of performance with producing with predicting, reduce necessity of overproof design simultaneously as far as possible, thereby reduce manufacturing cost as far as possible, also will be another obvious improvement of present technique field.

In addition, though the raw material of using character and flutter (for example cement, sand, gravel, pellet, water and admixture), also can be as one man and can produce the cement composition and the product of homogeneous with predicting, also will be a marked improvement of this area.

The novel composition and the method for predictable cement composition of manufacturing property and product are provided, make the product of gained need not to be changed its characteristic or changed in the supply place by the officer, this also will be another marked improvement of this area.

The novel concrete method of design being provided, making cement composition can satisfy desired intensity, the slump and weather resistance with predicting, also will be the major progress of this area.

Novel composition being provided and designing concrete method, test one approximation method of correcting mistakes can be cancelled, also will be the another major progress of this area.

Novel composition being provided and designing concrete method, and to a certain concrete design with multiple component and admixture, be best with being considered to, is again that cost efficiency is the highest simultaneously, also will be a major progress again of this area.

In addition, providing to respond on-the-spot raw-material variation, and change the novel method of cement composition and manufacture course of products at " in real time ", also will be a progress of this area.

Below disclose these cement compositions, product and method, and claim is proposed.

The present invention relates to hydraulic cement compositions, product, and the system that makes and process these hydraulic cement compositions and concrete product, these systems can optimize the work and the design performance of cement material, simultaneously manufacturing cost are reduced to minimum.When the design concrete batching, not the empirical method that relies on used in history test one to correct mistakes.But adopt a kind of method of Materials science, this method can offer an opportunity required quality characteristic and serviceability from the microstructure angle design in cement material.

Design optimization method of the present invention comprises 12 different steps:

Step 1 determines to contain the maximum tamped density of the dry concrete mixture of cement and more than one pellets.(" kind " is corresponding to the pellet in a certain size range.Mixture commonly used generally comprises a kind of fine granules, sand for example, and a kind of Coarse Aggregate, for example gravel).Different types of pellet appropriate combination is got up, the tamped density of concrete mix is improved, and the mixture that can obtain having maximum tamped density.

Discover, approach the mixture of maximum tamped density, can optimize concrete moist matter and dryness matter simultaneously.In other words, when a kind of concrete mix when the maximum tamped density, performances such as processibility, intensity, perviousness, resisting chlorides scattering nature and weather resistance are optimised.This is because in the mixture of maximum tamped density, in order to obtain desired processibility, only needs to add the water of minute quantity.In addition, at maximum tamped density point, in order to produce the concrete that can prevent bleeding and isolating cohesiveness, required cement minimum number, thus lowered the cost of mixture.

In order to obtain the ratio of the required cement of maximum tamped density and different types of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate, can determine by the tamped density of all combinations of raw material is carried out Theoretical Calculation.By comparing these tamped densities, just can determine the volume percent of maximum tamped density and various component correspondences.

Step 2 is determined initial optimal coagulation earth mixtures, and this mixture is as far as possible near maximum tamped density, and having enough cohesiveness can bleeding and segregation, and has the required intensity and the slump.The fundamental principle of optimizing process is at first to determine to approach maximum tamped density most and have the initial concrete unit cost of required intensity, the slump and cohesiveness, then with it with have same nature but thin Coarse Aggregate than the unit cost of different various mixtures relatively.By comparing every kind of unit cost of optimizing mixture under the thin Coarse Aggregate ratio of difference, the most economical mixture that just can determine to have the performance that requires.

The method of determining initial optimum mixture is: at first choose a kind of mixture, it approaches to have maximum tamped density thereby has optimum performance, but comprises enough sand, can produce the matrix of cohesiveness, prevents concrete bleeding and segregation.The quantity of the water of making the tamped density of this mixture then and needing in order to make this mixture obtain the desired slump.According to this information, calculate the final strength of mixture, and with desired strength ratio.If it is too low or too high to calculate the intensity of gained, just correspondingly increases or reduce the volume percent of cement, but keep thin Coarse Aggregate constant rate.New mixture is repeated said process, and proceed to determine a kind of under the thin Coarse Aggregate ratio of setting, the mixture with desired intensity and slump.Resulting mixture just is defined as initial optimum mixture.

Step 3 is the unit cost of the optimum mixture under the thin Coarse Aggregate ratio of every kind of regulation relatively, has desired properties and the minimum overall optimum mixture of cost thereby make.The most logical way of this process is: the thin Coarse Aggregate ratio of the original mixture of making in the deciding step 2.The volume that makes fine granules again increases progressively step by step and the volume of Coarse Aggregate correspondingly successively decreases, thus the thin Coarse Aggregate ratio that regulation makes new advances.Make the composition and the cost of optimum mixture under new thin Coarse Aggregate ratio.Compared with former optimum mixture.If new optimum mixture cost is lower, thin Coarse Aggregate ratio continues to change, and measures and relatively best group compound and cost.This process is proceeded, up to new mixture than before compound more expensive (perhaps the quantity up to fine granules has reached maximum value), at this moment, last mixture is exactly overall optimum mixture.

Step 4-7 calculates respectively in the standard concrete mixture, adds the influence when subtracting admixture such as depressant prescription and filler of coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide, water.Add water to subtract depressant prescription be the mixture that has the slump that requires in order to produce, and reduces the quantity of required water.Coal ash and filler are the surrogates (especially in weak concrete) as cement, in order to reducing material cost, and when generation has the mixture of the slump that requires, in order to the quantity that reduces required water.

Coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide and volcanic ash also have cement character, can contribute to some extent concrete intensity alone.Atomization silicon dioxide usually increases the quantity for the required water of the mixture that produces the slump with requirement, and pozzuolanic Chemical Composition and form are depended in other volcanic ash or increase or reduce the quantity of required water.

Step 8 each process in the past is combined into one group of nested loop, these circulations make the component alternation, and calculate the ratio that can produce each component with the minimum concrete mix of desired properties and cost, comprise that fine granules, cement, Coarse Aggregate, mixing water, coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide and water subtract the ratio of components such as depressant prescription.

Step 9 is discussed air, and how to take and to make it into account correction in optimizing process, has specific competent air content to guarantee resulting concrete structure.Air is added into and causes the freeze/thaw weather resistance in the concrete.

Step 10 is identified for a modifying factor of optimizing process, to obtain better slump estimated value.In general, it is to finish by making for the theoretical water consumption that obtains the identical slump and the graph of a relation between the actual used water amount.Make the relation between these two results thus, and merger is in optimizing process, to produce better result.

Step 11 is determined concrete weather resistance or porosity, and this also can be used as a character and is included into optimizing process.Choose a kind of mixture according to weather resistance, just can guarantee that selected batching has enough weather resistance to the purposes of its imagination.

At last, step 12 has disclosed how to come accurately to be determined, in order to obtain the final mixture of a certain desired precise output or volume, the volume or weight of required mixture each component.This process has been taken into account particles filled and gap between particles.

In addition, the present invention relates to and can determine the suitable modification of working parameter corresponding to raw-material variation, thus the system that can produce material with consistent work and design performance with reappearing.Hydrated cementitious composition of the present invention can be prepared into high-density and high-intensity.See, can control, fresh concrete is not taken place or rare bleeding and segregation according to working parameter of the present invention.Therefore, can prepare whole new a class quality and weather resistance better coagulation soil with processing technology of the present invention.

So one of purpose of the present invention provides novel method and manufacturing technology so that as one man and can produce the cement composition and the product of homogeneous with predicting, these compositions and product assurance meet predetermined quality characteristic and also satisfied be the performance criterion of being scheduled to.

Another free-revving engine of the present invention, provide consistent and predictable New Cement composition and product, they satisfy predetermined design and work criterion, cement material is reduced at the needs that carry out overproof design aspect intensity or the volume (being output) as far as possible, this reduces as far as possible thereby make manufacturing simultaneously.

Another free-revving engine of the present invention, even be the raw material of having used quality with change and characteristic (for example cement, sand, gravel, pellet, water and admixture), also still can be as one man and can produce the cement composition and the product of these homogeneous with predicting.

An additional purpose of the present invention provides novel composition and the method for making cement composition and product, and this method can guarantee that the product of gained need not to carry out aftertreatment to change the batching characteristic.

Another object of the present invention provides the cement composition and the product that its desired use are had enough weather resistance.

Another object of the present invention provides the concrete novel method of design, makes cement composition satisfy intensity, the characteristic requirement of the slump and weather resistance.

Purpose in addition of the present invention provides concrete new composition of design and method, and test one approximation method of correcting mistakes can be eliminated by pottery.

A further object of the present invention provides new composition and the concrete method of design, makes the concrete batching design that contains multiple component and admixture to a certain can know that when being best be again most cost-effective.

Another free-revving engine of the present invention provides and can change the novel method of the production process of cement composition and product at " in real time " corresponding to the raw materials variations at scene.

These contents and other purpose of the present invention and characteristics can be seen clearlyer from the following description and claim, perhaps can understand from the practice of the present invention.

In order to illustrate how the present invention above-mentioned advantage and purpose with other obtain, the invention of simply introducing above being described more specifically hereinafter with reference to specific embodiment, these specific embodiments illustrate by accompanying drawing.Should be appreciated that these accompanying drawings just illustrate exemplary embodiment of the present invention, rather than limit its scope.Below just use these accompanying drawings and more specifically explain the present invention; Wherein:

Fig. 1 is the tamped density figure of cement, quartz sand (0-2mm) and broken granite (8-16mm) tertiary mixture.

Fig. 2 is exactly the tamped density figure of Fig. 1, with indicating the straight line that how to read corresponding to the composition of a certain density in the figure.

Fig. 3 is cement, the beans shape gravel (graph of a relation of the experiment tamped density of 3/8 ") and sand tertiary mixture and theoretical tamped density (obtaining with the Toufar model).

Fig. 4 is the comparison diagram of the theoretical tamped density of the experiment tamped density of mixture of Fig. 3 and correction.

Fig. 5 is the tamped density figure that shows the pseudoparticlae line.

Fig. 6 is the laboratory strength of mixture and the graph of a relation of the corresponding theoretical strength that uses the Feret equation to obtain.

Fig. 7 is the laboratory strength of mixture of Fig. 6 and the comparison diagram of theoretical strength.

Fig. 8 (A)-(B) is the logical flow chart of optimization system.

Fig. 9 is the tree of the logical flow chart shown in Fig. 8 (B).

Figure 10 shows the revised theory tamped density of embodiment 1 medium sand and beans shape gravel and the relation between the experiment tamped density.

Figure 11 shows the revised theory ternary tamped density of cement among the embodiment 1, sand and beans shape gravel and the relation between the experiment ternary tamped density.

Figure 12 shows the relation of actual amount of water and theoretical water in the mixture of embodiment 1.

Figure 13 shows the air content of mixture of embodiment 1 and the relation between the slump.

Figure 14 shows the actual slump and the relation of design between the slump of the mixture of embodiment 1.

Figure 15 shows the relation between the actual amount of water and theoretical water in the mixture of embodiment 2.

Figure 16 shows the air content of mixture of embodiment 2 and the relation between the slump.

Figure 17 shows the actual slump and the relation of design between the slump of the mixture of embodiment 2.

Figure 18 shows the actual amount of water of mixture of embodiment 3 and the relation between the theoretical water.

Figure 19 shows the air content of mixture of embodiment 3 and the relation between the slump.

Figure 20 shows the actual slump and the relation of design between the slump of the mixture of embodiment 3.

Figure 21 shows the actual amount of water of mixture of embodiment 4 and the relation between the theoretical water.

Figure 22 shows the air content of mixture of embodiment 4 and the relation between the slump.

Figure 23 shows the actual slump and the relation of design between the slump of the mixture of embodiment 4.

Figure 24 shows the actual amount of water of mixture of embodiment 6 and the relation between the theoretical water.

Figure 25 shows the air content of mixture of embodiment 6 and the relation between the slump.

Figure 26 shows the actual slump and the relation of design between the slump of the mixture of embodiment 6.

Figure 27 shows the tamped density of the beans shape gravel of embodiment 18.

Figure 28 shows the mean diameter of the beans shape gravel of embodiment 18.

Figure 29 shows the tamped density of embodiment 19 medium sands.

Figure 30 shows the mean diameter of embodiment 19 medium sands.

Figure 31 shows the typical 1 " tamped density of rock among the embodiment 20.

Figure 32 shows the typical 1 " mean diameter of rock among the embodiment 20.

Figure 33 is the tamped density figure of three kinds of Coarse Aggregates of embodiment 32.

The present invention relates to the cement composition of hydraulic, the method for these water cements of product and manufacturing and processing and concrete product. More specifically, the present invention relates to by use the material science method of various materials from the micro-structural angle design, foundation can be optimized service behaviour and the design performance of cement admixture, and reduces the system that makes with the component cost as far as possible. In addition, the invention still further relates to and can determine the suitable change of machined parameters corresponding to raw-material variation, thus the system that can produce the material with consistent service behaviour and design performance with reappearing.

I. general discussion

A. micro-structural engineering design

As mentioned above, guilding principle, rule and rule in present conventional cement and the concrete production are based on the average of the experience result that obtains recent decades. In order to compensate the variation according to the resulting character of these standards. Concrete material is overproof design always, has desired character to guarantee final cement base products.

In contrast, the present invention adopts the method for material science, from micro-structural angle design concrete, makes it have required characteristic and quality. According to this method, some moulds have been set up Type, they and models coupling known in the art get up, and just can produce according to the component of batching design, accurately to determine a kind of intensity of concrete mix, the new model of the slump and durability. Utilize these models, just can accurately make the batching design that to optimize desirable characteristics and reduce material cost. In addition, these models can also with determine whether adding filler, water subtracts the admixtures such as depressant prescription, air-entrainment, atomization silicon dioxide, coal ash, other volcanic ash, and adds fashionablely at needs, determine to add small number to optimize this design mixture.

Microstructure design is exactly so a kind of method, and it is based upon some character required, that be scheduled in the micro-structural of cement composition, so that these character reflect in final products. The microstructure design method is also noticed variation and the complexity of cost and manufacture process. In other words, the microstructure design analytical method, different from the method for traditional test-correct mistakes, batch mixing and test, it makes people can design and predict required character; such as intensity, weight, the slump/processability, voidage; permeability, durability, cost, environmental protection and manufacturing issue.

The number of spendable different material is very big when designing a kind of specific products, estimates between 50,000 to 80,000 kinds. They can be from metal, polymer, and elastomer, pottery, glass is chosen in the diverse big classes such as compound and cement. In a given big class, in character, some common point is arranged on process and the occupation mode. For example, pottery has high-modulus and polymer has low modulus; Metal can be shaped by casting and forging, and compound needs lamination or certain moduli technology processed.

But various materials are separated its danger; It may cause narrow professional thought (metallurgist knows nothing pottery) and conservative idea (" we are exactly to use steel with steel because of us always "), and this narrow professional thought and conservative idea have limited people and considered cement material is used for various products. But, have the purposes of broadness like this in case recognize cement material, and it be can design and can design from the micro-structural angle, their are just limitless in many application on may products.

The present invention adopts from the concrete strategy of micro-structural angle design, develops to heavens controlled New Cement material of its performance. This method is based on material science, and material science is A subject or a kind of scientific method, it specializes in the relation between raw material, process, micro-structural and the service behaviour, as shown in Table I.

Table I

Raw material

↓

Process

↓

Micro-structural

↓

Service behaviour

This theory is that to understand the various processing methods that are applied on the required raw material be the basis to the impact of micro-structural and to the impact of final products character. Understand these relations, just can improve selectively material and process technology, produce the product with required service behaviour.

This " material science " method had been showed in a variety of materials, comprised steel, polymer, compound, semiconductor, and superconductor in recent years. For all these widely different materials, the method for material science all causes the generation of high performance material of new generation. By material science, can set up model to the relation between processing, micro-structural and the character, thereby according to the understanding of science, rather than according to the result who tests-correct mistakes, design performance with optimization and a kind of specific product of cost.

It is a kind of challenge that the material science method is applied to concrete, and this is because the intrinsic complexity of cement-based material. Control and the various relations of optimizing concrete microstructure and properties interact and are difficult to and determine. There is hundreds of kind chemical reaction to take place during cement hydration, and raw material, process technology, processing, solidification process etc. can great changes have taken place, these two kinds of complex situations combine, just so that Concrete Industry think in the past, concrete is not the product that can control with enough predictabilities, thereby can not the Material Used scientific method. In history, the researcher has put down in writing the polytropy of microstructure of concrete and performance. Generally accepted conclusion is that the work of setting up model does not have much value, if not impossible words.

It is the most difficult in its Implant branch of science that concrete has an aspect always, the relation that Here it is " wetting " between state (in early days) and " sclerosis " state (maturation or solid state), and their optimization. For example, the best slump is different with the desired proportioning of hypotonicity from high strength with the desired proportioning of processability. (performance in loading and unloading and the pouring process is with respect to solidifying later performance) this apparent contradiction is counted as implacable contradiction always between the material property, requires technologist and engineer to make best " compromise ".

Owing to these reasons, the science and technology of cement-based material not yet links with practice so far mutually, and the industry does not take complete method to go to understand relation between processing, the microstructure and performance yet. The present invention adopts the material science method from micro-structural angle design concrete, and discloses this to those of ordinary skills and have the new method of making us surprised result. In order to design new cement material, each step in the Table I has been done analysis, and resolved into the listed various piece of table II.

Table II

Material	Processing	Micro-structural	Service behaviour
				Cement bonded sand Coarse Aggregate filler coal ash atomization silicon dioxide water subtracts depressant prescription volcanic ash air-entrainment	Granular size and shape solids distribution water one cement ratio are added filling material and are mixed and stirred condition pouring finishing condition of cure time-temperature	The mark density of matrix pore communication early water phase reaction speed hydration mechanism of inter-particle adhesion structure C-S-H structure pore size solid	The durability creep of slump strength permeability and economy contracting

Set up then empirical model, how to affect micro-structural with the processing of describing material and reach therefore Affect the service behaviour of final cement products. Again empirical model is improved (for example enlarge or reduce the scope, and with the constant restriction of determining), the model that foundation can be tested. Then correct models coupling is got up, consist of a total system, have the specific products of desired properties with design and production.

The disclosed system that finally obtains can finish multiple function. Most importantly, the relation between every kind of component noted earlier and the step can be determined with predicting, also just good low-cost concrete can be designed and produce. In particular, this system can determine in order to obtain a kind of have institute's slump that requires and final strength, the minimum cement admixture of cost should adopt which kind of combination of materials (comprising admixture) simultaneously. This system also can determine, in order to obtain to have the mixture of the performance that requires, should adopt the combination of which kind of Available Material. In addition, this system can also determine, in order to obtain to have maximum durability or to have required arbitrary durability and the mixture of bleeding and segregation does not take place, should adopt which type of combination of materials. The additional function of this system will disclose in specification and claims, and perhaps they are self-explantory.

Native system can represent a series of steps that can manually compute by means of some figure, perhaps is expressed as a computer program. Explain the range request user and imported needed intensity and the slump; Intrinsic packed density and the average particulate diameter of used pellet and cement; Whether need to use coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide, filler, water to subtract depressant prescription, air-entrainment or other volcanic ash and will be with the material with which kind of characteristic; Unit price with each component in the concrete. The method determines then and can access the concrete several batching design with desired properties. Calculate again the unit price of these batching designs and compare, have the concrete mix of desired properties to determine the most cheap.

B. particles filled

In order fully to assess optimization method of the present invention, be necessary to understand more concrete basic structures.As previously mentioned, when setting up model for concrete, one of notion of difficulty is the apparent contradiction of optimizing between water-bearing concreae character and the optimization dry concrete character.

Water-bearing concreae character comprises the slump, and this is that the special of rheology function of water and cement content measured.The viscosity of the many more grouts of water that joins concrete mix is low more, and the frictional force between the pellet particle is also low more-thereby the slump is high more.And the high slump causes processibility to improve, and concrete is more easily watered and repairs.But the desired slump of dissimilar structures can change in 0 to 23cm scope.

Dry concrete character comprises intensity and porosity.These character also are the functions of water content, but are inversely proportional to.The water that joins cement admixture is many more, and cement concentration is just low more, and the concrete final strength of result is low more.In addition, water content is high mixture regular meeting segregation or bleeding.

" bleeding " is exactly pellet sedimentation in the concrete of newly mixing, and water is moved and moved on to upper layer as a result.The moving of water moved and further increased the water cement ratio rate in the concrete surface layer, thereby reduced the intensity and the weather resistance of upper layer." segregation " is exactly that mortar (cement, water and sand) is separated with Coarse Aggregate, causes homogeneity to reduce, and some local cement is less, thereby intensity reduces porosity and perviousness increase.At last, high-moisture also can make whole solidified concrete internal porosity increase, thereby reduces its weather resistance.

But, discover concrete optimal wet character and dryness matter, be to obtain at mixture composition near maximum tamped density.Tamped density is particles filled function, and particles filled is exactly the various particulate materials of choosing suitable size and ratio, makes smaller particles fill bigger space, and by littler particles filled, the rest may be inferred, to reach largest particle density again in contained less space.Ideally, concrete can design like this: fill Coarse Aggregate as far as possible effectively earlier, then fine granules is inserted the space between coarse grain, fill space between remaining smaller particles with mortar more at last.

In order to be interpreted as that what concrete moist matter and dryness matter interrelate, consider that a tamped density is 0.5, volume is 1 cubic metre a dry concrete mixture " A ", it is that the water of X mixes with quantity subsequently.Because tamped density is less than 1, some volume (0.5 cubic metre) constitutes air gap or intergranular space.These spaces are filled by water subsequently.

If the granular size in the mixture " A " has changed now, make its tamped density increase to 0.8, the cumulative volume of new blend becomes less 0.625 cubic metre, because the volume of air gap is reduced to 0.125 cubic metre in the mixture.Therefore, be in 0.8 the new blend time when the water (X) of equal amts is added to density, the slump has improved, because be used for filling the water of air gap at first, be used to surround each particle now and reduce its frictional force.

