CN110031772A - A kind of real-time estimating method of lithium ion battery equivalent internal resistance - Google Patents
A kind of real-time estimating method of lithium ion battery equivalent internal resistance Download PDFInfo
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- CN110031772A CN110031772A CN201910434491.3A CN201910434491A CN110031772A CN 110031772 A CN110031772 A CN 110031772A CN 201910434491 A CN201910434491 A CN 201910434491A CN 110031772 A CN110031772 A CN 110031772A
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 16
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003446 memory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/385—Arrangements for measuring battery or accumulator variables
- G01R31/387—Determining ampere-hour charge capacity or SoC
- G01R31/388—Determining ampere-hour charge capacity or SoC involving voltage measurements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of real-time estimating methods of lithium ion battery equivalent internal resistance, it passes through the environment temperature of on-line monitoring battery, discharge current and electric discharge duration, calculate the state-of-charge of battery, then corresponding correction factor is selected according to monitor value, guide's internal resistance of battery is determined according to state-of-charge, and finally the real-time equivalent internal resistance of battery is estimated.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of electric vehicle battery thermal management, in particular to a real-time estimation method for equivalent internal resistance of a lithium ion battery.
Background
The power battery pack is a main energy storage component of the electric automobile. The lithium ion battery is widely applied to power battery packs of a plurality of electric passenger vehicles due to the advantages of high energy density, no memory effect, long cycle life and the like.
The Equivalent Internal Resistance (EIR) of the lithium ion battery is an important index which is required to be referred to for calculating the heat generation rate of the battery.
At present, the equivalent internal resistance of a lithium ion battery is mainly obtained by measuring the battery in an off-line state by a constant current intermittent discharge method. Meanwhile, a large amount of experimental data prove that the equivalent internal resistance of the lithium ion battery is influenced by the ambient temperature, the discharge rate, the discharge duration and the State of Charge (SoC) of the battery and changes constantly in the discharge process of the lithium ion battery. In addition, the working state of the electric automobile is complex and changeable, and in the process, the output power of the vehicle-mounted lithium ion battery pack changes constantly, so that the heat generation rate of the battery also changes in real time. In order to calculate the real-time heat generation rate of the lithium ion battery and make a decision in time by a battery management system, the method for testing the equivalent internal resistance of the battery off line is not applicable.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a real-time estimation method for equivalent internal resistance of a lithium ion battery, aiming at the inconvenience of offline testing the equivalent internal resistance of the battery in calculating the real-time heat generation rate of the battery. The method comprises the steps of calculating the charge state of the battery by monitoring the ambient temperature, the discharge current and the discharge time of the battery on line, selecting a corresponding correction coefficient according to a monitoring value, determining the pilot internal resistance of the battery according to the charge state, and finally estimating the real-time equivalent internal resistance of the battery.
The present invention achieves the above object by:
a real-time estimation method for equivalent internal resistance of a lithium ion battery comprises the following steps:
a. extracting a certain number of lithium ion batteries as samples, testing the available capacity C of the sample batteries by a constant current discharge method, and fitting the available capacity and the temperature T of the batteries by using a formula (1) by taking test data as a data base:
(1)
wherein,y 0 、Aandkare the three fitting parameters of the first order decay equation.
The constant current discharge test experiment performed on the sample lithium ion battery in the step a specifically comprises the following steps:
a1. and (3) carrying out pretreatment operation on the sample lithium ion battery, setting the temperature of the incubator to be 40 ℃, and keeping the temperature of the battery consistent with the ambient temperature. The sample cell was subjected to a total of 6 full charge cycles (primary cell full charge and primary cell full discharge were regarded as one cycle) in order to obtain a stable cell capacity.
a2. Fully charging the battery, setting a discharge cut-off voltage, enabling the battery to perform constant current discharge at a certain multiplying power, stopping discharging when the voltage is lower than the discharge cut-off voltage, and taking the total discharge capacity as the available capacity C of the battery.
a3. Before testing, the cells were allowed to stand in an incubator for 10 minutes in order to keep the cell temperature consistent with the ambient temperature.