On the other hand, when tamped density increases, people can keep the slump constant and reduce add the quantity of water, thereby improve concrete intensity.So when leveling off to maximum tamped density, concrete moist matter and dryness matter all are optimized,, only need in mixture, to add the water of minimum number because will obtain the required slump.

But it should be noted that when leveling off to maximum tamped density the tendency of segregation and bleeding increases.This is because at maximum tamped density point, and the quantity not sufficient of mixture medium sand and fine granules can not constitute the matrix of carrying pellet and having enough cohesions.The result just emanates, and has reduced resulting concrete homogeneity and intensity.

Decision also has economically benefit corresponding to the mixture composition of maximum tamped density.Cement generally is component the most expensive in the concrete mix.For a structure that adhesive aggregation is firm is provided, must add enough cement, the pellet that topped residence has, the preferably also space in the fill concrete mixture.(space between the pellet can obtain higher intensity with the cement packing ratio when only water is filled).At maximum tamped density point, particulate surface-area and intergranular space minimum, thereby make required cement minimum.So concrete cost is also minimum.Certainly, judge which kind of mixture is the most cheap, depend on the cost of variant component.

Sometimes, having the mixture that hangs down tamped density can be more cheap.For example, sand generally is the most cheap component.Therefore, cement concentration is low and mixture that sand concentration is high may be the most cheap.But along with the per-cent of sand increases and departs from maximum tamped density point, porosity also increases thereupon, thereby reduces the weather resistance of mixture.

Had and accurately also can regulate the ability that compound particles is filled with predicting, just can regulate the system flow sex change of mixture.The part implication of system flow sex change is the viscosity and the yield strength of mixture, and it is the two a function of macroscopic flow sex change and micro flow sex change.The macroscopic flow sex change is a solid particulate mutual relationship each other, as particles filled defined.That is to say, when water or other lubricated component remain unchanged, and the particle size dispersion of regulating mixture selectively, just can control the yield strength and the viscosity of mixture selectively.

The system flow sex change of control mixture is very important for the economy of large scale production of thin-walled pressure vessel and article, these containers and article disclose in the patent application that is entitled as " container of storage, distribution and wrap food and beverage and other article and manufacture method thereof ", and be cited and merger in this application.The easier desired shape that is processed into of the mixture that viscosity is low, thus more welcome in the forming step of container.On the contrary, container makes container dimensional stability under the form of supporting oneself in case after being shaped, just wish that mixture has sufficiently high yield strength, makes the container can mass production.Control particles filled viscosity and the yield strength that is used to optimize mixture.

The micro flow sex change is the function of system lubricant part, and these lubricants are filled " macroscopic view " gap between particles, and also has other effect.By changing lubricant (it can be water, rheology denaturing agent, softening agent and other material), just viscosity and yield strength can changed chemically.Also can change the micro flow sex change physically, for example use the fiber that shreds, lamella mica, circular atomization silicon dioxide or broken coarse cement particle etc. the not various materials of same-action to be arranged with lubricant by changing particulate size and shape.

Though known particles filled theory, where the shoe pinches also is rapidly, accurately and as one man determines to have limited which type of size and the ratio of component, can obtain maximum tamped density.The invention solves this problem, method is to set up a model, and it can accurately determine, for the tamped density of the mixture that fixed volume per-cent is arranged that comprises cement and at least a type.And, calculate the tamped density of the whole volume percent combinations of each raw material in order to determine maximum tamped density.

III. design optimization method

It below is detailed description about theory, model and step, they are for accurately and can determine with reappearing, have required moist matter and dryness matter and the minimum concrete mix of cost, the optimum proportion of required cement, water, sand, Coarse Aggregate and admixture (subtracting depressant prescription, air, filler, cigarette ash, atomization silicon dioxide and other volcanic ash) in order to produce as water.

Step 1 is discussed is to determine to contain the maximum tamped density of dry concrete mixture of cement and more than one pellets and the method for corresponding composition.

What step 2 was discussed is the method for determining initial optimal coagulation earth mixtures, and this optimum mixture is under specific fine granules/Coarse Aggregate ratio, approaches maximum tamped density most, and has the mixture of required intensity, the slump and cohesiveness.

What step 3 was discussed is the method for the unit cost of the optimum mixture of comparison under each fine granules/Coarse Aggregate ratio of determining, thereby determines overall optimum mixture.

What step 4-7 discussed is to calculate the method that adds the influence of various different admixtures in standard concrete independently respectively, and these admixtures comprise coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide, and water subtracts depressant prescription and filler.

Step 8 has been summarized schema when determining to have the minimum optimum mixture of desired properties and cost and used iterative loop.This mixture contains fine granules, cement, Coarse Aggregate, blending water, coal ash, water and subtracts depressant prescription, air, atomization silicon dioxide and volcanic ash, and has desired properties and cost is minimum.

Step 9 has changed resulting mixture, has reflected suitable air concentration to guarantee it, thereby has had suitable air content.

Step 10 has illustrated how to determine a modifying factor that is used for optimizing process, so that obtain the better slump, thus further optimize the result of gained.

Step 11 provides a kind of method that determines the mixture weather resistance, with the mixture that guarantees to select the purposes of its imagination is had enough weather resistance.

At last, step 12 has disclosed how to come and has accurately determined, in order to obtain the output of desired mixture, how many volume or weights the each component of mixture needs.

Step 1: maximum tamped density

The first step of optimizing process is the maximum tamped density of a certain dry concrete mixture of decision and the corresponding volume of each component.In specification sheets and appended claim, " concrete mix ", " cement admixture " and " mixture " meaning are meant a kind of composition, and it contains at least a cement and at least a pellet, and can add entry and various admixture.And " mortar " is to be used to refer to the mixture that only contains cement and a kind of pellet in this specification sheets and claims.Other mixture that can form among the present invention comprises wall ashes and wallboard.

In specification sheets and claims, " pellet " is meant rock and mineral substance various grating or nature.But, in order to be used in the present invention, they should be firm, and some standards that meet best engineering purposes: they should be clean, hard, dense, strong, competent particles, the chemical that does not contain absorption, surface do not have topped clay, vegetable mould and other can influence the hydration and the agglutinating plasma of grout.

In some batching design, may wish to add the pellet that some alleviate the weight of mixture or improve its heat-insulating capability.The example of useful pellet comprises: perlite, vermiculite, sand, gravel, rock, Wingdale, sandstone, granulated glass sphere, aerogel, xerogel, seagel, mica, clay, synthesis of clay, aluminum oxide, silicon-dioxide, coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide, tabular alumina, kaolin, microsphere, hollow glass ball, porous ceramics ball, two hydrated gypsum, lime carbonate, calcium aluminate, cork, seed, lightweight polymeric, xonotlite (a kind of crystallization gel of calcium silicate), lightweight expansion clay, unreacted cement granules, float stone, exfoliate rock, and other geological materials.Reacted and unreacted cement granules also can be regarded pellet under broad sense as.

Except the habitual pellet of Cement industry, many other pellets comprise filler, strengthening agent, and metal and alloy (as stainless steel, calcium aluminate, iron, copper, silver, and gold), bead or hollow spherical material (as glass, polymkeric substance and metal), filings, small pieces, powder (as fine particle silica), and fiber (as graphite, silicon-dioxide, aluminum oxide, glass fibre, polymkeric substance, organic fibre, and other generally is used for making the fiber of various mixtures), also can combine within the scope of the present invention with water cement.Even resemble seed, starch, gel and agar class material and also can mix as pellet in the present invention.

Discover that when having used the different pellet of two or more average particulate diameter, the tamped density of mixture can improve.Therefore, in this specification sheets and claims, " pellet " generally is meant a kind of fine granules and a kind of Coarse Aggregate.In order to obtain higher tamped density, Coarse Aggregate is about 3: 1 with the ratio general requirement of fine granules mean particle size, be about 5: 1 better, and be about 7: 1 best.Usually, use sand as fine granules.Sand comprises that diameter is about 8mm or littler various particulate mixtures.Traditional Coarse Aggregate then generally comprises the various particulate mixtures of diameter in about 2mm to 165mm scope.In thin-walled articles moulding practice, may wish granule size 20 times less than the cement granules size.Such pellet, its diameter is generally less than 2mm.

In this specification sheets and claims, do not want " fine granules " and " Coarse Aggregate " is limited to any magnitude range, and it is bigger than another kind of just to be used for indicating a kind of material grain.For example, in the cement admixture that contains two kinds of sand, the sand that diameter is bigger just is called as Coarse Aggregate.

In this specification sheets and claims, speaking of pellet, when " kind " of cement and other solid particulate, generally be to comprise the kind of material therefor and the scope of particle size simultaneously.For example, though Coarse Aggregate generally comprises the various particles in 2mm to the 165mm scope, a kind of Coarse Aggregate may comprise the particle in 2mm to the 8mm scope, and another kind of Coarse Aggregate then may comprise the particle in 8mm to the 16mm scope.It will be appreciated that hereinafter a kind of best particles filled situation of mixture can obtain by optionally the different sorts pellet being combined.Discover to have definite average particle size particle size and the big pellet kind of grading range, its filling situation is generally better.

Used cement among the present invention all is to be called this class of water cement.Water cement is characterised in that formed hydrated product when it and water react.Water cement should come with other cement (as polymer organic cement) difference.And the powdery water cement in this article, is meant grog, promptly be in various different shredding stages, has various particle sizes, grating, that pulverize or ground grog.

The example of typical water water cement known in the art has: this big class of portland cement (comprising not gypseous normal portland cement), aluminous cement (comprise and do not contain the hard aluminous cement of conditioning agent admittedly), the plaster of Paris, silicate cement (comprises beta-dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, and their mixture), gypsum cement, phosphate cement, and magnesium oxychloride cement.This term of water cement also comprises other cement, and as α-Dicalcium Phosphate (Feed Grade), it becomes hydraulic under can hydrating condition within the scope of the present invention." cement " this title also comprises filler, coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide and other volcanic ash.The general particle size of water cement is at 0.1 μ m to 100 mu m range.

Used in this manual whole cubing values unless clearly indicate in addition, all are expressed as the percentage ratio to all solids total amount in the mixture." all solids " comprises cement in this specification sheets and claims, pellet also comprises filler when in place, coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide and other volcanic ash.Therefore, in standard mixture, pellet volume and cement volume sum always equal 1.0.The observed value of water and air volume in the mixture also is the percentage ratio that is expressed as all solids volume.So the volume of water is 0.3 in the mixture, be 30% of total solid capacity with regard to the volume that is equivalent to water.To equal 1.3 so comprise the cumulative volume of the mixture of water.

The type of pellet and cement among the present invention is that mean diameter (d ') and the natural tamped density (Φ) by grain type further defines.These numerical value when calculating the theoretical tamped density of resulting concrete mix, need be used these numerical value by the experiment decision.The method of decision mean diameter is: the particle size distribution of every kind of material, make according to being distributed on the figure by the Rosin-Rammler-Sperling-Bennett shown in (1) formula.

R(D)=exp｛-( (d)/(d＇) ) ⁿ｝ （1）

Wherein d is a particle size, R(D) is the accumulation probability of diameter less than d, and d ' is R(d ')=diameter of 0.368 o'clock correspondence, promptly the screening reject in this mesh size is 36.8%, and n is deposited in particulate percentages on the sieve and the slope on the mesh size relation line.

The tamped density Φ of every kind of material is to determine in the following manner: material is packed in the cylinder, and the diameter of cylinder is bigger 10 times than the diameter of largest particle in the material at least, and cylinder is bounced gently facing to a hard plane, is fully clapped tight until material.Read the height of being clapped tight material in the cylinder, and record its weight, tamped density just can be calculated by (2) formula:

φ= (W _M)/(SG _M·V _M) （2）

In the formula, W _MThe weight of=material

SG _MThe proportion of=material

V _MThe volume of=material.

Like this, not only the particulate volume is by quantification, and it is as particle shape, and the function of specific surface area and other specific surface characteristic is made.

Generally use always, contain three mixture of cement, a kind of fine granules and a kind of Coarse Aggregate, its maximum tamped density is decision like this: incrementally change the volume of every kind of component in the mixture, calculate the tamped density of correspondence.Then various tamped densities are drawn on the leg-of-mutton tamped density figure, to determine that any composition has maximum tamped density.

For example, Fig. 1 contains cement, the tamped density figure of the tertiary mixture of quartz sand (0-2mm) and broken granite (8-16mm).The volume percent of fine granules (sand) is determined on limit among the figure (A); The volume percent of cement is determined on limit (B); And base (C) determines the volume percent of Coarse Aggregate (broken granite).Each numerical value in the trilateral is represented the tamped density of various components with the mixture of different volumes per-cent formation.This figure reads in the following manner:

1(a): in trilateral, choose a required tamped density.For example, choose " Z " point on Fig. 2, it represents the maximum tamped density of this mixture of determining.

1(b): decision is in order to obtain the tamped density at " Z " point, the volume percent of the cement of required usefulness in the concrete mix; Method is to make a sea line 20 from " Z " point to guide leg-of-mutton (B) limit into.The numerical value that the intersection point on line 20 and trilateral (B) limit is made.Need the cement volume percent of usefulness exactly in order to obtain desired tamped density.In the example of Fig. 2, the cement volume percent is about 10%.

1(C): the volume percent of fine granules in the decision mixture; Method is from " Z " point, makes a line 22 that is parallel to (B) limit, intersects with leg-of-mutton (A) limit.The numerical value that the intersection point on line 22 and trilateral (A) limit is made, the fine granules volume percent of need usefulness exactly in order to obtain desired tamped density.In this example, the fine granules volume percent is about 30%.

1(d): because the volume percent sum of mixture must be 100%, therefore if mixture contains 10% cement and 30% fine granules, logical conclusion is that the volume percent of Coarse Aggregate must be 60%.But this numerical value also can be made from tamped density figure; Method is from " Z " point, makes a straight line 24 that is parallel to (A) limit, intersects with (C) limit.The numerical value that line 24 and (C) intersection point on limit are made is just corresponding to the volume percent of Coarse Aggregate.As shown in Figure 2, this numerical result is about 60%.Utilize this method, can determine to go up the composition of arbitrary tamped density corresponding to figure; With this operating process conversely, also can determine tamped density corresponding to required any composition.

Tamped density numerical value in the drawings is by Toufar, and Klose and Born model (hereinafter referred to as " Toufar model ") combine with a correction factor and calculate.The Toufar model is a formula that calculates the binary mixture tamped density:

γ wherein ₁=more short grained volume,

γ ₂The volume of=larger particles,

d ₁=more short grained diameter,

d ₂The diameter of=larger particles,

φ ₁=more short grained tamped density,

φ ₂The tamped density of=larger particles.

Also can calculate the tamped density of binary mixture with other model.The example of adaptable model has Aim model and Larrad model, and they have been done discussion and (have seen Ma-terials Science of Concrete II, 118-122 in the article " particles filled and concrete character " of V.Johansen and P.J.Andersen; The American Ceramic Society, Inc., 1991), this article is quoted particularly and is incorporated among the present invention.

In order to improve the tolerance range of Toufar model, the experiment tamped density and the corresponding theory tamped density that is obtained by the Toufar model of a tertiary mixture are contrasted.As shown in Figure 3, (the ternary compression member of pea gravel, 3/8. ") and fine granules, this comparison shows that and has linear relationship between theory and the experiment tamped density for comprising cement, beans shape gravel.But it is, higher slightly than the experimental value of reality by the theoretical value that the Toufar model obtains.In order to compensate this species diversity,, the numerical value that is obtained by the Toufar model has been done correction according to the relation of the routine value of theoretical value and experiment.The equation that corrects tamped density in concrete is used is:

P _c＝0.9940P _T-0.00895 （4）

Variable P _CThe tamped density that expression is corrected, P _TTheory or model tamped density that expression is obtained by the Toufar model.Therefore, the P of the numerical value substitution that will obtain by the Toufar model to the formula _T, solve P _c, just obtaining the theoretical tamped density of the correction of concrete mix, the difference of it and actual tamped density is in 2%.

The tolerance range of the Toufar model that corrects the figure illustrates the comparison between the theoretical value of tamped density experimental value and correction as shown in Figure 4.In the part of specification sheets remainder, whether every use and result who mentions the Toufar model no matter clearly state, all comprises using and corrects equation.Constant in correcting equation (equation (4)) is no matter all be suitable for when filling for the material of what kind.But these constant component ground are based on the experiment tamped density, and therefore, they may be along with the number and the tolerance range and becoming of test.

Because the Toufar model only calculates the tamped density of binary mixture, so at first calculate the tamped density (this line is represented the volume percent of Coarse Aggregate) of tamped density figure upper edge straight line (C) each point.On (C) line, only comprise Coarse Aggregate and fine granules in the composition of mixture, do not add cement.For example, still referring to Fig. 2, the reading of Coarse Aggregate volume percent is that the composition of 50% place correspondence is: 50% Coarse Aggregate, 50% fine granules and 0% cement on (C) line.

At first change the mixture of Coarse Aggregate and fine granules, calculate along the tamped density on (C) line with 1% increment.For example, at first use Toufar model (equation (3)) to calculate φ; γ in the formula ₁Be 0.01, represent the fine granules of 1% volume, γ ₂Be 0.99, represent the Coarse Aggregate of 99% volume, d ₁Be the numerical value of measuring in advance of the d ' of fine granules, d ₂Be the numerical value of measuring in advance of the d ' of Coarse Aggregate, φ ₁Be the numerical value of measuring in advance of the φ of fine granules, φ ₂Be the numerical value of measuring in advance of the φ of Coarse Aggregate.

After the tamped density of mixture was determined, just the correction formula of having discussed with the front (equation (4)) corrected.Then the numerical value of gained is marked on suitable position on tamped density figure (C) line.In second calculating, except γ ₁Equal 0.02 now and represent 2% fine granules, γ ₂Equal 0.98 and represent beyond 98% the Coarse Aggregate, all numbers remain unchanged.This process is proceeded down, all calculates and is marked on the figure with the Coarse Aggregate of 1% increment variation and the φ of fine granules composition until all.Certainly, increment used when changing different component volume percent is more little, and net result is just accurate more.But,, used 1% increment in order to simplify example of the present invention and discussion.

Aforesaid method also can be used to calculate the maximum tamped density of mortar.According to the definition of front, mortar is the binary mixture that comprises cement and a kind of pellet.Regulation (A) line is represented the volume percent of cement, (C) line is represented the volume percent of pellet, the quantity substitution Toufar model of the cement of alternation and pellet, just can determine then along all possible tamped density value of binary mixture of each point on (C) line.Maximum tamped density on (C) line, the just composition that has maximum tamped density corresponding to constituting by cement of stipulating and pellet.

After having determined along the tamped density of (C) line, determine the maximum tamped density of tertiary mixture, just calculate the interior numerical value of trilateral with the Toufar model.Because the Toufar model can only calculate the tamped density of binary mixture, so define " pseudoparticlae ", they represent the combination of fine granules and the various ratios of Coarse Aggregate on the base.Utilize " pseudoparticlae " and cement as binary mixture, just can calculate the tamped density in the trilateral.

Every kind of mixture of pseudoparticlae and cement can be represented with the pseudoparticlae line in the trilateral.Fig. 5 has shown a series of pseudoparticlae lines 26, and they guide the volume percent of a certain Coarse Aggregate on (C) line into from vertex of a triangle 28.Because the scope of the volume percent of Coarse Aggregate is 0% to 100%, so 100 independently pseudoparticlae lines are arranged.Every line is represented a kind of pseudoparticlae, and the ratio of its fine granules and Coarse Aggregate is determined by the Coarse Aggregate value of this line intersection point.For example, be connected to the line of 1% Coarse Aggregate value, the representative ratio is the pseudoparticlae of 1% Coarse Aggregate, 99% fine granules.(promptly towards the summit 28) moves on the pseudoparticlae alignment, and the volume percent of cement increases and the volume percent of pseudoparticlae reduces pari passu; But the ratio of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate remains unchanged.Cement volume percent on the every pseudoparticlae line is all calculated and filled out on figure with the tamped density of the mixture of 1% alternation, and tamped density figure has just finished.Preferably locate in the following manner the position of calculating: make a sea line 30 in every kind of volume percent of cement, (see figure 5) intersects they and every pseudoparticlae line 26.Each intersection point 32 will calculate the position of tamped density exactly.Required each numerical value when determining tamped density with the Toufar model can be determined with the top described method that reads tamped density figure.

For example, article one pseudoparticlae line is to guide the point that (C) line is represented 1% Coarse Aggregate volume percent into from triangular apex.Determine that then the cement volume on the pseudoparticlae line is the tamped density at 1% place.Use the Toufar model to calculate tamped density, γ in the formula ₁Be the volume percent than small-particle (cement), it equals 0.01; γ ₂Be the volume percent of pseudoparticlae, equal 0.99; φ ₁Be to test definite cement tamped density, φ in advance ₂Be to test definite pseudoparticlae tamped density in advance; d ₁It is the d ' value of testing definite cement in advance; d ₂It is the average particulate diameter of pseudoparticlae.d ₂Numerical value determine by following formula.

d ₂＝γ ₁d ₁′+γ ₂d ₂′ （5）

In following formula, γ ₁And γ ₂Representative will be determined the volume of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate in the mixture of its tamped density respectively.γ ₁And γ ₂Can from tamped density figure, read as discussed earlier simply.At last, d ₁' and d ₂' numerical value represent in advance the fine granules that experiment determines and the d ' value of Coarse Aggregate respectively.In case obtain after the tamped density, revise with regard to correction factor with the front, make it to represent better real tamped density, mark then on the tamped density figure.

When whole tamped densities have all been determined and are marked on the figure, can couple together the formation level line to the identical each point of tamped density.Find out the highest tamped density in the drawings and read corresponding mixture, just determined the volume percent of maximum density and corresponding mixture by method discussed above.

If concrete mix comprises two kinds of fine granules or two kinds of Coarse Aggregates, thereby constitute one four mixture, at this moment available Toufar model is set up a kind of pseudoparticlae, and its tamped density and mean diameter are represented these two kinds of fine granules or two kinds of Coarse Aggregates.And then fine granules or Coarse Aggregate in the method for the maximum tamped density of decision tertiary mixture that this pseudoparticlae is discussed as the front.

The tamped density of pseudoparticlae is corresponding to the maximum tamped density of two kinds of fine granules or two kinds of Coarse Aggregates.And should the maximum tamped density be definite by all tamped densities that compare two kinds of various volume ratios of component.This with determine that at tamped density figure upper edge (C) line the used method of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate tamped density is identical.

The mean diameter d of pseudoparticlae _p' available following formula is tried to achieve:

d _p′＝γ ₁d ₁′+γ ₂d ₂′ （6）

γ wherein ₁And γ ₂Represent the volume percent of two kinds of Coarse Aggregates in the mixture of tamped density maximum or two kinds of fine granules respectively, d ₁' and d ₂' numerical value represent the mean diameter of two kinds of Coarse Aggregates or two kinds of fine granules respectively.

If concrete mix comprises three kinds of Coarse Aggregates or three kinds of fine granules, still available a kind of pseudoparticlae with tamped density and mean diameter is represented dissimilar fine granules or Coarse Aggregate.The tamped density of pseudoparticlae is corresponding to the maximum tamped density of the tertiary mixture of fine granules or Coarse Aggregate, is that the identical process of method therefor is calculated by with the maximum tamped density of definite cement, fine granules and Coarse Aggregate tertiary mixture the time.

The mean diameter of pseudoparticlae is obtained by following formula:

d _p′＝γ ₁d ₁′+γ ₂d ₂′+γ ₃d ₃′ （7）

In the formula, identical with the front, the representative of each γ value has the volume percent of every kind of fine granules in the mixture of maximum tamped density or every kind of Coarse Aggregate; Each d ' value is represented the mean diameter of every kind of fine granules or every kind of Coarse Aggregate respectively.

For the concrete mix that comprises four kinds or more kinds of fine granules or Coarse Aggregate, method of calculation are at first to determine the tamped density and the mean diameter of the pseudoparticlae of two kinds of pellets that representative is the thickest.Then this pseudoparticlae is combined with inferior thick particle and produce a kind of binary filling situation, its available again a kind of new pseudoparticlae with new tamped density and mean diameter defines.New pseudoparticlae is combined with thin any particle again, this process can go on always, until a kind of pseudoparticlae that obtains representing whole different types of Coarse Aggregates or fine granules again.

Certainly, in mixture, also can be added with two or more cement.But the particle size of cement is so little, the combination of different sorts cement, general tamped density that can the remarkably influenced mixture.But in some cases, as the mortar that powder is filled or segmented, the combination of various cement may be influential.At this moment various cement can resemble to be represented with a kind of pseudoparticlae fine granules or the Coarse Aggregate.

Method described above, the institute that has disclosed for given raw material might make up, and how to come to determine its tamped density.Thereby just can pass through comparison procedure, determine which type of component can obtain maximum tamped density.Allow the raw material type that enters this process in wide material, change, just can obtain a database, the component kind that it can select people can to obtain maximum tamped density.

Step 2: performance optimization

Second step of optimizing process is to determine the best cement admixture that has institute's desired strength and slump performance under specific fine granules Coarse Aggregate ratio.By adding sufficient cement and water, almost any fine granules Coarse Aggregate ratio all can obtain the desired intensity and the slump.The invention provides a kind of method, it can be determined for a certain specific thin Coarse Aggregate ratio, in order to produce the concrete mix with the performance that requires, the cement of required adding and the minimum number of water.

Because concrete final price depends on the market value of its each component, the present invention passes through to calculate the unit price of the every kind mixture different with thinner Coarse Aggregate ratio, and calculates the most cheap mixture.How explanation determines the optimum design mixture for a specific thin Coarse Aggregate ratio in this step.(step 3) will illustrate the cost that how to come each different optimum mixture of thinner Coarse Aggregate ratio to next step.

Determine to have the composition of the concrete mix of the institute's desired strength and the slump, the first step is to determine in a previously selected mixture, needs the quantity of the water that adds in order to produce the desired slump.Known and just can obtain concrete final strength after the quantity of water.If resulting intensity is below or above desired intensity, just can be in the hope of the estimated value of the cement that need add in order to obtain required intensity, thus produce a kind of new mixture.So determine the quantity of the water that need add in order to produce the desired slump again in new blend.Repeat this process, until desired intensity corresponding to theoretical strength.By this method,, only used required minimum cement, thereby reduced to concrete cost minimum in order to obtain desired intensity.

Specifically, this process is carried out according to the following steps:

2(a), choose one fully near the mixture of maximum tamped density as not emanating and bleeding and the concrete original mixture of performance optimization.Specific practice is at first to make maximum tamped density and corresponding volume composition on tamped density figure.The corresponding cement of maximum tamped density point, the volume of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate is used variable V respectively _C(MP), V _F(MP), V _CA(MP)Expression, their sums equal 1.0.Secondly the volume with cement remains unchanged, and with amount that is called the adhesive aggregation factor of safety of volume increase of fine granules, and Coarse Aggregate reduces same quantity.This just makes mixture level in tamped density figure be moved to the left.Corresponding mixture just is defined as original mixture.

Therefore, in the original mixture volume of each component by following various providing:

V _C＝V _C（MP）（8）

V _F＝V _F（MP）+CF （9）

V _CA＝V _CA（MP）-CF （10）

Variable CA represents the adhesive aggregation factor of safety, and its representative value is 0.05.The adhesive aggregation factor of safety guarantees that mixture contains abundant fine granules, it is become can not emanate or the mixture of the adhesive aggregation of bleeding.Each mixture on the original mixture right side on the tamped density figure generally can be emanated or bleeding, and the adhesive aggregation factor of safety can change in 0 to 0.15 scope, depends on concrete kind.Weak concrete requires the adhesive aggregation factor of safety up to 0.15, and strong concrete then requires the low adhesive aggregation factor of safety less than about 0.5.

The thin Coarse Aggregate of original mixture is made than available following method: make the pseudoparticlae line from the summit of tamped density figure, by the position of original mixture, guide the coarse grain stockline into.The remaining part of this step will discuss how to determine best cement admixture along this pseudoparticlae line of having made.

2(b), 1 is described set by step, determines the tamped density of initial concrete mix composition.

2(c), determine to make initial concrete mix have the predetermined slump and the quantity of the mixing water that need add.The quantity of this water will be obtained in two steps.At first, making the slump of mixture is that the required water yield of 1cm is made with following formula:

W ₁＝ 1/(φ) -1 （11）

φ wherein ₁=step 2(b) the mixture tamped density of obtaining in, W ₁=to make the slump of mixture be the needed water yield of 1cm.W ₁Numerical value equal per-cent to solid volume in the compound.

Studies show that equation (11) is general to determining that making the mixture slump is that the required water yield of 1cm is the most accurate.Though it is so high that the actual slump can change to 2.5cm, it is not critical specifying the slump of a 1cm, adds not being inconsistent between the water number amount and the actual slump because can correct in step 9 of the present invention.

Calculate W corresponding to the 1cm slump ₁After, the water yield that needs corresponding to the requirement slump just can be used the Popovic formula and obtain in the following manner:

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="W"\; filenames="941092240\_DRIMG1.png,941092240\_DRIMG10.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">W</figure-callout>}}_2=\frac{W_1}{{\left(\frac{S_1}{S_2}\right)}^{0.1}}---\left(12\right)$

In the formula, W ₁=previously defined mixture the slump that makes is the volume of the required water of 1.0cm.

W ₂=make mixture have the slump that requires and the volume of the water that needs,

S ₁=1.0, represent the slump of 1.0cm, S ₂=desired the slump is a unit with cm.

2(d), utilize step 2(a)-2(c) resulting result, can calculate 28 days ultimate compression strength of resulting mixture with the Feret equation:

σ=K·( (V _c)/(V _c+ W ₂- V _A) ) ²（13）

Wherein, 28 days ultimate compression strength of the theory of σ=concrete mix is unit with MPa,

The volume of cement in the Vc=mixture,

W ₂=step 2(C) make in, make mixture have the slump that requires and the volume of the water that needs,

The F=Feset constant.In the present invention, the Feset constant is not a real constant, but depends on the used type of puddling equipment.This constant is generally in the 250-600 scope.For mixing pan (pan mixer), the K value is generally 280; For the reverse rotation mixer, K is about 340; For high shearing mixer, K is about 340-450.High-shear energy mixer and using method thereof have explanation at United States Patent (USP) 4,225 in 247 " mixing and whipping apptss " and the United States Patent (USP) 4,552,463 " method and apparatus of preparation colloidal mixt ".Corresponding to a kind of K value of given mixer, can utilize the empirical value of σ when using this mixer, substitution following formula and solve K.The K value also can become with different types of pellet.

V _AThe volume of air in the=mixture, it is defined by following formula:

$V_A=\left(\frac{1+{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="W"\; filenames="941092240\_DRIMG1.png,941092240\_DRIMG10.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">W</figure-callout>}}_2}{1-\frac{\%\mathrm{AIR}}{100}}\right)-1-W_2---\left(14\right)$

Wherein, %AIR is the estimated value of volume of air per-cent in the mixture.Volume of air in the mixture is along with the type of used mixer, the volume of fine granules in the mixture, and the kind of the admixture that combines with mixture and becoming.Those skilled in the art can estimate the volume percent of air, generally the slump during greater than 10cm greatly between 1%-2%, the slump during less than 10cm greatly between 2%-4%.

Fig. 6 has shown the comparison of 28 days ultimate compression strength with this concrete actual 28 days ultimate compression strength of certain concrete mix of estimating with the Feset equation.As seen from Figure 6, best-fit line does not conform to the direct ratio line.Utilize this relation of Theoretical Calculation intensity and experiment or actual strength, can obtain the more accurate estimated value of intensity with following correction equation:

σ _c＝1，351σ _T-7.930 （15）

The σ in the theoretical strength value substitution formula that obtains by the feret equation _T, the intensity level σ that just can obtain revising _CIntensity corrects the accuracy of equation can be seen from Fig. 7, has shown the relation of the theoretical strength that laboratory strength and application correction equation obtain among the figure.In the rest part and claims of this specification sheets.Whether the application of the every Feset of mentioning equation or the result who is obtained by it no matter spell out, have all comprised using and have corrected equation.

Constant in correcting equation (15) is based in part on the laboratory strength result, thereby they may become with the number and the tolerance range of test.In addition, about the equation (13) of 28 days intensity, be intensity with Coarse Aggregate and fine granules this is assumed to be the basis greater than the solidified grout, when the service-strong pellet, in general this is correct.The situation of exception is to use Wingdale, and it is a kind of pellet that very can not stand under load.

That the Feret equation is also supposed concrete has been used standard or puddle normally, pouring, finishing and curing, be to carry out according to the relevant regulations of American Concrete Institute, as " measure, mix and stir, the guilding principle of transportation and placing concrete " ACI304-85, ACI304 committee report (ACI, 1985); " standard method of curing concrete ", ACI 308-81, ACI308 committee report (ACI1986 revision); The present invention has specifically quoted these pointers and standard, and with it combination in the present invention.

2(e), resulting intensity σ and desired intensity are compared.If the theoretical strength of mixture is less than desired intensity, with regard to repeating step 2(b) to 2(e), replace starting mixt with a kind of new mixture (corresponding new tamped density).The composition of new blend can be made to obtain desired intensity by increasing or reduce the cement volume.With desired intensity substitution Feret equation,, just can determine the estimated value of the cement volume of needs in order to obtain desired intensity according to the cement volume of following equation solution correspondence:

$V_A=(\frac{1+{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="W"\; filenames="941092240\_DRIMG1.png,941092240\_DRIMG10.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">W</figure-callout>}}_2}{1-\frac{\%\mathrm{AIR}}{100}}-1)\&CenterDot;\frac{{\left(\frac{{\mathrm{\&sigma;}}_D}{K}\right)}^{0.5}}{{(1-\frac{{\mathrm{\&sigma;}}_D}{K})}^{0.5}}---\left(16\right)$

V in the formula _C(N)Cement volume in the=new blend,

W ₂The volume of=the water that in starting mixt (before mixture), needs in order to obtain the desired slump,

The volume of air per-cent of estimating in the %AIR=mixture,

The K=Feret constant depends on the mixer type,

σ _D=desired intensity is unit with MPa.

Along with cement stereomutation in new blend, the volume of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate must normalization method, makes fine granules, and the volume summation of Coarse Aggregate and cement is 1.0.But a thin Coarse Aggregate ratio remains unchanged.Therefore, in the new blend volume of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate by under establish an equation and provide:

V _F（N）＝γ _F·（1-V _C（N）） （17）

V _CA（N）＝γ _CA·（1-V _C（N）） （18）

Wherein, γ _FAnd γ _CABe respectively the ratio of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate, they are constants on every pseudoparticlae line.These two ratios are made by following equation again:

γ _F＝V _F/（V _F+V _CA） （19）

γ _CA＝V _CA/（γ _F+V _CA） （20）

This new blend is corresponding among the tamped density figure, step 2(a) described pseudoparticlae line and the horizontal intersection point of representative by the new cement volume of equation (16) decision.Along with the cement stereomutation, just corresponding to moving up and down along the pseudoparticlae line.Repeating step 2(b continuously)-2(d), the theoretical strength until mixture equals desired intensity.The mixture that obtains like this under thin-Coarse Aggregate ratio of determining has the desired slump and intensity, and uses minimum cement and water.In general, desired mixture can be tried to achieve with interior 10 iteration.

For some weak concrete, required cement volume may be very low.But, having the fully big matrix of cohesion to prevent segregation in order to make concrete mixture, mixture generally should contain the cement of 10% volume at least.Therefore, the cement volume can only be decreased to resulting intensity and equal desired intensity, or is decreased to and equals 10%, still, can see below, and when using filler, the cement volume can be less than 10%.

Aforesaid method also can be used for mortar, only needs to use the respective value of regulation pellet in the mortar to replace the numerical value of thin-Coarse Aggregate simply.Resulting cement, the composition of pellet and water provides a kind of mortar, and it uses minimum cement, has the desired slump and intensity.Resulting mortar mix also is considered to cost optimization.Though also can increase the cement volume percent and reduce the Coarse Aggregate volume percent, constitute the mixture that has the desired slump or have institute's desired strength at least, because the cost of cement is higher relatively, seldom (as the words that truly have) can be more cheap for these mixtures.

Step 3: cost optimization

As discussed earlier, the unit price of the optimal coagulation earth mixtures under every kind of thin-Coarse Aggregate ratio is calculated and is compared in the explanation of this step, thereby determines the method for the mixture that cost efficiency is the highest generally.In general, way is at first to calculate the unit price of the initial optimum mixture of determining in step 2.Then for obtaining its best composition and result's unit price than second optimum mixture that limits by new thin-Coarse Aggregate.

New thin-Coarse Aggregate is than being to reduce 1% by the volume percent with Coarse Aggregate, and the volume percent of increase fine granules obtains.Then the unit price of second optimum mixture and the unit price of original mixture are compared.If the price of original mixture is lower than the price of second mixture, the composition of original mixture is exactly most economical, so optimizing process finishes.If the price of second mixture is lower than original mixture, just thin-Coarse Aggregate ratio is remake variation, to obtain the 3rd optimum mixture.Cost relatively will repeat, until trying to achieve the most cheap mixture.

More particularly, cost optimization may further comprise the steps:

3(a), according to used cement in the mixture, the unit cost of fine granules and pellet, the unit cost of resulting optimum mixture in the determining step 2.

3(b), utilize tamped density figure same in the step 2, the Coarse Aggregate volume is reduced 0.01, the fine granules volume increases 0.01, makes a new thin-Coarse Aggregate ratio.This new thin-Coarse Aggregate ratio can limit by a pseudoparticlae line, this line differs triangular apex and Coarse Aggregate volume percent from 1% than the little 1%(of original mixture or at its left) the position couple together.

3(c), along new pseudoparticlae line repeating step 2, up to the optimum mixture of making under new thin-Coarse Aggregate ratio.It is called second optimum mixture.Used original mixture on new pseudoparticlae line, its cement volume equals the numerical value in the optimum mixture on the last pseudoparticlae line.

The unit price of second optimum mixture of obtaining 3(d), determining step 3(c).If the unit price of second optimum mixture is greater than the unit price of initial optimum mixture, initial optimum mixture is exactly most economical mixture, and optimizing process finishes.If the unit price of second optimum mixture is lower than initial optimum mixture, thin-Coarse Aggregate is than 3(C set by step again) in said mode change, by step 2(b)-2(e), obtain the 3rd optimum mixture.(being second under present case) optimum mixture of cost and front of the 3rd optimum mixture is compared, more cheap so which to determine.Proceed this process, until making most economical composition, perhaps the volume percent until fine granules reaches maximum value.

In preferred embodiment, the volume percent of mixture medium sand should be greater than not about 80%, even such composition can be more cheap concerning concrete.This is because when the volume that increases fine granules or sand makes corresponding points move to more the left side on tamped density figure, the porosity increase in the resulting concrete, thereby reduced the weather resistance of mixture.

When sand was 80%, concrete weather resistance was so low, so that can't be used for nearly all situation, except extremely low application and the mortar of intensity that does not comprise pellet.Therefore, concrete overall optimum mixture be have the mixture of the performance that requires and minimum unit price, or have the mixture of sand of the performance that requires and 80% volume.But as discussed above, system of the present invention can change and designs the mortar that only contains cement and a kind of pellet.In this case, the volume of sand may be greater than 80%.In addition, available fine granules quantity in the mixture can be set according to the size of desired concrete durability and pellet by the user of system.

Step 1-3 combines and has shown that design has the desired intensity and the slump, comprises the method for the mixture of cement, water and pellet.The quantity that is added to the water in the mixture can be decreased to minimum value, so that intensity is increased to maximum value.Fine granules, the ratio of Coarse Aggregate and cement can be optimized, to reduce the cost of mixture as far as possible.In addition, utilize aforesaid method, can be as one man and accurately produce mixture with the performance that requires, no matter and starting material have any variation.

Step 1-3 also can be used for determining the highest mixture of weather resistance.Step 11 will illustrate below, and the mixture that weather resistance is the highest may be prescribed as total porosity minimum mixture under the possibility situation.This is because in general, when the porosity increase, the weather resistance of mixture reduces.The result of research shows that when tamped density increases the porosity of mixture reduces.So the mixture of close maximum tamped density has the highest weather resistance.

Step 4: coal ash

Admixture is before mixing and stirring or mixes and stirs in the process in order to change concrete performance or cost.Join the component except that cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate in the concrete.The invention provides the model that the following admixture of representative joins the effect in the concrete mix: volcanic ash (as coal ash and atomization silicon dioxide), water subtracts depressant prescription, air and filler.These models are attached in the optimizing process discussed above optimal coagulation earth mixtures in the time of just can determining to contain these admixtures.

Volcanic ash is a kind of material of siliceous or silicon-aluminum containing, itself does not have or has only seldom the value as cement, but be divided into fine powder form and existing under the situation of water, can and cement hydration reaction in the calcium hydroxide, sodium, potassium generation chemical reaction of emitting and produce the cement performance of complexity.In the industry, use the most general and be coal ash and atomization silicon dioxide in conjunction with in the present invention two kinds of volcanic ash.

Coal ash is the resulting a kind of mineral substance admixture of coal dust firing in the power station.Coal ash mainly is made of the silicate glass that comprises silicon, aluminium, iron and calcium.Minor consistuent comprises magnesium, sulphur, sodium, potassium and carbon.Coal ash is different with the particle that pulverizes (as cement), and the particle that pulverizes is to be with the angle, and coal ash then is made of spheroidal particle.Granular size is in the above scope of 1 μ m to 100 μ m, and typical size is 20 μ m.

Wherein a part of cement is compared with the concrete that only contains cement by coal ash alternate mixture, and is less in order to obtain the required water of the given slump.This is that these two just makes the frictional force between the mixture endoparticle lower altogether because the hydraulically active of coal ash is low and be spheric.So coal ash can be used as the substituent of cement, increasing the slump and the processibility of mixture, and needn't increase add the quantity of water.On the other hand, coal ash can be used as the substituent of cement, is used for reducing the quantity that joins water in the mixture and keeps the slump constant, thereby reduce the water cement ratio rate.Except the processibility that improves mixture, coal ash also has some water cement character, can help resulting concrete intensity.

Mixed coal ash in concrete mix, the identical process of available step 1-3 obtains most economical mixture.But decision is slightly revised for the slump that obtains a certain requirement and the formula of intensity institute water requirement.

In general, way is repeating step 1-2 at first, with decision under thin-Coarse Aggregate ratio of regulation, the optimum mixture (not containing admixture) with institute's desired strength and slump.Based on the composition of resulting optimum mixture, alternation ground replaces the volume of cement with coal ash.When the volume percent of coal ash increases, calculate the cost of each mixture, with it with former mixture relatively, with determine regulation carefully-the Coarse Aggregate ratio under the most cheap mixture.

Then will thin-Coarse Aggregate than changing, make it on tamped density figure to moving to left 1%.Process above repeating is with decision the most cheap mixture under new thin-Coarse Aggregate ratio.Unit price with each optimum mixture under different thin-Coarse Aggregate ratios compares then, with the most cheap mixture of decision.This process continues, and continues to shift to the left of tamped density figure, until obtain having the performance that requires and contain the overall optimum mixture of coal ash.

When mixture contained coal ash, the concrete steps of cost optimization were as follows:

4(a). decision under initial thin-Coarse Aggregate ratio, have the slump that requires and intensity optimum mixture (not containing admixture)-this is and step 1 and 2 described identical processes.