a4. The test was carried out by setting 1 temperature variable at intervals of 10 ℃ from-20 ℃ to 50 ℃.
a5. Each test is repeatedly executed three times, and the average value of the available capacities of the batteries obtained by the three tests is used as the final result of the test.
b. Reading the temperature value of the battery in the discharging processT(t) and the value of the currentI(t) calculating the available capacity at each moment of the discharge process according to equation (1)C(t) reading the State of Charge before dischargeSoC(t0) Calculating the state of charge of the battery at the current moment by using a charge accumulation methodSoC(t)：
(2)
c. And establishing a parameter database of the lithium ion battery, wherein the parameter database comprises the pilot internal resistance and the correction coefficient.
c1. A lithium ion battery sample is tested by using a constant current intermittent discharge method, the temperature of an incubator is set to be 40 ℃, the battery is discharged for 10 minutes at a rate of 0.3 ℃, about 5% of electric quantity is discharged, and then the battery is kept stand for 2 hours until the voltage change rate of the battery is lower than 0.1mV/min, so that a discharge-standing cycle is taken as one time. And starting from the SoC =100%, repeating the circulation until the battery voltage is lower than the cut-off voltage, and recording the equivalent internal resistance of the battery under different SoC states to obtain an EIR-SoC spectrum. According to the state of charge SoC (t) obtained in the step b, searching the corresponding equivalent internal resistance of the battery from the EIR-SoC spectrum, and determining the equivalent internal resistance of the battery at the current momentR(t) pilot internal resistance to be referred toR p (SoC)，。
c2. A lithium ion battery sample is tested by using a constant current intermittent discharge method, different temperature boxes are respectively set, the battery is discharged for 10 minutes at a rate of 0.3C (about 5% of electric quantity is discharged), and then the battery is kept stand for 2 hours until the voltage change rate of the battery is lower than 0.1mV/min, so that a discharge-standing cycle is taken as one time. And starting from SoC =100%, repeating the circulation until the battery voltage is lower than the cut-off voltage, and recording the battery EIR at different charge states SoC under the temperature of each temperature box group to obtain an EIR-SoC-ambient temperature spectrum. Corresponding pilot internal resistance under different charge states SoCR p (SoC) is taken as a reference, then the state of charge SoC is fixed and unchanged, and the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the battery corresponding to different battery temperatures T is takenTDefining temperature correction coefficient：
(3)
c3. Testing a lithium ion battery sample by using a constant current intermittent discharge method, setting the temperature of a temperature box to be 40 ℃, aligning the battery charge state SoC with each charge state SoC in the step c, and thenThe cell was charged at different rates for 10 minutes, then left to stand for 2 hours until the cell voltage change rate was less than 0.1mV/min, then discharged for 10 minutes, and left to stand again as before. And recording the EIR of the battery under different SoCs to obtain an EIR-SoC-discharge rate spectrum. Corresponding pilot internal resistance under different charge states SoCR p (SoC) is taken as a reference, then the SOC is fixed and is not changed, and the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the battery corresponding to different discharge multiplying power r is takenrDefining the discharge rate correction factor：
(4)
c4. And (3) testing a lithium ion battery sample by using a constant current intermittent discharge method, setting the temperature of a temperature box to be 40 ℃, aligning the state of charge SoC of the battery with each state of charge SoC in the step (C), charging the battery for different time lengths t at 0.3C multiplying power, standing the battery for 2 hours until the voltage change rate of the battery is lower than 0.1mV/min, discharging for t seconds, and standing according to the method. And recording the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the battery under different charge states SoC to obtain an EIR-SoC-discharge duration spectrum. Corresponding pilot internal resistance under different charge states SoCR p (SoC) is taken as a reference, then the SOC is fixed and is not changed, and the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the battery corresponding to different discharge time lengths t is takentDefining a discharge time correction factor：
(5)
c5. Thus, a spectrum containing an EIR-SoC is obtained,k T 、K r 、K t Selected model ofThe parameter database of the lithium ion battery can search relevant data from the battery discharge working condition to calculate the real-time equivalent internal resistance EIR (t) of the lithium ion battery.