4 (b), the optimum mixture of decision after adding coal ash under carefully initial-Coarse Aggregate ratio.Based on step 2 resultant composition, replace the cement of 1% volume with the coal ash of same volume, and calculate the intensity of gained.In tamped density figure, the volume of coal ash is included in the cement volume.Real danger is found, the average particulate diameter d of coal ash and natural tamped density Φ are basic identical with cement.Therefore, when coal ash has replaced cement, the volume percent of hydraulicity material remains unchanged.But, when the average particulate diameter of coal ash and natural tamped density and cement significantly not simultaneously, can be set by step 1 described, represent cement with a kind of pseudoparticlae that combines corresponding to cement and coal ash.The adding atomization silicon dioxide is discussed hereinafter, and when filler and other volcanic ash, this principle also is suitable for.As for how just to calculate significantly difference, then depend on desired result's tolerance range.

Discover that when containing 37% coal ash in the volume of cement and coal ash, in order to obtain the slump of a certain requirement, the volume of required water can reduce 6%.For different types of coal ash, the actual reduction of water is slightly different, can be determined by experience.Therefore, for produce have require the slump and comprise the concrete mix of coal ash, the volume of required water can be obtained by the Popovic equation of revising below:

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="W"\; filenames="941092240\_DRIMG1.png,941092240\_DRIMG10.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">W</figure-callout>}}_2=\frac{W_1}{{\left(\frac{S_1}{S_2}\right)}^{0.1}}-W_{\mathrm{FA}}---\left(21\right)$

W wherein _FABe owing to having added coal ash, in order to obtain to have the mixture of the slump that requires, the reduction of the volume of the water of required adding.It is determined by following formula:

W _FA= (W ₁· %FA·6)/(100·37) （22）

W wherein ₁Be in order to make previously defined standard mixture have the slump of 1.0cm, the volume of required mixing water; %FA is the volume percent of coal ash in coal ash and the cement admixture.

So available W ₂Value go to calculate 28 days intensity.Though coal ash has some hydraulicity, to compare with the cement of equal volume, coal ash makes the intensity of mixture lower.Therefore, with deciding the correction Feret formula that contains 28 days intensity of coal ash concrete to be:

σ= K( (V _C- K ₂V _FA)/(V _C-K ₂V _FA-W ₂- V _A) ) （23）

Wherein, K ₂=be called the constant of intensity activity, when the coal ash that it describes each volume is compared with the cement of equal volume, the development of intensity.General this numerical value can be made corresponding to the used coal ash of reality between 0.3 to 0.6;

V _FAThe volume of coal ash in the=mixture, calculate by following equation:

V _FA＝%FA·（V _C+FA/100） （24）

In the formula, V _C+FABe the cumulative volume of cement and coal ash, can in tamped density figure, read by the volume as cement;

V _CThe volume of cement in the=mixture can mark by following formula:

V _C＝V _C+FA-V _FA（25）

4(C) final strength that will contain the mixture of coal ash is compared with desired intensity.If resulting intensity is different with desired intensity, estimate in order to obtain to have the mixture of institute's desired strength, the cement that needs and the volume of coal ash, this just obtains a new mixture, and new blend has identical cement/coal ash ratio.The new volume of cement is calculated by following formula:

Wherein, σ _DThe intensity of=requirement is unit with MPa, and K ₁, K ₂, V _A, W ₂With %FA and preceding step 4(b) in definition identical.

The volume of coal ash is calculated by following formula in new blend:

V _FA＝（ (%FA)/(100-%FA) ）·V _C（27）

Wherein the definition of all variablees is the same.

The normalization method volume of corresponding fine granules and Coarse Aggregate is 2(e set by step) in equation 17 and 18 calculate.Repeat step 4(b then) and 4(c), until obtaining the mixture that its computed strength equals institute's desired strength.

4(d), calculation procedure 4(c) unit cost that contains the mixture of 1% coal ash in, and and 4(a) in not coal-ash containing mixture relatively.If the cost of mixture is lower step 4(c), then many again coal ash with 1% reach for cement repeating step 4(b)-4(d).Continuation is repeating step 4(b under the situation that coal ash numerical value increases) to 4(d), until obtain cost minimum contain coal ash mixture, perhaps until the volume percent of coal ash greater than 30%.Coal ash content is greater than 30% mixture, and the pectisation of its cement is not enough to prevent concrete segregation and bleeding.And, because the hydration of coal ash will be caused by the hydroxyl ion from cement, so, should not use heavy dose of coal ash for normal strength development.

4(e), identical with step 3, now the volume percent with Coarse Aggregate reduces 1%, change thin Coarse Aggregate than and process is proceeded down, at this moment be equivalent on tamped density figure, be moved to the left 1%.Utilization is based on the mixture of new thin Coarse Aggregate ratio, repeating step 4(a)-4(d), to determine the most cheap mixture that comprises coal ash and have the institute's desired strength and the slump.

The unit cost of mixture 4(f) calculation procedure 4(e) and with step 4(d) mixture relatively.If mixture cost step 4(e) is lower, just on tamped density figure, move to left 1% again, change thin Coarse Aggregate ratio.This process is proceeded, continued to move to tamped density figure left, the most cheap overall mixture perhaps reaches 80% until the fine granules volume percent as previously mentioned until obtaining containing coal ash.

Other volcanic ash is when combining with concrete mix, and performance is similar to coal ash.These volcanic ash comprise (as example rather than only limit to): blast furnace slag, borosilicic acid hard glass, diatomite, milky white flint, shale, clay, volcano ashtuff and thick stone.These volcanic ash can be incorporated in the above-mentioned optimizing process, as long as in the use during the relevant equation of face, adopt suitable water reduction value and intensity activity value.Generally be added to no more than two kinds of volcanic ash in the concrete mix because kind many seldom can produce economic interests or improve material property.

Step 5: atomization silicon dioxide

Atomization silicon dioxide is also referred to as fine particle silica, also is a kind of volcanic ash, and it and other pozzuolanic difference are that its great specific surface area and it influence the mode of concrete mix.Atomization silicon dioxide produces when preparing in silicon or the iron silicon alloy process with coal reduction high-purity quartz in electric arc furnace.Atomization silicon dioxide is the silicon-dioxide of non-crystalline form basically.Carry particle as a kind of gas and form owing to it, atomization silicon dioxide is the same with coal ash to be spheric.But the atomization silicon dioxide particle is very tiny, and diameter is all less than 1 μ m, and mean diameter is 0.1 μ m.

Use the optimum mixture of atomization silicon dioxide, can determine with the same procedure of determining the suitable consumption of coal ash in the step 4; But it is different with the formula of gained intensity to calculate the required water amount.Opposite with coal ash, for the given slump, atomization silicon dioxide needs more water, but silicon-dioxide makes cement admixture have bigger intensity.On tamped density figure, the volume of silicon-dioxide also is considered to the part of cement volume in the mixture.When needing, can represent the mixture of cement and atomization silicon dioxide with pseudoparticlae.

Studies show that the atomization silicon dioxide of 20% usefulness corresponding volume of cement volume is replaced, and the result is in order to obtain the slump of a certain requirement, the quantity of required water increases about 20%.(increase of actual amount of water may become with given atomization silicon dioxide, but is easy to by the experience decision).According to this analysis, has the slump of requirement in order to make the mixture that contains atomization silicon dioxide.The volume percent of needed water is determined by following formula.

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="W"\; filenames="941092240\_DRIMG1.png,941092240\_DRIMG10.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">W</figure-callout>}}_2=\frac{W_1}{{\left(\frac{S_1}{S_2}\right)}^{0.1}}+W_{\mathrm{SF}}---\left(28\right)$

Wherein, W _SFBe because added atomization silicon dioxide, have the desired slump in order to make mixture, the increasing amount of the volume of needed water, it is provided by following formula:

$W_{\mathrm{SF}}=\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="W"\; filenames="941092240\_DRIMG1.png,941092240\_DRIMG16.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">W</figure-callout>}}_1\&CenterDot;\%\mathrm{SF}\&CenterDot;20}{100\&CenterDot;20}---\left(29\right)$

In the formula, the volume percent of %SF=atomization silicon dioxide in atomization silicon dioxide and cement admixture.

So available W ₂Numerical value calculate concrete 28 days intensity.Because the cement character of atomization silicon dioxide, decision use the correction Feret formula of the 28 days intensity of concrete of silicon-dioxide to be:

σ= K( (V _C- K ₃V _SF)/(V _C-K ₃V _SF-W ₂+V _A) ) ²(30)

Wherein, V _SFThe volume of atomization silicon dioxide in the=mixture, calculate by following formula:

V _SF＝%SF·（V _C+SF/100）（31）

In the formula, V _C+SFThe cumulative volume of=cement and silicon-dioxide, it can be read as the cement volume in tamped density figure;

V _CThe volume of cement in the=mixture, calculate by following formula:

V _C＝V _C+SF-V _SF（32）

K ₃=activity constant represents that every volume atomization silicon dioxide compares the development of its intensity with the cement of equal volume.In general, this numerical value is between 1.5 to 4, and preferred values is 2.Its actual numerical value can be determined by experience given atomization silicon dioxide.And

K, W ₂And V _AWith step 2(d) in defined identical.

Above-mentioned formula for water and intensity can be as described in the step 4, and merger has the desired slump and intensity and cost is minimum in decision, contains in the process of optimal coagulation earth mixtures of atomization silicon dioxide.

As at step 4(e) discuss, if the intensity of calculating is not equal to desired intensity, just can obtain intensity, the estimated value of needed cement and atomization silicon dioxide volume in order to obtain to require.New cement volume by under establish an equation and obtain:

Wherein, σ _D=desired intensity, unit is MPa.

K, K ₃, V _A, W ₂The same with the definition of %SF.

The volume of atomization silicon dioxide is calculated by following formula in new blend, and the ratio of cement and atomization silicon dioxide remains unchanged.

V _SF＝（ (%SF)/(100-%SF) ）·V _C（34）

The definition of all variablees is all identical with the front, and the normalization method volume of corresponding fine granules and Coarse Aggregate is 2(e set by step) in equation calculate.

Similar to coal ash, the volume of atomization silicon dioxide should not surpass 20% of cement and atomization silicon dioxide mixture.Concentration surpasses 20% development that just may limit mixture intensity, and causes dry shrinkage to ftracture because atomization silicon dioxide has high-specific surface area.

Step 6: water subtracts depressant prescription

Water subtracts that to fall admixture be in order to the quantity that reduces mixing water when preparation has the concrete of the desired slump and processibility.Common water subtracts the active constituent that depressant prescription generally contains 30% weight, comprises Sulfite lignin, hydroxylated carboxylic acid, and sulfonated naphthaldehyde condensation compound etc., they can reduce about 15% with the water consumption that needs in order to obtain the desired slump.The high-performance water subtracts depressant prescription, is also referred to as super plasticizing agent, generally contains the active constituent of 40% volume, comprise sulfonated melamino-for maldehyde condenses, the sulfonated naphthaldehyde condensation compound, Sulfite lignin etc., they can will require the slump in order to obtain and the water yield that needs reduces about 30%.Water subtracts depressant prescription and also includes retarding agent, and it can hinder the speed of slow concrete strength development.It is different with coal ash that but water subtracts depressant prescription, and it does not have cement character, thereby general just by influencing water/cement than influencing concrete intensity.

Water subtracts depressant prescription and generally is attracted to cement particle surface and works.This will produce negative charge at particle surface, make them mutually exclusive.Because this mechanism, water subtracts depressant prescription can be envisioned as dispersion agent.Common water subtracts depressant prescription and the high-performance water subtracts depressant prescription under the active constituent concentration of equivalence, causes identical water to subtract the amount of falling.

Common and high-performance water subtracts the key distinction of depressant prescription, is that commercially available high-performance water subtracts the depressant prescription commodity only the concentration of active dispersed component is higher and concentration retarding agent is lower.Therefore, in optimizing process, can the kind that used water subtracts depressant prescription be taken into account by normalization method process described below.

In addition, because water subtracts depressant prescription and contain retarding agent, general added common water subtracts depressant prescription solution and is no more than 1% in concrete mix, and added high-performance water subtracts depressant prescription solution and is no more than 2%(by cement weight).Water subtracts depressant prescription and surpasses this concentration, and concrete can not be hardened always.The high-performance water subtracts depressant prescription can use higher concentration, because their contained retarding agents are less.

Supposing only to have added water and subtract depressant prescription in the standard concrete mixture, is that 3 to try to achieve the used process of the optimum mixture of use coal ash identical in the process that obtains optimum mixture and the step 4.Unique difference is that the formula of required mixing water amount of decision and final strength will be revised.Optimizing process comprises the optimum mixture under the initial thin Coarse Aggregate ratio of decision.In this mixture, add the water that increases progressively quantity then and subtract depressant prescription.Calculate the unit cost of these mixtures and compare, thus the optimum mixture of decision under initial thin Coarse Aggregate ratio.Change thin Coarse Aggregate ratio then, repeat this process again.By comparing the unit cost of the optimum mixture under each thin Coarse Aggregate ratio, just can make the overall optimum mixture that has used water to subtract depressant prescription.

Owing to obtain and contain the general method that water subtracts the optimum mixture of depressant prescription, with discussed in the step 4 identical, so following go through the formula that will do to revise in the step 4.After the optimum mixture of having made under the initial thin Coarse Aggregate ratio, just in this optimum mixture, add the water that equals cement weight 0.1% and subtract depressant prescription.Use the Feret equation to obtain resulting intensity.But,, must determine in order to make mixture have the desired slump in order to calculate resulting intensity.And need contain the quantity that water subtracts the water that adds in the mixture of depressant prescription.

In order to stipulate a formula, it can calculate and contain the quantity of water that water subtracts the mixture of depressant prescription, various waters must be subtracted depressant prescription normalization method.The high-performance water subtracts that active constituent concentration is generally 40% in the depressant prescription.In cement admixture, adding the weight of 2%(in cement) this water subtracts depressant prescription, can make the water yield that needs in order to obtain the desired slump reduce 30%.Research invention, adding the relation that water subtracts between the minimizing of depressant prescription and institute's water requirement is linear basically.Utilize high-performance water as defined above to subtract depressant prescription as standard, all waters subtract all correspondingly normalization method of depressant prescription.For example, add 1% its active constituent concentration and have only 30% water to subtract depressant prescription, be considered to that to subtract depressant prescription identical with adding 0.75% standard water.Because the active constituent that subtracts in the depressant prescription at new water lacks 25%.

Subtract the parameter of depressant prescription according to the standard water, in order to obtain having the mixture that water subtracts depressant prescription that contains of the slump that requires, the volume percent of needed water can be calculated with following formula:

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="W"\; filenames="941092240\_DRIMG1.png,941092240\_DRIMG10.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">W</figure-callout>}}_2=\frac{W_1}{{\left(\frac{S_1}{S_2}\right)}^{0.1}}-W_{\mathrm{WR}}---\left(35\right)$

W wherein _WRBe because water subtracts the effect of depressant prescription, the quantity that the water consumption that making needs for the slump that obtains requiring reduces, it is determined by following formula:

W _WR= (W ₁· %WR·30)/(100(2)) （36）

W wherein ₁Be with predetermination in order to obtain the needed mixing water volume of the 1cm slump; And %WR is the percentage quantity that subtracts depressant prescription in the mixture by the water of cement weight calculating.

So available W ₂Numerical value calculate 28 days intensity.Because water subtracts depressant prescription and dependently contributing to some extent for concrete intensity, can calculate 28 days intensity with formula identical in the step 2 and estimate desired strength and the cement volume that needs in order to obtain.In general, the volume that the water in the mixture subtracts depressant prescription is so little, so that does not think that this quantity contains the volume that changes mixture.But, if necessary, also can take into account the volume that water subtracts depressant prescription.Subtract that part of water in the depressant prescription at water, generally be the 60-70% of admixture, can from the water that joins mixture, reduce that the rest part that water subtracts depressant prescription is a kind of solid, it can replace a part of cement, replaces cement respectively as coal ash and atomization silicon dioxide in step 4 and 5.

Owing to used water to subtract depressant prescription, make for the required water yield of the slump that obtains requiring has reduced, water in the mixture/cement ratio reduces, thereby has increased the intensity of resulting mixture.So the quantity of cement can reduce, until making a mixture, it has desired intensity and slump, subtracts depressant prescription and contain 0.1% initial water.Carry out the cost ratio then, to subtract the mixture of depressant prescription more cheap if contain water, just adds 0.1% water again and subtract depressant prescription in mixture.4 form repeats said process set by step again, contains the optimum mixture that water subtracts depressant prescription until making, and still, discussed the front, and water subtracts the highest of the general consumption of depressant prescription and is about 2% of cement weight.Surpass this quantity, will make and increase to unpractical length concrete set time.

Summarize, should not add the admixture that reduces water consumption in the weak concrete.Because these concrete only need very a spot of cement, the water that adds costliness subtracts depressant prescription and can not allow aspect cost.But in strong concrete, add water and subtract the quantity that depressant prescription can reduce required water significantly, make that therefore using water to subtract depressant prescription becomes economical.

Step 7: filler

Filler is that another kind can be included in the admixture in the optimizing process.A kind of concrete mix general requirement cement will account at least 10% of cement, fine granules and Coarse Aggregate cumulative volume, to produce a kind of cohesiveness mixture that can prevent concrete disintegration and bleeding.But some weak concrete can obtain required intensity with being less than 10% cement.Therefore, can be with the granular size filler of the low price identical basically with cement.Come to replenish obtain the difference of 10% required cement of the required cement amount of desired strength and the mixture of acquisition adhesive aggregation between these two.

Filler does not generally have cement character, thereby to the not directly contribution of resulting concrete intensity.But similar to coal ash, filler is compared with cement, has reduced the quantity for the required mixing water of the slump that obtains to require really, thereby affects indirectly the resulting concrete slump and intensity.Filler can comprise (being not limited only to these for example).Lime carbonate, rhombspar, grouan, basalt, and ore, they are crushed to granular size-particle diameter similar to coal ash is less than 100 μ m.For the minimizing of the slump required water amount that obtains to require, be because their almost sphericals and the result that do not have hydraulically active.Filler generally is incorporated in the concrete mix that does not contain volcanic ash and other admixture.Because filler only is used in the low strength mixture, adds volcanic ash (their intensity has only half of cement, and cost is more than the twice of cement) and only can play the effect of increasing the concrete mix cost.

As what discussed in the former step, in mixture, be about 10% for the minimum cement volume percent that prevents to emanate or bleeding is required.But, used filler, can replace a part of cement and make the volume percent of cement continue to reduce with filler.On tamped density figure, even filler has replaced cement, the volume percent of cement still remains on constant 10%, because filler has identical filling characteristic with cement.As previously discussed, when the natural tamped density of filler is different from cement significantly, can represent the mixture of filler and cement with a kind of pseudoparticlae.

When adding filler, for the reduction of the required blending water yield of the slump that obtains to require, the quantity during approx with the adding coal ash is identical.Therefore, the mixture that contains filler in order to obtain having the slump of requirement, the volume of required water is provided by following formula:

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="W"\; filenames="941092240\_DRIMG1.png,941092240\_DRIMG10.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">W</figure-callout>}}_2=\frac{W_1}{{\left(\frac{S_1}{S_2}\right)}^{0.1}}-W_F---\left(37\right)$

Wherein, W _FBe owing to added filler, for the mixture of the slump that obtains having requirement, the reduction of the volume of required water, it is determined by following formula:

W _F= (W ₁·%FIL·6)/(100(37)) （38）

In the formula, the volume percent of %FIL=filler in filler and cement admixture.

So available W ₂Numerical value calculate 28 days intensity.Because filler there is no independently contribution to concrete intensity, the formula in step 2 can be used to calculate 28 days intensity and is used for estimating for the required cement volume of the intensity that obtains to require.

Step 8: the design optimization system of combination

Understood and how to have optimized after the process of concrete mix that independent a kind of admixture and cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate, water combines formation, just can be combined into a system to various processes, this system has used nested loop, can determine to contain the optimum mixture of the admixture combination of various selections, and these admixtures comprise coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide, and water subtracts depressant prescription.For example rather than in order to limit the scope of the invention, such system has done announcement in the logical flow chart of Fig. 8 (A)-(B).

Certainly, there is multiple method to plan and carry out this system.But its principle is to calculate the intensity with requirement and the slump, the cost of the combination of all possible cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate and various admixtures.The cost of more every kind of mixture then is to determine the minimum mixture of resulting cost.Corresponding composition is exactly whole optimum mixture.In fact do not need to calculate whole mixtures.In Shuo Ming the system, become big below, just need not continue to change thin Coarse Aggregate and compare, because other the additional mixture under setting cement volume all is more expensive in case determined certain mixture price when thin Coarse Aggregate ratio becomes big.

Referring to Fig. 8 (A)-(B), square frame 34 requires to list the cement of preparing to mix in the mixture, the inventory of the kind of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate.The kind of each component is the mean diameter d ' according to them, and tamped density ψ classifies, shown in square frame 36.1 discussed set by step, the kind of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate is reduced to single fine granules pseudoparticlae and single Coarse Aggregate pseudoparticlae respectively, shown in square frame 38.

System is a component possible in the mixture at square frame 40 inquiry atomization silicon dioxides then.If do not prepare to use atomization silicon dioxide, the maximum quantity of atomization silicon dioxide just is set at 0 in square frame 42.If can use atomization silicon dioxide, its maximum quantity just limits at square frame 44.Discussion in 5 set by step, the body journey of atomization silicon dioxide generally should not surpass 20% of cement material volume.In the system of explanation now, " cement material " comprises cement, coal ash, and atomization silicon dioxide.Square frame 46-50 requires to subtract about water the same information of depressant prescription, and square frame 52-56 requires about using the information of coal ash.

In case selected admixture, just incited somebody to action optimum mixture cost X before this _BESTBe set at and equal infinitely great; Water is subtracted depressant prescription, and the quantity of coal ash and atomization silicon dioxide is set at and equals zero, as respectively shown in the square frame 58-62.Got ready the now composition and the cost of original mixture of the intensity of determining to have requirement and the slump of system.This process is carried out in tree 64, as shown in Figure 9.

Square frame 66 beginning optimizing processs calculate the maximum tamped density for given cement, fine granules and Coarse Aggregate.This maximum tamped density 1 described method is set by step obtained.In square frame 68, the adhesive aggregation factor of safety is applied on the mixture composition of tamped density maximum then, to make a kind of can not the segregation or the original mixture (seeing square frame 70) of bleeding.Square frame 69 is set at infinity with mixture initial optimization cost, so that compare with real cost subsequently.

At square frame 72, calculate volume for the required water of the slump that obtains to require.According to the quantity of required water, in square frame 74, determine the mixture intensity of gained.In square frame 76 with the strength ratio of computed strength and requirement.If computed strength is not equal to the intensity of requirement, in square frame 78, calculate intensity, the estimated value of required cement volume in order to obtain to require.And square frame 78 makes that also with the volume normalization method again of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate cement, fine granules and Coarse Aggregate volume sum equal 1 in new blend, and thin Coarse Aggregate ratio remains unchanged.Above calculating is all carried out according to the equation in the step 2.

Adopt new mixture composition, square frame 72 is got back to by circulating path 79 by system, at this place new blend is repeated above process, calculates the quantity and the resulting intensity of required water, then with the strength ratio of computed strength and requirement.Circulation 79 proceeds to the intensity that computed strength equals requirement, at this moment just calculates the cost of the mixture of making at square frame 80.In square frame 82, will compare from square frame 80 cost of calculating and the cost of optimizing mixture.Be set at infinity at first owing to optimize the cost of mixture, just be defined as optimizing mixture so have first mixture of the character that requires, and with the numerical value of cement, fine granules and Coarse Aggregate volume in this mixture with and cost in square frame 84, be defined as optimal value.

So system compares at the maximum volume of square frame 86 with fine granules volume in the mixture and fine granules permission.According to the discussion in the step 2, this maximum volume generally is about 80% of solid volume.If the volume of fine granules is less than the fine granules volume of permission in the mixture, system just moves to square frame 88, and the volume with fine granules increases by 1% therein, and the Coarse Aggregate volume is reduced corresponding quantity, the thin Coarse Aggregate ratio that regulation makes new advances; And the maintenance of the volume of cement is constant.Systemic circulation loop 89 is back to square frame 70 then, repeats this process to determine that the composition of which type of cement, fine granules and Coarse Aggregate can obtain the mixture that its computed strength equals the intensity of requirement under new thin Coarse Aggregate ratio.

In case determined the mixture that under new thin Coarse Aggregate ratio, has the character of requirement, just calculate its costs at square frame 80, and with the optimization mixture of making in the past relatively.If the cost of new blend is lower, new blend just becomes the mixture of optimization, at this moment just in square frame 88 new thin Coarse Aggregate of regulation than and allow circulation 89 proceed.Circulation 89 will proceed to it and withdraw from from square frame 82 or 86.When the fine granules volume of the optimization mixture of new regulation was equal to or greater than the fine granules maximum volume of regulation, circulation was just withdrawed from from square frame 86.Circulation 89 also can be withdrawed from from square frame 82, if the cost of new blend is higher than the optimization mixture of original regulation.In circulation 89 places of withdrawing from, the mixture of optimization is desired strength and the slump and cost is minimum corresponding to having, the overall best group compound that is made of cement, fine granules and Coarse Aggregate.

The cost and the comparison of optimum cost mixture of the optimization mixture that square frame 90 will be determined at square frame 84.Because optimum cost is set to infinity at first in square frame 58, the optimum cost in square frame 92 is set at the beginning and withdraws from circulation 89 o'clock, at the optimization mixture of square frame 84 regulations.Square frame 92 stores the composition and the cost of optimum mixture.

Secondly, system enters a series of nested loop, and their alternation ground increases the volume that atomization silicon dioxide, coal ash and water subtract depressant prescription.Every kind of cost of optimizing mixture is compared, and optimum mixture is stored in square frame 92.Whether the atomization silicon dioxide quantity in the square frame 94 inquiry mixtures is less than the regulation permission amount of atomization silicon dioxide.If the volume of atomization silicon dioxide just increases 1% in cement material, shown in square frame 96.At this moment tree 64 gets back to by circulation loop 97 in system.Utilize the formula in the step 5, tree 64 determines under various thin Coarse Aggregate ratios now, comprises atomization silicon dioxide and has the composition and the cost of the mixture of the performance that requires, and in every kind of mixture, the ratio of atomization silicon dioxide and cement material remains unchanged.

Circulation 89 continue to change thin Coarse Aggregate ratio, until new blend square frame 82 relatively the time than before mixture more expensive, perhaps reached the maximum volume of fine granules.No matter be any in the both of these case, square frame 90 is all got back to by system, will optimize the cost of mixture and former optimum mixture comparison in the square frame 84.If this cost of optimizing mixture is lower, the composition of optimizing mixture just becomes optimum mixture.System will check whether the quantity of atomization silicon dioxide reaches, and many cement materials 1% volume replace with atomization silicon dioxide if do not reach just again.Circulation 98 is repeated, and to find out the new optimization mixture under the atomization silicon dioxide/cement material ratio at new settings, circulation 98 continues to repeat, and the quantity of atomization silicon dioxide reaches the maximum quantity of atomization silicon dioxide in mixture.

In case arrive the maximum quantity of atomization silicon dioxide, whether the coal ash of system in square frame 100 inquiry mixtures has reached maximum quantity.If do not reach, just in square frame 102, replace the cement material of 1% volume with coal ash.Loop 104 makes system get back to square frame 62, and being reset at the volume of this atomization silicon dioxide is zero, reenters tree 64.

Formula in the tree 64 present applying steps 4, decision comprises cement, 1% coal ash (pressing the volume calculation of cement material), the optimization mixture of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate.Obtain after this mixture, just relatively the optimum mixture in its cost and the square frame 90.When recirculation 98, atomization silicon dioxide incrementally is added in the mixture then.When circulation 98 incrementally adds atomization silicon dioxide, system just determines to contain the optimization mixture of cement, 1% coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide, fine granules and Coarse Aggregate, in case the quantity of atomization silicon dioxide equals the maximum quantity of atomization silicon dioxide, circulation 98 is just withdrawed from, and the volume percent of coal ash increases by 1% again.When circulating 98 when the coal ash volume is 2% time repetition, the volume of atomization silicon dioxide is put once more is decided to be zero.This process is proceeded, and the volume of coal ash equals the maximum quantity of coal ash in mixture.

So system inquires that in square frame 106 whether volume that water subtracts depressant prescription subtracts the licensed number of depressant prescription greater than water.If not, just in mixture, add the water that equals cement material weight 1% and subtract depressant prescription.Square frame 60 110 is got back to through the loop by system.System subtracts depressant prescription at water and increases back recirculation 98 and 104 at every turn then.

Obtained after the optimization mixture at every turn, all its cost and the optimum proportion cost that is stored in the square frame 92 have been compared.Therefore, when water subtracts the maximum quantity that the quantity of depressant prescription equals to permit, system withdraws from and finishes from square frame 112, be stored in optimum mixture in the square frame 92 just corresponding to subtracting at cement, coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide, water during depressant prescription, fine granules and Coarse Aggregate all may make up, have the desired slump and intensity and the minimum mixture of cost.

When cement and coal ash or atomization silicon dioxide made up individually, the quantity of required water and resulting mixture intensity can be calculated by the formula in step 4 and 5 respectively.But, when cement, coal ash and atomization silicon dioxide are combined in the mixture, will use following formula.In order to make the mixture that contains atomization silicon dioxide and coal ash have the desired slump, the quantity of required water is determined by following formula:

${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="W"\; filenames="941092240\_DRIMG1.png,941092240\_DRIMG10.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">W</figure-callout>}}_2=\frac{W_1}{{\left(\frac{S_1}{S_2}\right)}^{0.1}}-W_{\mathrm{EA}}+W_{\mathrm{SF}}---\left(39\right)$

W in the formula _SAnd W _FADefinition with step 4 and 5.

The W that utilization is obtained ₂Numerical value can determine the final strength in the square frame 74 with the Feret formula of correction.

σ=K ( (V ₀+ K ₂V _FA+K ₃V _SF)/(V _C+ K _SV _FA+K ₃V _SF+W ₂+V _A) ) ²（40）

In the formula: V _SF=%SF(V _T/ 100) (41)

V _FA＝%FA·（V _T/100） （42）

V _C＝V _T-V _SF-V _FA（43）

And V _TEqual the cumulative volume of cement in the mixture, atomization silicon dioxide and coal ash.The definition of other variable is with step 4 and 5.

If desired intensity is not equal to computed strength, the volume estimated value of new cement, coal ash and atomization silicon dioxide, can calculate by following equation respectively:

$V_{C\left(N\right)}=\frac{{\left(\frac{{\mathrm{\&sigma;}}_D}{K}\right)}^{0.5}+\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="W"\; filenames="941092240\_DRIMG1.png,941092240\_DRIMG10.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">W</figure-callout>}}_2+V_A}{1-{\left(\frac{{\mathrm{\&sigma;}}_D}{K}\right)}^{0.5}}}{1+\frac{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="K"\; filenames="941092240\_DRIMG1.png,941092240\_DRIMG10.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">K</figure-callout>}}_2\&CenterDot;\%\mathrm{FA}}{100-\%\mathrm{FA}}+\frac{K_3\&CenterDot;\%\mathrm{SF}}{100-\%\mathrm{SF}}}---\left(44\right)$

V _{FA (N)}= (%FA·V _C(N))/(100 -%SF) （45）

V _{SF (N)}= (%SF·V _{C (N)})/(100 -%SF) （46）

Identical in the definition of all variablees and step 4 and 5 in the formula.

When using these equations, cement, coal ash and atomization silicon dioxide remain unchanged with respect to the ratio of cement material cumulative volume.The corresponding volume of cement and Coarse Aggregate, the equation in the available step 2 solves.

At last, as discussing more fully in step 6 like that, subtract depressant prescription and just pay attention to when making mixture have the quantity of the required water of the slump of requirement determining just add water.Therefore, no matter it is to join to contain cement and dry ash that water subtracts depressant prescription, or contain cement and atomization silicon dioxide, still contain in the mixture of cement, coal ash and atomization silicon dioxide, added water and subtracted the result of depressant prescription, the quantity of the water that the variation of above-listed each equation just will need in order to obtain the desired slump deducts a reduction.

For example, subtract depressant prescription containing cement, coal ash, atomization silicon dioxide, water, in the mixture of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate, for the quantity of the needed water of the slump that obtains to require, available following formula decision:

$W_S=\frac{W_1}{{\left(\frac{S_1}{S_2}\right)}^{0.1}}-V_{\mathrm{FA}}+W_{\mathrm{SF}}-W_{\mathrm{WR}}---\left(47\right)$

W wherein _FA, W _SFAnd W _WRDefinition see step 4 respectively, 5 and 6.

The influence that it shall yet further be noted that other volcanic ash or admixture also can join in the optimizing process, only needs to increase in iterative process simply another circulation.Similarly, in said system, also can add filler, but because filler seldom (as the words that truly have) join in the mixture that comprises other admixture, the result will be identical.

Step 9: air

Air is different with admixture discussed above, and it does not simulate among optimizing process, and must revise after optimizing process.Air is the admixture that makes the bubble stabilizes that forms in the process of mixing and stirring.This is to finish by the surface tension that reduces water.Air forms the film of a repellency, and it is sufficiently solid, can comprise bubble and make it stable, and is different with abiogenous bubble, and the bubble that forms when using air is very little, and its diameter is between about 10-1000 μ m.

Increasing the main benefit of air gap volume percent in concrete structure, is to improve the hardened concrete to bear the ability of freezing and melting under wet condition, and the processibility that improves concrete mix.When the water in moist concrete freezes, can in the kapillary of grout and pellet and hole, produce seepage water pressure and hydrostaticpressure.Owing to freeze the result of a thaw process, the pressure that these produce repeatedly can make the also integrity of structural damage of concrete structure expansion.Air gap can be removed these pressure, and their can be to expansible cavity wherein as the water that freezes, and unlikely concrete structure is produced excessive internal pressure.

Air can improve the slump and the processibility of concrete mix a little, because it provides air filled cavity, the particle of mixture can move on bubble, thereby has reduced the frictional force between the particle.In addition, mixed air filled cavity in grout, the volume of grout has increased, and just can have more grout to surround the pellet particle and reduces frictional force between them.Typical air comprises the salt material (Vinsol resin) of wood rosin, some synthetic detergent, the salt of sulfonated lignin, the salt of petroleum acid, the salt of proteic substance, lipid acid and resinous acid and their salt, alkylbenzene sulfonate, and the salt of sulfonated hydrocarbon.

In general, the quantity of added air is that 0.02% to 0.2%(of cement weight depends on solid kind and quantity in the air) so that in concrete, produce the air content of 4% to 10% volume.Required air concentration depends on the cohesiveness of concrete mix.Joining the dosage in the mixture in the optimizing process, generally is exactly the dosage of retailer's suggestion.The Sika Aer that Sika company provides The concentration that air uses should be 0.04% of cement weight, accounts for the air content of volume of concrete 5% with generation.

After the optimization mixture produces definitely, just can determine the actual air content in mixture.If after optimizing process is finished, for the air content of the given slump with at step 2(c) in used hypothesis air content to compare be too low or too high words, optimizing process can recomputate with the air content numerical value of revising, and perhaps the air with proper amt reconstitutes mixture.Air content also set by step 10 discussion set up model.The situation that subtracts depressant prescription with water is identical, and the volume percent of air is generally very little in the mixture, so that needn't consider that air itself can influence the volume of mixture.But be that the air quantity that mixes in mixture is taken into account when decision mixture intensity.

Step 10: system's correction

After in a single day the design system of step 8 is set up, can improve the tolerance range of system results with linear regression analysis.In general, this is finishing for the two graph of a relation of the quantity of the quantity of the required mixing water of the slump that obtains to require and the mixing water of the slump actual needs that obtains to require by the theoretical decision of drawing.Determine the relation between each numerical value on the figure then, and into the Popovic formula of incorporating, to improve tolerance range for the theoretical value of the slump institute water requirement that obtains to require.

In fact, said process may further comprise the steps:

10(a), in the optimization mixture that decision is determined in step 8, for the theoretical value of the quantity of the required water of the slump that obtains to require.This quantity is corresponding to the W that is solved by the Popovic formula ₂Numerical value, be simultaneously decision optimize resulting 28 days intensity of mixture the time used quantity.

10(b), in fact and together with the optimization mixture of the water of this theoretical quantity and step 8.The actual slump and the air content of measuring mixture then.Approximate owing to containing in the optimizing process, often be not inconsistent complete between the actual value of the slump and air and the theoretical value.

10(c), utilize the Popvic formula, the mixture that separating sends as an envoy to makes above has at step 10(c) the quantity W of the required water of the definite actual slump ₂Present step 10(b) and 10(c) provided actual value and the theoretical value that makes a specific mixture have the quantity of the required water of the specific slump respectively.

10(d), to different slump required value repeating step 10(a)-10(d), these steps are wanted triplicate at least, want to improve the tolerance range of end-result, just need to repeat more times.This just provides two groups of numerical value, corresponding to theoretical quantity and the actual quantity for the required water of the slump that obtains stipulating.

10(e), with step 10(d) in the data mapping, be the y coordinate for the actual water requirement of a certain specific slump, be the x coordinate for the theoretical water requirement of the specific slump.Studies show that on such figure and should demonstrate linear relationship.

10(f), with step 10(e) in linear relationship be defined as following form:

W _2c＝（W ₂·m）+b （48）

Wherein, W _2cWhen the actual water requirement for the regulation slump) using, this numerical value representative is for the theoretical water requirement through revising of the regulation slump),

W ₂=for the theoretical water requirement of stipulating the slump,

M=step 10(e) slope of cathetus,

The b=y y-intercept.

10(g), make graph of a relation between the slump of this mixture of air content and measuring in each mixture of measuring.With their contextual definition is following form:

AIR _ACT＝（SLUMP·m）+b （49）

In the formula, AIR _ACT=according to the slump of correspondence and the volume of air in definite mixture.

The slump of the given mixture of SLUMP=,

The actual slump of m=concerns the collinear slope with corresponding air content,

B=concerns collinear y y-intercept.

10(h), with step 10(g) formula incorporate the design optimization process into, promptly after the theoretical quantity that solves with the Popovic formula for the required mixing water of the slump that obtains to require, with resulting W ₂Value substitution step 10(f) equation (48) in.Obtain W _2c, just obtain improvement value or modified value for the quantity of the required water of the slump that obtains to require.Desired slump substitution equation (49), try to achieve the volume of air in the mixture again.Volume with the water of resulting volume of air and correction is used for the Feret equation then, obtains the intensity of mixture.Then by the process that is optimized continuously noted earlier.By this mode, the error of slump estimated value can+or-2cm in.

Step 11: weather resistance

Above optimizing process can be used for also guaranteeing that the mixture selected has enough weather resistance to the purposes of its expection.To be concrete structure keep the ability of its integrity in longer following period of time to weather resistance, represents with porosity in this patent.The mixture that porosity is high generally has too high water concentration or fine granules concentration, thereby weather resistance is low.The general porosity of mixture can by under the decision that establishes an equation, suppose that wherein the hydration reaction of cement has taken place 80%.

Total porosity=((W _W-0.208 (W _C))/10)+%AIR (50)

W wherein _WThe weight of water in=every cubic meter of concrete,

W _CThe weight of cement in=every cubic meter of concrete,

The volume percent of air in the %AIR=mixture (is benchmark with solid volume in the mixture).

So can guarantee that a kind of mixture has the formula above using under the situation of desired properties in the slump and intensity.That is to say to have the full intensity and the slump, just can calculate its total porosity, whether meet desired porosity to judge it in case find certain mixture.If undesirable porosity just can increase the volume percent of cement, thereby reduce the porosity of structure, have enough weather resistance to guarantee it.

Step 12: output

After in a single day the ratio of overall optimum mixture was determined, people just wished to calculate the output that will obtain requiring or the mixture of volume, and how many volumes are each component need.Existing manufacture method has generally been underestimated the output of mixture.The general method of calculating the volume of mixture of suggestion, be with the weight of every kind of component divided by separately density, try to achieve the volume of every kind of component.Again the volume of every kind of component is added up, in the hope of the cumulative volume of resulting mixture.

But this method is not taken into account various particulate tamped densities, thereby does not consider to be deposited in the space between the composite grain.The actual volume of mixture is bigger than volume calculated as a result.Producing superfluous concrete is expensive from material, time and the energy of waste not only, and superfluous material usually is difficult to discarded safely.

Different therewith, the present invention has disclosed a kind of method that determines mixture output, has wherein considered the volume of air in the mixture.This method requires the volume (they are made by optimizing process previously discussed) of the every kind of component cumulative volume divided by mixture, and each percentage ratio with correspondence multiply by required volume of mixture then.These calculating have determined in order to produce volume required mixture, the actual volume of every kind of component that should add.Then, the volume of each component can multiply by proportion separately again, determining in order to obtain the mixture of required output, the weight of every kind of component that should add.

For example, producing 100 cubic metres of required cement volumes of certain mixture can be calculated by following formula:

Cement volume=(V _C/ V _T) 100 (51)

V wherein _CCement volume in the mixture of=decision in optimizing process step 10, it is expressed as the percentage ratio of solid volume in the mixture.These solids (be cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate also comprises coal ash and atomization silicon dioxide in due course) volume sum is 1.

V _TThe cumulative volume of=optimization the mixture in step 8, made.V _TBe that volume W with water in the mixture adds solid volume (its summation equals 1), and these two sum is obtained divided by volume of air in the mixture.Therefore, cumulative volume is expressed from the next;

（52）

Wherein the air per-cent %AIR in the mixture can be determined by experience by the test batching.Each component in the mixture to be used above-listed formula, just can accurately to draw certain mixture that requires output in order producing, every kind of volume that component is required.

Embodiment

Carried out many tests so far, conventional concrete design mixture has been made comparisons with the mixture that designs by the above-mentioned optimizing process of the present invention.Below be the example that some explanations optimizing process of the present invention is implemented, and the comparison of conventional batching and feed proportioning optimization.

Embodiment 1

In the design of beans shape gravel foundation concrete batching, sand and beans shape gravel are mixed with 1 type portland cement.Various pellets characterize with its d ' and tamped density:

Cement sand beans shape gravel

d' 0.025mm 1.217mm 5.000mm

Φ 0.560 0.738 0.656

The binary tamped density of sand and Coarse Aggregate is calculated by the Toufar model, and links up by described the closing with experimental value of top step 1.Figure 10 shows the revised theory tamped density of sand and beans shape gravel and the relation between the experiment tamped density.Because optimum fit curve conforms to the direct ratio straight line, this situation explanation model is perfect.Figure 11 shows the relation between the ternary tamped density of the revised theory ternary tamped density of cement, sand and beans shape gravel and experiment.As seen from Figure 11, obtain a precise analytic model and estimated filling characteristic.

Obtained above input parameter, just designed beans shape gravel batching with above-mentioned model, the maximum level of this batching medium sand is 55% of cement, sand and a beans shape gravel cumulative volume, and intensity is 25MPa.Expect that its slump is 5cm, air content is 2.0% volume.The batching of predicting out first optimization is designed to:

Cement 289.9 kg/m ³

Sand 1109.3 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 693.1 kg/m ³

Water 200.5 kg/m ³

Φ 0.804

(1.42% weight of 1.01% weight of sand and beans shape gravel) mixes and stirs 3 minutes with concrete batching in cylindrical mixer after the water that has added the additives amount that equals the pellet absorbed dose, and measures its slump and air:

Actual slump 5.0cm

Actual air 3.8% volume

Utilize the actual slump that records and air numerical value, 2 describedly calculate theoretical water requirement set by step, with the relation of the actual slump of correction/simulation and water.

Go to simulate second batching design with identical materials then, this batching contains the sand of 50% volume at most, has the intensity of 25MPa, the slump of 15cm, and the expection air content is 2.0%.What obtain is following batching:

Cement 309.2 kg/m ³

Sand 1076.0 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 672.3 kg/m ³

Water 215.1 kg/m ³

Φ 0.807

Equal the water of additives amount of pellet absorbed dose in adding after (1.01% beans shape gravel weight of the weight of sand 1.42%), concrete was mixed and stirred in the round shape mixer 3 minutes, records the slump and air again:

Actual slump 22.0cm

Actual air 3.3% volume

Utilize the numerical value of the actual slump that obtains and air, 2 describedly calculate theoretical water requirement set by step, with the relation of the actual slump of correction/simulation and water.At first the actual water requirement of two kinds of batchings as the function representation of theoretical water requirement at Figure 12 ( label 1 and 2).According at first 2 points on the figure, the actual water requirement (by volume) under the observed slump can be closed by following equation and theoretical water requirement and be linked up:

W _Actual=0.609W _Theoretical+ 0.116

Now this equation is used for revising the theoretical water requirement that step 2 calculates.

The air content measured value of two kinds of batchings is the function representation (label 1 and 2) on Figure 13 as the actual slump at first.According at first 2 points on the figure, actual air content can be pressed and establish an equation and the slump is closed and linked up:

AIR _Actual=-0.029SLUMP+3.947

Now predict actual air content, in order to substitution Feret equation with this equation.

According to the initial step of the actual slump and air content in the simulation concrete, the model that obtains is used for accurately estimating the concrete slump.Utilize above identical materials, estimate that the maximum level of sand is 55% volume, intensity is the concrete slump and the air content of 25MPa, obtains following result:

Batching slump air

# estimates actual estimated reality

3 10.0 11.0 3.7 4.0

4 15.0 16.2 3.6 5.0

5 10.0 12.0 4.0 4.3

6 7.0 6.5 4.2 4.8

After every kind of batching is mixed and stirred, estimate theoretical water requirement, and be illustrated among Figure 12 corresponding to the actual slump.The number of idea increases, and can increase the tolerance range of estimating the actual slump.Similarly, actual air content is illustrated among Figure 13, to increase the tolerance range of estimating air content.The actual slump is shown among Figure 14 with the relation table of the design slump.As seen from Figure 14, two slumps generally are incorrect at first.The actual slump and air are noted, and be back in the model this information is defeated, can improve tolerance range, make the slump subsequently be recorded more accurately.Tolerance range is approximately 2.0cm.

Show that as top the present invention is only to need two batching designs make model perfect basically with respect to the advantage of traditional design method, and predict out and have correct intensity, air content and the slump and material cost minimum concrete under may situation.

Embodiment 2

In the design of beans shape gravel foundation concrete batching, sand and beans shape gravel are mixed with 1 type portland cement.With input parameter same among the embodiment 1, utilize aforesaid method to estimate the design of a kind of beans shape gravel batching, the maximum level of this batching medium sand is 50% of cement, sand and a beans shape gravel cumulative volume, intensity is 25MPa.Expect that its slump is 5cm, air content is 2.5% volume.First feed proportioning optimization of advance notice is designed to:

Cement 257.8 kg/m ³

Sand 1030.4 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 864.3 kg/m ³

Water 171.0 kg/m ³

Φ 0.804

After the water that has added the additives amount that equals the pellet absorbed dose (1.2% and beans shape gravel weight of the weight of sand 1.4%), concrete batching was mixed and stirred in cylindrical mixer three minutes, measure its slump and air then:

Actual slump 2.5cm

Actual air 3.0% volume

Utilize the actual slump that records and air numerical value, 2 describedly calculate theoretical water requirement set by step, with the relation of the actual slump of correction/simulation and water.

Go to simulate second batching design with identical materials again, this batching contains the sand of 50% volume at most, has the intensity of 25MPa, the slump of 15cm, and the expection air content is 2.0%.What obtain is following batching:

Cement 275.3 kg/m ³

Sand 1025.4 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 819.6 kg/m ³

Water 189.4 kg/m ³

Φ 0.809

Equal the water of additives amount of pellet absorbed dose in adding after (1.2% and beans shape gravel weight of the weight of sand 1.4%), concrete batching was mixed and stirred in cylindrical mixer 3 minutes, measures its slump and air then:

Actual slump 5.5cm

Actual air 2.7% volume

Utilize the air numerical value of the actual slump that records, 2 describedly calculate theoretical water requirement set by step, with the relation of the actual slump of correction/simulation and water.At first the actual water requirement of two kinds of batchings as the function representation of theoretical water requirement at Figure 15 ( label 1 and 2).Go up these 2 points at first according to figure, actual water requirement can be closed by following equation and theoretical water requirement and be linked up:

W _Actual=1.740W _Theoretical-0.124

Now revise the theoretical water requirement that step 2 calculates with this equation.As seen from Figure 15, some problems are arranged when first slump of test; The position of point #1 is not right fully.Regrettably, batching 3 model 1 and 2 is a basis to prepare burden.To show as following, and test more batching and model can be corrected.And the tolerance range of increase advance notice slump program.

According to the initial step of the actual slump of simulation concrete, the model that obtains is used for accurately estimating the concrete slump now.Utilize above same material, estimate that the maximum level of sand is 50% volume, intensity is the concrete slump and the air content of 25MPa, has obtained following result:

Batching slump air

# estimates actual estimated reality

3 10.0 8.0 2.0 2.3

4 15.0 14,3 2.0 1.7

5 12.0 11.0 1.9 2.2

6 7.0 6.3 2.9 2.8

7 5.0 4.5 2.5 2.5

8 10.0 10.1 2.5 1.8

9 5.0 3.6 2.5 2.6

After every kind of batching is mixed and stirred, calculate theoretical water requirement, and be illustrated among Figure 15 corresponding to the actual slump.The idea number increases, and has increased the tolerance range of estimating the actual slump.Similarly, actual air content is indicated among Figure 16, to increase the tolerance range of estimating actual air content.Also having a figure is the actual slump and the relation (Figure 17) that designs the slump.As seen from Figure 17, it is coarse having only the slump of batching #1 and #2.Along with model is made correction to this deviation, all the other batchings have all produced the correct slump.

The result obtains a kind of correct intensity that has, the air content and the slump and the minimum concrete of material cost.

Embodiment 3

In the design of beans shape gravel foundation concrete batching, sand and beans shape gravel are mixed with 1 type portland cement and coal ash.With input parameter same among the embodiment 1, utilize aforementioned model to estimate the design of a kind of beans shape gravel batching to coal ash, the maximum level of this batching medium sand is 60% of cement, sand and a beans shape gravel cumulative volume, and the maximum level of coal ash is 30% of a cement weight, and intensity is 30MPa.Expect that its slump is 5cm, air content is 2.0% volume.First feed proportioning optimization of advance notice is designed to:

Cement 298.8 kg/m ³

Coal ash 128.0 kg/m ³

Sand 1220.4 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 461.9 kg/m ³

Water 190.5 kg/m ³

Φ 0.805

After the water that has added the additives amount that equals the pellet absorbed dose (1.01% and beans shape gravel weight of the weight of sand 1.42%), concrete batching was mixed and stirred in cylindrical mixer three minutes, measure its slump and air then:

Actual slump 3.5cm

Actual air 3.1% volume

Utilize the actual slump that records and air numerical value, 4 describedly calculate theoretical water requirement set by step, with the relation of the actual slump of correction/simulation and water.

Go to simulate second batching design with identical materials again, this batching contains the sand of 60% volume at most, and 30% coal ash has the intensity of 30MPa, the slump of 15cm, and the expection air content is 2.0%.What obtain is following batching:

Cement 333.8 kg/m ³

Coal ash 134.8 kg/m ³

Sand 1188.1 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 397.5 kg/m ³

Water 213.1 kg/m ³

Φ 0.801

Equal in adding after the water (1.01% and beans shape gravel weight of the weight of sand 1.42%) of the additives amount of pellet absorbed dose concrete batching to be mixed and stirred in cylindrical mixer 3 minutes, measure its slump and air then:

Actual slump 19.5cm

Actual air 1.8% volume

Utilize the actual slump that records and air numerical value, 4 describedly calculate theoretical water requirement set by step, with the relation of the actual slump of correction/simulation and water.At first the actual water requirement of two kinds of batchings as the function representation of theoretical water requirement at Figure 18 ( label 1 and 2).Go up these 2 points at first according to figure, the actual water requirement of representing with volume can link up by following equation and theoretical water requirement pass:

W _Actual=0.489W _Theoretical+ 0.127

Now revise the theoretical water requirement that step 4 calculates with this equation.

The air content measured value of two kinds of batchings is as the function representation of the actual slump (label 1 and 2) on Figure 19 at first.Go up this 2 points at first according to figure, actual air content can be pressed and establish an equation and the slump is closed and linked up:

AIR _Actual=-0.081SLUMP+3.384

Now predict actual air content, to use the intensity that decides mixture with this equation.

According to the initial step of the actual slump of simulation concrete and air content, the model that obtains can be used to accurately estimate the concrete slump now.Utilize above same material, estimate that the maximum level of sand is 60% volume, coal ash content is 30%, and intensity is the concrete slump and the air content of 30MPa, has obtained following result:

Batching slump air

# estimates actual estimated reality

3 10.0 6.5 2.6 3.0

4 12.0 8.5 2.5 2.8

5 7.0 6.0 2.9 3.1

6 14.0 14.0 2.3 2.3

7 10.0 7.0 2.7 2.9

After every kind of batching is mixed and stirred, calculate theoretical water requirement, and be illustrated among Figure 18 corresponding to the actual slump.The idea number increases, and has increased the tolerance range of estimating the actual slump.Similarly, actual air content is illustrated among Figure 19, to increase the tolerance range of estimating actual air content.Also having a figure is the actual slump and the relation (Figure 20) that designs the slump.As seen from Figure 20, concerning the great majority batching, the actual slump drops on and designs the quite near place of the slump.

The result obtains a kind of correct intensity that has once more, (having coal ash) concrete that the air content and the slump and material cost are minimum.

Embodiment 4

In the design of beans shape gravel foundation concrete batching, sand and beans shape gravel are mixed with 1 type portland cement and a kind of air.With input parameter same among the embodiment 1, utilize the model in preceding step 9 and 10 to estimate the design of a kind of beans shape gravel batching, the maximum level of this batching medium sand is 60% of cement, sand and a beans shape gravel cumulative volume, and air content is 0.04% of cement weight, and intensity is 25MPa.Expect that its slump is 20cm, air content is 3.0% volume.First feed proportioning optimization of advance notice is designed to:

Cement 347.6 kg/m ³

Air 0.139 kg/m ³

Sand 1182.2 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 532.0 kg/m ³

Water 208.6 kg/m ³

Φ 0.806

After the water that has added the additives amount that equals the pellet absorbed dose (1.01% and beans shape gravel weight of the weight of sand 1.42%), concrete batching was mixed and stirred in cylindrical mixer three minutes, measure its slump and air then:

Actual slump 15.2cm

Actual air 6.3% volume

Utilize the actual slump that records and air numerical value, 2 describedly calculate theoretical water requirement set by step, with the relation of the actual slump of correction/simulation and water.

Go to simulate second batching design with identical materials again, this batching contains the sand that contains 60% volume at most, and 0.04% air has the intensity of 25MPa, the slump of 15cm, and the expection air content is 4.0%.What obtain is following batching:

Cement 339.2 kg/m ³

Air 0.136 kg/m ³

Sand 1197.6 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 538.9 kg/m ³

Water 192.8 kg/m ³

Φ 0.806

Equal in adding after the water (1.01% and beans shape gravel weight of the weight of sand 1.42%) of the additives amount of pellet absorbed dose concrete batching to be mixed and stirred in cylindrical mixer 3 minutes, measure its slump and air then:

Actual slump 3.0cm

Actual air 5.9% volume

Utilize the actual slump that records and air numerical value, 2 describedly calculate theoretical water requirement set by step, with the relation of the actual slump of correction/simulation and water.At first the actual water requirement of two kinds of batchings as the function representation of theoretical water requirement at Figure 21 ( label 1 and 2).Go up these 2 points at first according to figure, the actual water requirement of representing with volume can link up by following equation and theoretical water requirement pass:

W _Actual=0.893W _Theoretical+ 0.083

Now revise the theoretical water requirement that step 2 calculates with this equation.

The air content measured value of two kinds of batchings is as the function representation of the actual slump (label 1 and 2) on Figure 22 at first.Go up these 2 points at first according to figure, actual air content can be pressed and establish an equation and the slump is closed and linked up:

AIR _Actual=0.033SLUMP+5.802

Now predict actual air content, to use the intensity that decides mixture with this equation.

According to the initial step of the actual slump of simulation concrete and air content, the model that obtains can be used to accurately estimate the concrete slump now.Utilize above same material, estimate that the maximum level of sand is 60% volume, air content is 0.04%, and intensity is the concrete slump and the air content of 25MPa, has obtained following result:

Batching slump air

# estimates actual estimated reality

3 12.0 16.0 6.2 5.0

4 5.0 8.5 5.9 5.5

5 7.0 8.5 5.7 6.5

6 10.0 10.0 5.8 6.5

After every kind of batching is mixed and stirred, calculate theoretical water requirement, and be illustrated among Figure 21 corresponding to the actual slump.The idea number increases, and increases the tolerance range of estimating the actual slump.Similarly, actual air content is indicated among Figure 22, to increase the tolerance range of estimating actual air content.Also having a figure is the actual slump and the relation (Figure 23) that designs the slump.As seen from Figure 23, after two initial batchings at first, the actual slumps of great majority batching are quite approaching with the design slump.

The result obtains a kind of correct intensity that has once more, (having air) concrete that the air content and the slump and material cost are minimum.

Embodiment 5

Design a kind of weak concrete that uses pearl filler.Concrete design strength is 15MPa, and the content of sand is at most 60% of cement, filler, sand and beans shape gravel cumulative volume.In order to guarantee good cohesiveness, the used cement and the volume of filler account for 10% of cement, filler, sand and beans shape gravel cumulative volume at least.It is described to press embodiment 1 and 2, set up model with initial two batchings after, designing the slump is the following batching of 3.5cm:

Cement 201.4 kg/m ³

Filler 74.1 kg/m ³

Sand 1220.4 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 461.9 kg/m ³

Water 190.5 kg/m ³

After using filler, only used cement for the intensity institute necessary amounts that obtains to require; Cohesiveness obtains by adding filler.If do not use filler, will how to guarantee cohesiveness with some cement, the concrete of result optimizing will have the intensity of 20.7MPa.Compare these two kinds of batchings, material cost has reduced by 3.60 dollars/m behind the use filler ³

Embodiment 6

In the design of beans shape gravel foundation concrete batching, sand and beans shape gravel are mixed with 1 type portland cement and super plasticizing agent.With input parameter same among the embodiment 1, utilize in the preceding step 8 model that water is subtracted depressant prescription to estimate the design of a kind of beans shape gravel batching, the maximum level of this batching medium sand is 50% of cement, sand and a beans shape gravel cumulative volume, the maximum level of WRDA-19 is 2% of a cement weight, and intensity is 35MPa.Expect that its slump is 2cm, air content is 9.0% volume.First feed proportioning optimization of advance notice is designed to:

Cement 383.0 kg/m ³

WRDA-19 7.7 kg/m ³

Sand 991.7 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 711.1 kg/m ³

Water 142.0 kg/m ³

Φ 0.813

At the water that has added the additives amount that equals the pellet absorbed dose (1.01% and beans shape gravel weight of the weight of sand 1.42%) and after deducting the water content (60% water) of WRDA-19, concrete batching was mixed and stirred in cylindrical mixer three minutes, measures its slump and air then:

Actual slump 5.0cm

Actual air 7.9% volume

Utilize the actual slump that records and air numerical value, 8 describedly calculate theoretical water requirement set by step, with the relation of the actual slump of correction/simulation and water.

Go to simulate second batching design with identical materials again, this batching contains the sand of maximum 50% volumes, and 2%WRDA-19 has the intensity of 35MPa, the slump of 4cm, and the expection air content is 9.0%.What obtain is following batching:

Cement 397.6 kg/m ³

WRDA-19 8.0 kg/m ³

Sand 990.8 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 676.3 kg/m ³

Water 150.9 kg/m ³

Φ 0.813

After adding equals the water (1.01% and beans shape gravel weight of the weight of sand 1.42%) of the additives amount of pellet absorbed dose and deducts the water content (60% water) of WRDA-19, concrete batching was mixed and stirred in cylindrical mixer 3 minutes, measures its slump and air then:

Actual slump 7.3cm

Actual air 7.5% volume

Utilize the actual slump that records and air numerical value, 8 describedly calculate theoretical water requirement set by step, with the relation of the actual slump of correction/simulation and water.At first the actual water requirement of two kinds of batchings as the function representation of theoretical water requirement at Figure 24 ( label 1 and 2).Go up these 2 points at first according to figure, actual water requirement can be closed by following equation and theoretical water requirement and be linked up:

W _Actual=1.423W _Theoretical-0.125

Now revise the theoretical water requirement that step 8 calculates with this equation.

The air content measured value of two kinds of batchings is as the function representation of the actual slump (label 1 and 2) on Figure 25 at first.Go up these 2 points at first according to figure, actual air content can be pressed and establish an equation and the slump is closed and linked up:

AIR _Actual=-0.174SLUMP+8.770

Predict actual air content in the step 8 now with this equation.

According to the initial step of the actual slump of simulation concrete and air content, its algorithm and the model that obtains can be used to accurately estimate the concrete slump now.Utilize above same material, estimate that the maximum level of sand is 50% volume, the content of WRDA-19 is 2%, and intensity is the concrete slump and the air content of 35MPa, has obtained following result:

Batching slump air

# estimates actual estimated reality

3 12.0 12.8 6.7 9.5

4 10.0 11.4 8.7 9.0

5 5.0 4.4 7.5 7.9

6 15.0 15.5 9.7 10.3

7 10.0 11.5 8.8 9.3

8 8.0 7.5 8.4 8.0

9 6.0 4.1 7.9 7.2

10 7.0 6.8 8.1 7.9

After every kind of batching is mixed and stirred, calculate theoretical water requirement, and be illustrated among Figure 24 corresponding to the actual slump.The idea number increases, and has increased the tolerance range of estimating the actual slump.Similarly, actual air content is indicated among Figure 25, to increase the tolerance range of estimating actual air content.Also having a figure is the actual slump and the relation (Figure 26) that designs the slump.As seen from Figure 26, the actual slump of great majority batching is quite approaching with the design slump.

The result obtains a kind of correct intensity that has once more, (have water subtract depressant prescription) concrete that the air content and the slump and material cost are minimum.

Embodiment 7

Its slump-loss was not more than 5.0cm when certain building contractor required concrete to be transported to the construction site in 1/2 hour.Concrete intensity should be 35MPa, and the slump in the building site should be 10.0cm.

Concrete is by embodiment 6 design, but is not with i.e. 2% the WRDA19 of the super plasticizing agent of maximum quantity, reduces slump-loss but common water subtracts the combination of depressant prescription and super plasticizing agent.According to the design of following batching, added maximum recommended doses promptly 1.0% common softening agent (WRDA-79) with 1.0% super plasticizing agent (WRDA-19) use, to reach design maximum concentration 2.0%.

Cement 414 kg/m ³

WRDA-19 4.1 kg/m ³

WRDA-77 4.1 kg/m ³

Sand 967 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 660 kg/m ³

Water 142 kg/m ³

The slump 15.5 cm

Air 10.3%

When receiving in the building site, the slump of 1/2 hour inner concrete is 11.5cm, can be that the batching of 8.5cm is compared with only using super plasticizing agent, the slump.

When present embodiment has illustrated that using general water to subtract depressant prescription and high-performance water simultaneously subtracts depressant prescription, the predictability of slump performance.

Embodiment 8

" select the suggesting method of common, extra heavy and mass concrete proportioning " having designed a kind of ultimate compression strength according to ACI standard 211.1.89 is 25MPa, and the slump is the concrete mix of 5cm.The cost of material therefor is:

74.96 dollars/ton of cement

5.60 dollars/ton in sand

11.02 dollars/ton of Coarse Aggregates

The overall dimension of Coarse Aggregate is 10mm, and the fineness modulus of sand is 2.34-2.4.

Below be batching according to ACI suggestion design:

Cement 330 kg/m ³

Sand 954 kg/m ³

Coarse Aggregate 762 kg/m ³

Water 205 kg/m ³

Air 3 %

Slump 3-5 cm

38.39 dollars/m of price ³

According to the system that illustrates more than the present invention, the batching of design is:

Cement 303 kg/m ³

Sand 1192 kg/m ³

Coarse Aggregate 573 kg/m ³

Water 195 kg/m ³

Air 4.0 %

The slump 4.7 cm

35.60 dollars/m of price ³

The result of the slump, air and intensity is the result of actual measurement.

As demonstrated, the inventive method is when having obtained the actual slump and intensity with respect to the advantage of ACI standard, cost savings 2.79 dollars/m ³

Embodiment 9

" select the suggesting method of common, extra heavy and mass concrete proportioning " having designed a kind of ultimate compression strength according to ACI standard 211.1.89 is 25MPa, and the slump is the concrete mix of 10cm.The cost of material therefor is:

74.96 dollars/ton of cement

5.60 dollars/ton in sand

11.02 dollars/ton of Coarse Aggregates

The overall dimension of Coarse Aggregate is 10mm, and the fineness modulus of sand is 2.34-2.4.

It below is batching according to ACI suggestion design

Cement 362 kg/m ³

Sand 875 kg/m ³

Coarse Aggregate 762 kg/m ³

Water 225 kg/m ³

Air 3 %

Slump 8-10 cm

40.35 dollars/m of price ³

According to system of the present invention, the batching of design is:

Cement 312 kg/m ³

Sand 1174 kg/m ³

Coarse Aggregate 565 kg/m ³

Water 212 kg/m ³

Air 4.3 %

The slump 11.2 cm

36.11 dollars/m of price ³

The slump, the result of air and intensity all are the results of actual measurement.

As demonstrated, the inventive method is when having obtained the actual slump and intensity with respect to the advantage of ACI standard, cost savings 4.24 dollars/m ³

Embodiment 10

" select the suggesting method of common, extra heavy and mass concrete proportioning " having designed a kind of ultimate compression strength according to ACI standard 211.1.89 is 25MPa, and the slump is the concrete mix of 15cm.The cost of material therefor is:

74.96 dollars/ton of cement

5.60 dollars/ton in sand

11.02 dollars/ton of Coarse Aggregates

The overall dimension of Coarse Aggregate is 10mm, and the fineness modulus of sand is 2.34-2.4.

The batching of designing is as follows:

Cement 387 kg/m ³

Sand 816 kg/m ³

Coarse Aggregate 762 kg/m ³

Water 240 kg/m ³

Air 3.0 %

Slump 15-18 cm

41.90 dollars/m of price ³

According to foregoing algorithm, the batching of design is:

Cement 303 kg/m ³

Sand 1192 kg/m ³

Coarse Aggregate 573 kg/m ³

Water 195 kg/m ³

Air 4.0 %

The slump 4.7 cm

35.6 dollars/m of price ³

The result of the slump, air and intensity is the result of actual measurement.

As demonstrated, the inventive method is when having obtained the actual slump and intensity with respect to the advantage of ACI standard, cost savings 6.30 dollars/m ³

Embodiment 11

It is 10cm that certain ready-made mixture concrete plant produces a kind of slump, and ultimate compression strength is 13.8MPa, pumpable beans shape gravel foundation concrete, and its batching is designed to:

Cement 329 kg/m ³

Sand 1224 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 530 kg/m ³

Water 214 kg/m ³

37.24 dollars/m of cost ³

According to system of the present invention, with the concrete redesign, making its slump is 10cm, and intensity is 16.6MPa.

As security measures, Intensity Design is slightly overproof.

Cement 242 kg/m ³

Sand 1165 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 602 kg/m ³

Water 234 kg/m ³

31.20 dollars/m of cost ³

Utilize method of design of the present invention, every m ³Concrete can be saved 6.04 dollars.

Embodiment 12

It is 10cm that certain ready-made mixture concrete plant produces a kind of slump, and ultimate compression strength is 17.2MPa, pumpable beans shape gravel foundation concrete, and its batching is designed to:

Cement 368 kg/m ³

Sand 1205 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 517 kg/m ³

Water 214 kg/m ³

39.93 dollars/m of cost ³

Be 10cm by a kind of slump of system design of the present invention again, intensity is that 20.0MPa(has increased 2.8MPa) concrete.

As security measures, Intensity Design is slightly overproof.

Cement 277 kg/m ³

Sand 1172 kg/m ³

Beans shape gravel 574 kg/m ³

Water 231 kg/m ³

33.60 dollars/m of cost ³

Utilize method of design of the present invention, when guaranteeing that concrete is possessed of good qualities, every m ³Concrete has been saved 6.33 dollars.

Embodiment 13

It is 10cm that certain ready-made mixture concrete plant produces a kind of slump, and ultimate compression strength is 20.7MPa, pumpable beans shape gravel foundation concrete, and its batching is designed to:

Cement 368 kg/m ³

Sand 1188 kg/m ³

Coarse Aggregate 513 kg/m ³

Water 214 kg/m ³

Air 1.5 %

41.73 dollars/m of price ³

According to system of the present invention, with the concrete redesign, making its slump is 10cm, and intensity is 23.5MPa.As security measures, the design of intensity is slightly overproof.

Cement 307 kg/m ³

Sand 1177 kg/m ³

Coarse Aggregate 547 kg/m ³

Water 229 kg/m ³

Air 1.5 %

35.57 dollars/m of price ³

Utilize method of design of the present invention, when guaranteeing that concrete is possessed of good qualities, every m ³Concrete has been saved 6.16 dollars.

Embodiment 14

It is 10cm that certain ready-made mixture concrete plant produces a kind of slump, and ultimate compression strength is 1 " the rock concrete of 13.8Ma.Typical batching is:

Cement 265 kg/m ³

Sand 820 kg/m ³

Rock 972 kg/m ³

Water 211 kg/m ³

Air 1.5%

35.18 dollars/m of price ³

According to system design of the present invention following batching, its slump is 10cm, ultimate compression strength is 16.6MPa.As security measures, the design of intensity is slightly overproof.

Cement 224 kg/m ³

Sand 1203 kg/m ³

Rock 642 kg/m ³

Water 210 kg/m ³

Air 1.5%

32.00 dollars/m of price ³

Utilize method of design of the present invention, when guaranteeing that concrete is possessed of good qualities, every m ³Concrete has been saved 3.18 dollars.

Embodiment 15

It is 10cm that certain ready-made mixture concrete plant produces a kind of slump, ultimate compression strength be 17.2MPa 1 " the rock concrete, typical batching is:

Cement 294 kg/m ³

Sand 814 kg/m ³

Rock 968 kg/m ³

Water 206 kg/m ³

Air 1.5 %

37.08 dollars/m of price ³

Utilize algorithm design of the present invention the following slump be 10cm, ultimate compression strength is the batching of 20.0MPa.As security measures, the design of intensity is slightly overproof.

Cement 252 kg/m ³

Sand 1211 kg/m ³

Rock 615 kg/m ³

Water 208 kg/m ³

Air 1.5%

33.59 dollars/m of price ³

Utilize method of design of the present invention, when guaranteeing that concrete is possessed of good qualities, every m ³Concrete has been saved 3.49 dollars.

Embodiment 16

It is 10cm that certain ready-made mixture concrete plant produces a kind of slump, and ultimate compression strength is 1 " the rock concrete of 20.7MPa.Typical batching is:

Cement 323 kg/m ³

Sand 810 kg/m ³

Rock 962 kg/m ³

Water 200 kg/m ³

Air 1.5%

39.24 dollars/m of price ³

Again with system design of the present invention the following slump be 10cm, ultimate compression strength is the batching of 23.5MPa.As security measures, the design of intensity is slightly overproof.

Cement 276 kg/m ³

Sand 1204 kg/m ³

Rock 611 kg/m ³

Water 204 kg/m ³

Air 1.5%

35.18 dollars/m of price ³

Utilize method of design of the present invention, when guaranteeing that concrete is possessed of good qualities, every m ³Concrete has been saved 4.06 dollars.

It is 10cm that certain ready-made mixture concrete plant produces a kind of slump, and ultimate compression strength is 1 " the rock concrete of 27.6MPa.Typical batching is:

Cement 376 kg/m ³

Sand 783 kg/m ³

Rock 936 kg/m ³

Water 204 kg/m ³

Air 1.5%

42.99 dollars/m of price ³

Going out the following slump with system design of the present invention again is 10cm, and ultimate compression strength is the batching of 30.4MPa.As security measures, the design of intensity is slightly overproof.

Cement 336 kg/m ³

Sand 1168 kg/m ³

Rock 593 kg/m ³

Water 207 kg/m ³

Air 1.5%

38.04 dollars/m of price ³

Utilize method of design of the present invention, when guaranteeing that concrete is possessed of good qualities, every m ³Concrete has been saved 4.95 dollars.

Embodiment 18

When the batch of concrete batching of routine, the weighing of component out of the ordinary is more and more accurate.Utilize modern equipment, the weighing of water now can be accurate to every m ₃Only differ 1 liter.But when the record slump, very accurate even the diffusing weighing of all components gets, between each batch concrete, still observe very big variation.If the slump that records is too low, generally always add some water, the result makes water/cement higher than too, thereby makes ultimate compression strength send uncontrollable decline.And if the slump that records is too high, then over-drastic bleeding and/or segregation can cause deleterious subsurface defect, make concrete oeverall quality inferior.

In a series of tests that certain ready-made mixture concrete plant carries out, show altering a great deal of particulate mean sizes d ' and tamped density Φ.Figure 27 represents beans shape gravel tamped density measurement every day result once.Drawn on the figure and shown mean cut-off density and line maximum, minimum tamped density.Figure 28 has shown the d ' of the beans shape gravel sample identical with Figure 27.The mean value of d ', maximum value and minimum value also are illustrated on the figure with line.According to Figure 27 and 28, can reach a conclusion: the variation of observed beans shape gravel is big, and it is the reason that the observed slump of product changes.This result shows, in order to improve concrete overall plan amount, is necessary constantly to control the variation of various materials.

Embodiment 19

The variation similar to embodiment 18, that a kind of typical sand has been measured it day by day.The results are shown in Figure 29 and 30.Can see that on scheming d ' and tamped density all have very big variation.

This result has also shown, in order to improve concrete oeverall quality, is necessary constantly to control the variation of various materials.

Embodiment 20

Similar to embodiment 19, " rock has been measured its variation day by day to a kind of typical 1.The results are shown in Figure 31 and 32.Can see that on scheming d ' and tamped density all have very big variation.

This result shows, in order to improve concrete oeverall quality, is necessary constantly to control the variation of various materials.

Embodiment 21

Have been found that the changes in material shown in embodiment 18,19 and 20, the concrete slump of reality is had great effect, thereby also in order to obtain the required water yield of the given slump and in order to obtain the required cement amount of given intensity great effect to be arranged.

When the beans shape gravel batching that design implementation example 11 is discussed, when finding that if sand and beans shape gravel make up according to the variation shown in Figure 27-32, when promptly making up with the highest and minimum tamped density of two kinds of components, then designed intensity is 13.8MPa, and the slump is that the concrete cost of 10cm is:

The worst 32.17 dollars/m of tamped density ³

5.07 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

Best 30.47 dollars/m of tamped density ³

6.77 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

This result shows that the character of control material is significant economically during the design concrete.

Embodiment 22

Have been found that the changes in material shown in embodiment 18,19 and 20, the concrete slump of reality is had great effect, thereby also in order to obtain the required water yield of the given slump and in order to obtain the required cement amount of given intensity great effect to be arranged.

When the beans shape gravel batching that design implementation example 12 is discussed, when finding that if sand and beans shape gravel make up according to the variation shown in Figure 27-32, when promptly making up with the highest and minimum tamped density of two kinds of components, then She Ji the slump is 10cm, and intensity is that the concrete cost of 17.2MPa is:

34.25 dollars/m of the worst tamped density ³

5.68 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

Best 32.16 dollars/m of tamped density ³

7.77 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

This result shows that the character of control material is significant economically during the design concrete.

Embodiment 23

Have been found that the changes in material shown in embodiment 18,19 and 20, the concrete slump of reality is had great effect, thereby also in order to obtain the required water yield of the given slump and in order to obtain the required cement amount of given intensity great effect to be arranged.

When the beans shape gravel batching that design implementation example 13 is discussed, when finding that if sand and beans shape gravel make up according to the variation shown in Figure 27-32, when promptly making up with the highest and minimum tamped density of two kinds of components, the then designed slump is that 10cm, intensity are that the concrete cost of 20.7MPa is:

36.19 dollars/m of the worst tamped density ³

5.54 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

Best 33.78 dollars/m of tamped density ³

7.95 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

This result shows that the character of control material is significant economically during the design concrete.

Embodiment 24

Have been found that the changes in material shown in embodiment 18,19 and 20, the concrete slump of reality is had great effect, thereby also in order to obtain the required water yield of the given slump and in order to obtain the required cement amount of given intensity great effect to be arranged.

Design implementation example 14 discussed 1 " rock when batching; if when finding that sand and rock make up according to the variation shown in Figure 27-32; when promptly making up with the highest and minimum tamped density of two kinds of components, the then designed slump is that 10cm, intensity are that the concrete cost of 13.8MPa is:

32.70 dollars/m of the worst tamped density ³

2.48 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

Best 31.74 dollars/m of tamped density ³

3.44 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

This result shows that the character of control material is significant economically during the design concrete.

Embodiment 25

Have been found that the changes in material shown in embodiment 18,19 and 20, the concrete slump of reality is had great effect, thereby also in order to obtain the required water yield of the given slump and in order to obtain the required cement amount of given intensity great effect to be arranged.

Design implementation example 15 discussed 1 " rock when batching; if when finding that sand and rock make up according to the variation shown in Figure 27-32; when promptly making up with the highest and minimum tamped density of two kinds of components, then She Ji the slump is that 10cm, intensity are that the concrete cost of 17.2MPa is:

34.40 dollars/m of the worst tamped density ³

2.68 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

Best 33.34 dollars/m of tamped density ³

3.74 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

This result shows that the character of control material is significant economically during the design concrete.

Embodiment 26

Have been found that the changes in material shown in embodiment 18,19 and 20, the concrete slump of reality is had great effect, thereby also in order to obtain the required water yield of the given slump and in order to obtain the required cement amount of given intensity great effect to be arranged.

Design implementation example 16 discussed 1 " rock when batching; if when finding that sand and rock make up according to the variation shown in Figure 27-32; when promptly making up with the highest and minimum tamped density of two kinds of components, then She Ji the slump is that 10cm, intensity are that the concrete cost of 20.7MPa is:

36.10 dollars/m of the worst tamped density ³

3.14 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

Best 34.82 dollars/m of tamped density ³

4.42 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

This result shows that the character of control material is significant economically during the design concrete.

Embodiment 27

Have been found that the changes in material shown in embodiment 18,19 and 20, the concrete slump of reality is had great effect, thereby also in order to obtain the required water yield of the given slump and in order to obtain the required cement amount of given intensity great effect to be arranged.

Design implementation example 17 discussed 1 " rock when batching; if when finding that sand and rock make up according to the variation shown in Figure 27-32; when promptly making up with the highest and minimum tamped density of two kinds of components, then She Ji the slump is that 10cm, intensity are that the concrete cost of 27.6MPa is:

39.17 dollars/m of the worst tamped density ³

3.82 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

Best 37.58 dollars/m of tamped density ³

5.41 dollars/the m of saving value that compares with normal batching ³

This result shows that the character of control material is significant economically during the design concrete.

Embodiment 28

The result that embodiment 21-27 is disclosed shows, for the d ' of concrete material and the on-line monitoring of tamped density variation, demonstrates:

More consistent flowing property

More consistent intensive property

More consistent concrete quality

The reduction of material cost

These results show that the dynamic batching design that changes along with changes in material is the concrete new way of design.In this manner, when changes in material, still can guarantee to obtain best concrete character.

Embodiment 29

The various concrete with different slumps that design among the embodiment 1-7 all show good cohesiveness, there is no observable bleeding or isolating sign.

Embodiment 30

Designed concrete among the embodiment 8-10 all has good cohesiveness, and when comparing with the batching design of ACI suggestion, its bleeding can be ignored with segregation.

Embodiment 31

Designed concrete among the embodiment 11-17 when comparing with the common batching design of ready-made mixture concrete plant, demonstrates good cohesiveness and insignificant bleeding and segregation.

Embodiment 32

It is that the Coarse Aggregate of the high durability concrete bridge construction in 100 years has three kinds: the granite of 2-8mm scope, the granite of the granite of 8-16mm scope and 16-32mm scope that preparation is used for predicted life.Because this reason, porosity must reduce as far as possible, and concrete must be machinable under minimum water-content.

Therefore pellet is filled optimization, to improve concrete processibility.The tamped density of pellet and average particle size particle size are:

d' Φ

Granite 2-8mm 6.0mm 0.601

Granite 8-16mm 13.6mm 0.598

Granite 16-32mm 24.7mm 0.614

The estimation tamped density of three kinds of pellets as shown in figure 33.As seen from the figure, maximum tamped density is 0.68, is to obtain when following composition:

Pellet 2-8mm 30% volume

Pellet 8-16mm 25% volume

Pellet 16-32mm 45% volume

Utilize the best of breed of pellet, it is very good to obtain processing characteristics, meets the concrete of contractor's specification requirement, the quantity of the used super plasticizing agent of result, reducing when contractor used quantity in the design of common batching is compared, cost savings have been equivalent to about 400,000 dollars.

IV. conclusion

By above content as can be known, the invention provides novel method and manufacturing technology, in order to as one man and can produce uniform cement composition and product, these compositions and product assurance meet predetermined mass property and the satisfied performance criterion of being scheduled to with predicting.

The present invention also provides consistent and predictable New Cement composition and product, and they meet predetermined design and working standard, and the necessity with overproof design cement material minimizes simultaneously, thereby manufacturing cost is reduced to minimum.

The present invention also provides some manufacture method, when even used starting material (for example cement, sand, gravel, pellet, water and admixture) have the quality of variation and characteristic, these methods also can as one man and can be produced these uniform cement composition and products with predicting.

The invention provides the method for novel composition and manufacturing cement composition and product, guarantee that the product of gained need not change its batching specification by the trucker.

And, the invention provides manufacturing its anticipation purposes is had the method for the cement composition and the product of enough weather resistance.

The present invention also provides design concrete novel method, can make cement composition meet desired intensity, the slump and weather resistance.

The present invention also provides novel composition and the concrete method of design, and the approximation method of testing-correcting mistakes is eliminated.

Moreover, the invention provides novel composition and the concrete method of design, can know the concrete design that comprises various ingredients and admixture for certain, be performance the best be again that cost efficiency is the highest.

At last, the invention provides novel method, can be at the scene corresponding to raw-material variation, and in " in real time " change manufacture method.

The present invention can not deviate from its spirit and fundamental characteristics in other specific form enforcement.Illustrated embodiment should think in all respects just for example rather than in order to limit.Therefore scope of the present invention is to be pointed out by the accompanying Claim book, rather than is pointed out by the specification sheets of front and back.In each claim connotation scope and full scope of equivalents in variation all should be included in its scope.

Claims (52)

1, a kind of manufacturing comprises the method for the cement admixture of cement, water and pellet, cement wherein, the ratio of water and pellet determines by a design optimization program, and this program can need not to use traditional test-correct mistakes method and the cement admixture that obtains having the institute's desired strength and the slump; Present method may further comprise the steps:

(a) the selected desired intensity of cement admixture and the slump;

(b) kind of used cement and pellet in the selected cement admixture;

(c) implement the design optimization program, decision has in the cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump, the cement of selected kind, and the ratio of pellet and water, this design optimization program may further comprise the steps:

(i) by the selected every kind of cement of experience decision and the mean diameter of pellet;

(ii) by the selected every kind of cement of experience decision and the tamped density of pellet;

(iii) select first mixture, wherein the cement of selected kind prevents segregation with the ratio regular meeting of pellet;

(iv) made the tamped density of first mixture by first mathematical model, this mathematical model is based on the mean diameter of the cement of each selected kind and pellet and tamped density;

(v) make, have the desired slump, the water of needed minimum number in order to make first mixture by second mathematical model;

(vi) by the 3rd mathematical model make first mixture with in the step (computed strength the when water of the minimum number of v) making combines;

(vii) with the computed strength of above-mentioned first mixture and desired strength ratio;

(viii) change the cement of selected kind and the ratio of pellet, constitute various additional mixtures, to these additional mixture repeating steps (iv)-(vii), computed strength up to additional mixture equals the desired intensity of cement admixture, and the cement of selected kind and the ratio of pellet can prevent segregation in the additional mixture; And

(d) will (viii) make the cement of the selected kind of ratio, pellet and water mix and stir, thereby make the cement admixture with institute's desired strength and slump in step.

2, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 1, the particle size that it is characterized in that pellet is less than 20 times of the cement granules size.

3, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 1, the average particle size particle size that it is characterized in that pellet is less than 2mm.

4, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that selected pellet comprises the mixture of a kind of fine granules and a kind of Coarse Aggregate, and this mixture has definite thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio.

5, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that implementing also to comprise in the design optimization program cement of the selected kind of decision, fine granules, the step of the ratio of Coarse Aggregate and water, make the cement admixture that obtains have desired intensity and the slump and cost is minimum, described design optimization program is further comprising the steps of:

(a) decision is under thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio of determining, and its computed strength equals the unit cost of the cement admixture of institute's desired strength;

(b) change thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, make a kind of new blend with new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio;

(c) (ⅳ-ⅶ) keeps new thin/Coarse Aggregate than constant in this process by the described repeating step of claim 1 to new blend;

(d) its computed strength of making in step (c) is equaled the new blend repeating step (a)-(c) of institute's desired strength; And

(e) compare under every kind of new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, its computed strength equals the unit cost of every kind of cement admixture of institute's desired strength, has the cement admixture of minimum unit cost with decision.

6, a kind of manufacturing comprises cement, water, the method of the cement admixture of Coarse Aggregate and fine granules, cement wherein, water, the ratio of Coarse Aggregate and fine granules determines by a design optimization program, and this program can not used the traditional test-method of correcting mistakes and obtain a kind of cement admixture that uses minimum water and cement and have the institute's desired strength and the slump, and present method may further comprise the steps:

(a) the selected desired intensity of cement admixture and the slump;

(b) used cement in the selected cement admixture, the kind of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate;

(c) implement the design optimization program, decision constitutes the cement admixture that has institute's desired strength and the slump and use minimal amount of water and cement, the ratio of cement, Coarse Aggregate, fine granules and the water of selected kind, and this design optimization program may further comprise the steps:

(ⅰ) by the mean diameter of selected every kind of cement, Coarse Aggregate and fine granules of experience decision;

(ⅱ) by the tamped density of selected every kind cement, Coarse Aggregate and fine granules of experience decision;

(ⅲ) by the tamped density of the increment combination of whole requirements of cement, Coarse Aggregate and the fine granules of the selected kind of first mathematical model decision;

(ⅳ) from determined each tamped density of step (ⅲ), select maximum tamped density, this maximum tamped density is corresponding to the composition of a tamped density maximum;

(ⅴ) ratio of the fine granules of selected kind in the composition of increase tamped density maximum, until obtaining a kind of composition that cement, fine granules and the Coarse Aggregate of isolating selected kind can not take place, selected thus first mixture, the thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio in first mixture be defined as initial thin/the Coarse Aggregate ratio;

(ⅵ) determine to have the desired slump, the quantity of the minimum water that will add in order to make first mixture by second mathematical model;

Computed strength when (ⅶ) water of making the minimum number that first mixture and step (ⅵ) make by the 3rd mathematical model combines;

(ⅷ) with the computed strength of above-mentioned first mixture and desired strength ratio;

(ⅸ) carefully/Coarse Aggregate than the condition that remains unchanged under, change the cement of selected kind, the ratio of Coarse Aggregate and fine granules, constitute various additional mixtures, to these additional mixture repeating steps (ⅳ)-(ⅷ), computed strength up to additional mixture equals the desired intensity of cement admixture, and selectes the cement of kind in the additional mixture, and the ratio of Coarse Aggregate and fine granules can prevent segregation; And

(d) will mix and stir at cement, Coarse Aggregate, fine granules and the water that step (ⅸ) makes the selected kind of ratio, have institute's desired strength and the slump and use the minimum cement and the cement admixture of water thereby make.

7, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 6, it is characterized in that implementing also to comprise in the design optimization program cement of the selected kind of decision, fine granules, the step of the ratio of Coarse Aggregate and water, make the cement admixture that obtains have desired intensity and the slump and cost is minimum, the design optimization program of described decision least cost mixture is further comprising the steps of:

(a) the decision computed strength equals the unit cost of the cement admixture of institute's desired strength;

(b), make mixture with new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio with respect to the ratio of first mixture alternation ground increase fine granules;

(c) to have new thin/mixture of Coarse Aggregate ratio is by the described repeating step of claim 6 (ⅵ)-(ⅹ ⅱ);

(d) to making in step (c), its computed strength equals institute's desired strength, the every kind of mixture repeating step (a)-(c) under new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio;

(e) compare under every kind of new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, its computed strength equals the unit cost of every kind of cement admixture of institute's desired strength, has the cement admixture of minimum unit cost with decision.

8, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 7 is characterized in that implementing in the design optimization program further comprising the steps of:

(a) the selected desired weather resistance of mixture;

(b) by the 4th mathematical model, to every kind new thin/the Coarse Aggregate ratio under, every kind of cement admixture with institute's desired strength and slump determines the weather resistance of a calculating; And

(c) cement admixture of the desired strength and the slump for having, relatively its various thin/calculating mark weather resistance and desired weather resistance under the Coarse Aggregate ratio, have desired intensity, the slump and weather resistance with decision, and the minimum cement admixture of cost.

9, a kind of manufacturing contains the method for the cement admixture of cement, water, Coarse Aggregate and fine granules, cement wherein, water, the ratio of Coarse Aggregate and fine granules is determined by a design optimization program, this process can be traditional test one correct mistakes method and design and obtain a kind of minimum cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump and cost that has, present method may further comprise the steps:

(a) the selected desired intensity of cement admixture and the slump;

(b) used cement in the selected cement admixture, the kind of fine granules and Coarse Aggregate;

(c) implement the design optimization program, decision constitutes and has institute's desired strength and the slump and the ratio of cement, Coarse Aggregate, fine granules and the water of the selected kind of the minimum cement admixture of cost, and this design optimization program may further comprise the steps:

(ⅰ) by the mean diameter of selected every kind of cement, Coarse Aggregate and fine granules of experience decision;

(ⅱ) by the tamped density of selected every kind of cement, Coarse Aggregate and fine granules of experience decision;

(ⅲ) determine the tamped density that the increment of whole requirements of selected every kind of cement, Coarse Aggregate and fine granules makes up by first mathematical model;

(ⅳ) from determined each tamped density of step (ⅲ), select maximum tamped density, this maximum tamped density is corresponding to the composition of a tamped density maximum;

(ⅴ) ratio of the fine granules of selected kind in the composition of increase tamped density maximum, until obtaining a kind of composition that cement, fine granules and the Coarse Aggregate of isolating selected kind can not take place, selected thus first mixture, the thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio in first mixture be defined as initial thin/the Coarse Aggregate ratio;

(ⅵ), has the desired slump, the quantity of the minimum water that will add in order to make first mixture by the decision of second mathematical model;

Computed strength when (ⅶ) determining that by the 3rd mathematical model the water of the minimum number that first mixture and step (ⅵ) are made combines;

(ⅷ) with the computed strength of above-mentioned first mixture and desired strength ratio;

(ⅸ) change the ratio of cement, Coarse Aggregate and the fine granules of selecting kind and keep thin/Coarse Aggregate than constant, make various additional mixtures, to these various additional mixture repeating steps (ⅳ)-(ⅷ), computed strength up to additional mixture equals the desired intensity of cement admixture, and the ratio of cement, Coarse Aggregate and the fine granules of selected kind can prevent segregation in the additional mixture;

(x) determine that computed strength equals the unit cost of the cement admixture of institute's desired strength;

(ⅹ ⅰ) makes the mixture with new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio with respect to the ratio of first mixture alternation ground increase fine granules.

(ⅹ ⅱ) is to having mixture repeating step (ⅵ)-(the ⅹ ⅰ) of new thin/Coarse Aggregate; And

(ⅹ ⅲ) relatively under every kind of new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, its computed strength equals the unit cost of every kind of cement admixture of institute's desired strength, has the cement admixture of minimum unit cost with decision; And

(d) will mix and stir at cement, Coarse Aggregate, fine granules and the water that step (ⅹ ⅲ) makes the selected kind of ratio, have institute's desired strength and the slump and the minimum cement admixture of cost thereby make.

10, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 9, it is characterized in that this method also is included in the pozzuolanic step of adding in the mixture, comprise cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate to design, volcanic ash and water, and have the minimum cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump and cost, add pozzuolanic step and comprise:

(a) used pozzuolanic kind in the selected cement admixture;

(b) revise second mathematical model and the 3rd mathematical model, they are taken into account add pozzuolanic influence;

(c) desired strength having in the mixture under first thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, replaces the cement of quantity increment in the mixture with volcanic ash, makes the first volcanic ash mixture;

(d) the first volcanic ash mixture is pressed the described repeating step of claim 9 (ⅵ)-(x), in this process, keep pozzuolanic quantity increment constant, thereby decision has the institute's desired strength and the slump, comprises the unit cost of cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate, water and the pozzuolanic cement admixture of quantity increment;

(e) repeating step (d) under various selected volcanic ash ratios;

(f) unit cost of every kind of mixture relatively in step (e), making, thereby decision is under first thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, have the institute's desired strength and the slump, comprise cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate, volcanic ash and water and the minimum cement admixture of cost;

(g) under new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, has every kind of cement admixture repeating step (b)-(f) of institute's desired strength;

(h) unit cost of the mixture that relatively cost is minimum under each new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, the proportioning of cost is the most low thereby decision has institute's desired strength and the slump cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate, volcanic ash and water.

11, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 10 is characterized in that volcanic ash wherein is an atomization silicon dioxide.

12, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 10 is characterized in that volcanic ash wherein is a coal ash.

13, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 9, it is characterized in that this method also is included in the mixture adds the step that water subtracts depressant prescription, comprise cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate, water and subtract depressant prescription and water to design, and have the minimum cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump and cost, the step that the adding water subtracts depressant prescription comprises:

(a) used water subtracts the kind of depressant prescription in the selected cement admixture;

(b) revise second mathematical model, it is taken into account add the influence that water subtracts depressant prescription;

(c) desired strength having, in the mixture under first thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, the water that adds quantity increment subtracts depressant prescription, makes first water and subtracts the depressant prescription mixture;

(d) first water is subtracted the depressant prescription mixture by the described repeating step of claim 9 (ⅵ)-(x), it is constant to keep water to subtract the quantity increment of depressant prescription in this process, thereby decision has the institute's desired strength and the slump, comprises the unit cost that cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate, water and quantity increment water subtract the cement admixture of depressant prescription;

(e) subtract repeating step under the depressant prescription quantity increment (d) at the water that increases;

(f) unit cost of every kind of mixture relatively in step (e), making, thereby make under first thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, have the institute's desired strength and the slump, comprise cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate, water and subtract depressant prescription and water and the minimum cement admixture of cost;

(g) under new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, has every kind of cement admixture repeating step (b)-(f) of institute's desired strength;

(h) unit cost of the mixture that relatively cost is minimum under each new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, the most low cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate, the water of cost subtracts the proportioning of depressant prescription and water thereby decision has institute's desired strength and the slump.

14, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 9, it is characterized in that this method also is included in the step that adds filler in the mixture, comprise cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate, filler and water to design, and have the minimum cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump and cost, the step that adds filler comprises:

(a) used filler in the selected cement admixture;

(b) revise second mathematical model, make it take into account the influence that adds filler;

(c) desired strength having in the mixture under first thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, replaces the cement of quantity increment in the mixture with filler, makes first filler mixture;

(d) first filler mixture is pressed the described repeating step of claim 9 (ⅵ)-(x), in this process, keep the quantity increment of filler constant, thereby decision has the institute's desired strength and the slump, comprises the unit cost of the cement admixture of cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate, water and quantity increment filler;

(e) repeating step (d) under the filler quantity increment that increases;

(f) unit cost of every kind of mixture relatively in step (e), making, thus make under first thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, have the institute's desired strength and the slump, comprise cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate, filler and water and the minimum cement admixture of cost;

(g) under new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, has every kind of cement admixture repeating step (b)-(f) of institute's desired strength;

(h) unit cost of the mixture that relatively cost is minimum under each new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, the proportioning of cost is the most low thereby decision has institute's desired strength and the slump cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate, filler and water.

15,, it is characterized in that fine granules wherein comprises multiple fine granules as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 4-14.

16,, it is characterized in that fine granules wherein is a sand as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 4-14.

17,, it is characterized in that Coarse Aggregate wherein comprises multiple Coarse Aggregate as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 4-14.

18,, it is characterized in that cement wherein comprises various cement as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 1-14.

19, as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 1-14, the kind that it is characterized in that cement and pellet is selected to such an extent that make the tamped density maximum of cement admixture.

20,, it is characterized in that selecting also comprising in the step of first mixture as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 4-14:

(a) by the tamped density of the increment combination of whole requirements of cement, fine granules and the Coarse Aggregate of the selected kind of first mathematical model decision; And

(b) in each tamped density of making by step (a), select a maximum tamped density, this maximum tamped density is corresponding to the composition of a tamped density maximum.

21, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 20 is characterized in that having in the cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump, and the volume ratio of the fine granules volume ratio than fine granules in the composition of tamped density maximum at least is big by 5%.

22, as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 4-14, it is characterized in that having in the cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump, the ratio of fine granules is less than about 80% of solid volume in the cement admixture.

23, as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 1-14, it is characterized in that having in the cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump, the ratio of cement is less than 20% of solid volume in the cement admixture.

24,, it is characterized in that cement admixture wherein is a mortar as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 1-14.

25,, it is characterized in that cement admixture wherein is a kind of plaster as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 1-14.

26,, it is characterized in that cement admixture wherein can form wallboard as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 1-14.

27, as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 1-14, it is characterized in that this method also is included in the pozzuolanic step of adding in the mixture, comprise cement, pellet, volcanic ash and water to design, and the cement admixture with institute's desired strength and slump, add pozzuolanic step and comprise:

(a) used pozzuolanic kind in the selected cement admixture;

(b) in first mixture, replace the cement of selecting ratio quantity with volcanic ash;

(c) revise second mathematical model and the 3rd mathematical model, make their reflections add pozzuolanic influence; And

(d) keeping proceeding the design optimization program under the constant condition of volcanic ash quantity, equal to comprise the desired intensity of cement admixture of cement, pellet, volcanic ash and water until the computed strength of mixture.

28, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 27 is characterized in that volcanic ash wherein is an atomization silicon dioxide.

29, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 28, the quantitative range that it is characterized in that mixing atomization silicon dioxide in cement admixture are 20% of solid volume in the cement admixture to the maximum.

30, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 27 is characterized in that volcanic ash wherein is a coal ash.

31, the method for manufacturing cement admixture as claimed in claim 30, the quantitative range that it is characterized in that mixing coal ash in cement admixture are 30% of solid volume in the cement admixture to the maximum.

32, as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 1-14, it is characterized in that this method also is included in the mixture adds the step that water subtracts depressant prescription, comprise cement, pellet, water and subtract depressant prescription and water to design, and the cement admixture with institute's desired strength and slump, the step that the adding water subtracts depressant prescription comprises:

(a) used water subtracts the kind of depressant prescription in the selected cement admixture;

(b) revise second mathematical model, make its reflection add the influence that water subtracts depressant prescription; And

(c) proceed the design optimization program, equal to comprise the desired intensity of cement admixture that cement, pellet, water subtract depressant prescription and water up to the computed strength of mixture.

33, as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 1-14, it is characterized in that this method also is included in the step that adds filler in the mixture, comprise cement, pellet, filler and water to design, and the cement admixture with institute's desired strength and slump, the step that adds filler comprises:

(a) kind of used filler in the selected cement admixture;

(b) in first mixture, replace the cement of selecting ratio quantity with filler;

(c) revise second mathematical model, make its reflection add the influence of filler; And

(d) proceed the design optimization program, equal to comprise the desired intensity of cement admixture of cement, pellet, filler and water up to the computed strength of mixture.

34,, it is characterized in that implementing in the design optimization program further comprising the steps of as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 4-14:

(a) the selected desired weather resistance of mixture;

(b) by the 4th mathematical model decision desired thin/the Coarse Aggregate ratio under, have the calculating weather resistance of the mixture of the intensity of requirement and the slump;

(c) will calculate weather resistance and desired weather resistance relatively;

(d) change thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, make a new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio that the cement admixture tamped density is increased;

(e) step (ⅳ)-(ⅷ) in the repetition claim 1 is to make under new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio the cement admixture with institute's desired strength and slump; And

(f) repeating step (c)-(e) is up to obtaining cement admixture with institute's desired strength, the slump and weather resistance.

35,, it is characterized in that this method is further comprising the steps of as the method for the described manufacturing cement admixture of claim 1-14:

(a) by the actual slump of experience decision cement admixture;

(b) by the decision of second mathematical model, has the quantity of the required water of this actual slump in order to make mixture;

(c) and (b) to another kind of at least mixture repeating step (a);

(d) relation between the calculated value of the quantity that set up to produce the used water of the actual slump and the actual slump of acquisition institute water requirement;

(e) incorporate gained relation into second mathematical model, thereby decision more accurately makes mixture have the quantity of the required water of the slump of requirement.

36, a kind of cement admixture that comprises cement, water and pellet, wherein the ratio of cement, water and pellet is determined by a design optimization program, this program can obtain having the cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump and need not to use the traditional test-method of correcting mistakes, and described cement admixture is made by the method that may further comprise the steps:

(a) the selected desired intensity of cement admixture and the slump;

(b) kind of used cement and pellet in the selected cement admixture;

(c) implement the design optimization program, decision has in the cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump, the ratio of the cement of selected kind, grain grain and water, and this design optimization program may further comprise the steps:

(i) by the selected every kind of cement of experience decision and the mean diameter of pellet;

(ⅱ) by the selected every kind of cement of experience decision and the tamped density of pellet;

(ⅲ) selected first mixture, wherein the cement of selected kind prevents segregation with the ratio regular meeting of pellet;

(ⅳ) made the tamped density of first mixture by first mathematical model, this mathematical model is based on the mean diameter of the cement of each selected kind and pellet and tamped density;

(v) make, have the slump of requirement, the water of required minimum number in order to make first mixture by second mathematical model;

(ⅵ) by the 3rd mathematical model make first mixture with in the step (computed strength the when water of the minimum number of v) making combines;

(ⅶ) with the computed strength of above-mentioned first mixture and desired strength ratio;

(ⅷ) change the cement of selected kind and the ratio of pellet, constitute various additional mixtures, for these additional mixture repeating steps (ⅳ)-(ⅶ), computed strength up to additional mixture equals the desired intensity of cement admixture, and the cement of selected kind and the ratio of pellet can prevent segregation in the additional mixture; And

(d) will mix and stir at cement, pellet and the water that step (ⅷ) makes the selected kind of ratio, thereby make cement admixture with institute's desired strength and slump.

37, cement admixture as claimed in claim 36 is characterized in that wherein the pellet of selected kind comprises a kind of fine granules and a kind of Coarse Aggregate.

38, cement admixture as claimed in claim 37 is characterized in that fine granules wherein comprises multiple fine granules and Coarse Aggregate.

39, cement admixture as claimed in claim 36, the kind that it is characterized in that cement and pellet are to select to such an extent that make the tamped density maximum of cement admixture.

40, cement admixture as claimed in claim 37 is characterized in that the step of selected first mixture also comprises:

(a) by the tamped density of the combination of whole requirements of cement, fine granules and the Coarse Aggregate of the selected kind of first mathematical model decision; And

(b) in each tamped density of making by step (a), select a maximum tamped density, this maximum tamped density is corresponding to the composition of a tamped density maximum.

41, cement admixture as claimed in claim 40 is characterized in that having in the cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump, and the volume ratio of the fine granules volume ratio than fine granules in the composition of tamped density maximum at least is big by 5%.

42, cement admixture as claimed in claim 37 is characterized in that having in the cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump, and the ratio of fine granules is less than about 80% of solid volume in the cement admixture.

43, cement admixture as claimed in claim 36 is characterized in that having in the cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump, and the ratio of cement is less than 20% of solid volume in the cement admixture.

44, cement admixture as claimed in claim 36 is characterized in that this cement admixture is a kind of mortar.

45, cement admixture as claimed in claim 37, it is characterized in that implementing in the step of design optimization program, the ratio that also comprises cement, fine granules, Coarse Aggregate and the water of the selected kind of decision, it is minimum to make the cement admixture that obtains have the desired intensity and the slump and cost, and described design optimization program is further comprising the steps of:

(a) decision is under thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio of determining, and its computed strength equals the unit cost of the cement admixture of institute's desired strength;

(b) change thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, make a kind of new cement admixture with new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio;

(c) to new cement admixture by the described repeating step of claim 36 (ⅳ)-(ⅶ), in this process, keep new thin/Coarse Aggregate than constant;

(d) to what make in step (c), its computed strength equals the new blend repeating step (a)-(c) of institute's desired strength; With

(e) compare under each new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, its computed strength equals the cost of every kind of cement admixture of institute's desired strength, to make the minimum cement admixture of unit cost.

46, cement admixture as claimed in claim 36, it is characterized in that its manufacture method also is included in the pozzuolanic step of adding in the mixture, have institute's desired strength and the slump to design, the cement admixture that comprises cement, pellet, volcanic ash and water adds pozzuolanic step and comprises:

(a) used pozzuolanic kind in the selected cement admixture;

(b) in first mixture, replace the cement of selecting ratio quantity with volcanic ash;

(c) revise second mathematical model and the 3rd mathematical model, make their reflections add pozzuolanic influence; And

(d) keeping proceeding the design optimization program under the constant condition of pozzuolanic quantity, equal to comprise the desired intensity of cement admixture of cement, pellet, volcanic ash and water until the computed strength of mixture.

47, cement admixture as claimed in claim 46 is characterized in that described volcanic ash is an atomization silicon dioxide.

48, cement admixture as claimed in claim 46 is characterized in that described volcanic ash is a coal ash.

49, cement admixture as claimed in claim 36, it is characterized in that its manufacture method also is included in the mixture adds the step that water subtracts depressant prescription, have the desired intensity and the slump to design, comprise the cement admixture that cement, pellet, water subtract depressant prescription and water, add the step that water subtracts depressant prescription and comprise:

(a) be selected in water used in the cement admixture and subtract depressant prescription;

(b) revise second mathematical model, make its reflection add the influence that water subtracts depressant prescription; And

(c) proceed the design optimization program, equal to comprise the desired intensity of cement admixture that cement, pellet, water subtract depressant prescription and water until the computed strength of mixture.

50, cement admixture as claimed in claim 36, it is characterized in that its manufacture method also is included in adds filler in the mixture, have the desired intensity and the slump to design, comprise the cement admixture of cement, pellet, filler and water, the step that adds filler comprises:

(a) be selected in the kind of used filler in the cement admixture;

(b) in first mixture, replace the cement of selected ratio quantity with filler;

(c) revise second mathematical model, make its reflection add the influence of filler; And

(d) proceed the design optimization program, equal to comprise the desired strength of the cement admixture of cement, pellet, filler and water until the computed strength of mixture.

51, cement admixture as claimed in claim 36 is characterized in that implementing in the design optimization program further comprising the steps of:

(a) the selected required weather resistance of mixture;

(b), under the ratio of thin/Coarse Aggregate of determining, has the calculating weather resistance of the cement admixture of the institute's desired strength and the slump by the decision of the 4th mathematical model;

(c) weather resistance that will calculate weather resistance and requirement compares;

(d) change thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio, make a new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio that cement admixture density is increased;

(e) step (ⅳ)-(ⅷ) in the repetition claim 36 is to make under new thin/Coarse Aggregate ratio the cement admixture with institute's desired strength and slump; And

(f) repeating step (c)-(e) is until obtaining cement admixture with institute's desired strength, the slump and weather resistance.

52, cement admixture as claimed in claim 36 is characterized in that in its manufacture method further comprising the steps of:

(a) by the actual slump of experience decision cement admixture;

(b) by the decision of second mathematical model, make mixture have the water of the required minimum number of the described actual slump;

(c) and (b) to other a kind of mixture repeating step (a) at least;

(d) relation between the calculated value of foundation actual slump institute's water consumption of generation and the actual slump of acquisition institute water requirement; With

(e) above-mentioned relation is incorporated into second mathematical model, thereby decision makes mixture have the quantity of the required water of the desired slump more accurately.

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