d. The constant current voltage discharge method for testing the EIR of the battery described in the steps c1 to c4 is to record the voltage E (t) at the beginning of discharge in each discharge time period t0) The voltage E (t) and the discharge current I (t) of the battery at the end of discharge, and the equivalent internal resistance EIR (t) of the battery in the time t can be calculated by the following formula (6):
(6)
e. a method for calculating the real-time equivalent internal resistance EIR (t) of the lithium ion battery is provided:
(7)
f. for reference values (for example, temperature correction coefficients corresponding to an ambient temperature of 25 ℃) which are not recorded in the database, interpolation calculation can be performed on adjacent reference values (temperature correction coefficients corresponding to 20 ℃ and 30 ℃) to obtain the required reference values.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the real-time equivalent internal resistance of the lithium ion battery is estimated on line by collecting the ambient temperature, the discharge current and the discharge duration of the lithium ion battery on line, so that the purpose of calculating the real-time heat generation rate of the lithium ions is achieved. The invention is established in that a large number of test experiments are carried out on the selected lithium ion battery, the result is reliable, the experimental method is mature, and the operability is strong.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following figures and examples:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart for building a database of lithium ion battery parameters;
FIG. 2 is a database diagram of a sample lithium ion battery;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of one embodiment of the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a real-time estimation method of equivalent internal resistance EIR of a lithium ion battery, which comprises the steps of establishing a parameter database of the lithium ion battery, wherein the flow of the parameter database is shown in figure 1; the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the lithium ion battery is estimated in real time, and the flow is shown in FIG. 3.
Firstly, extracting a certain number of lithium ion batteries as samples, testing the available capacity C of the sample batteries by a constant current discharge method, and fitting the available capacity and the battery temperature T by using a formula (1) by taking test data as a data base:
(1)
wherein,y 0 、Aandkare the three fitting parameters of the first order decay equation.
The constant current discharge test experiment performed on the sample lithium ion battery comprises the following specific steps:
a. and (3) carrying out pretreatment operation on the sample lithium ion battery, setting the temperature of the incubator to be 40 ℃, and keeping the temperature of the battery consistent with the ambient temperature. The sample cell was subjected to a total of 6 full charge cycles (primary cell full charge and primary cell full discharge were regarded as one cycle) in order to obtain a stable cell capacity.
b. The battery was fully charged to a state of charge SoC =100%, the discharge cutoff voltage was set to 2.5V, and discharged at a rate of 0.5C, followed by discharge at a rate of 0.1C, and the discharge was stopped when the voltage was lower than the discharge cutoff voltage, and the total discharge capacity was regarded as the available capacity C of the battery.
c. Before testing, the cells were allowed to stand in an incubator for 10 minutes in order to keep the cell temperature consistent with the ambient temperature.
d. The test was carried out by setting 1 temperature variable at intervals of 10 ℃ from-20 ℃ to 50 ℃.
e. Each test is repeatedly executed three times, and the average value of the available capacities of the batteries obtained by the three tests is used as the final result of the test.
At this time, the temperature value of the battery in the discharging process is readT(t) and the value of the currentI(t) calculating the available capacity at each moment of the discharge process according to equation (1)C(t) reading the State of Charge before dischargeSoC(t0) Calculating the state of charge of the battery at the current moment by using a charge accumulation methodSoC(t)：
(2)
Secondly, testing the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the lithium ion battery under various discharging conditions by using a constant current intermittent discharge method, and establishing a parameter database of the lithium ion battery, wherein the parameter database comprises the pilot internal resistance and the correction coefficient. The method comprises the following specific steps:
a. a lithium ion battery sample is tested by using a constant current intermittent discharge method, the temperature of an incubator is set to be 40 ℃, the battery is discharged for 10 minutes at a rate of 0.3 ℃, about 5% of electric quantity is discharged, and then the battery is kept stand for 2 hours until the voltage change rate of the battery is lower than 0.1mV/min, so that a discharge-standing cycle is taken as one time. Starting from the state of charge SoC =100%, the above cycle is repeated until the battery voltage is lower than the cut-off voltage, and the battery EIR under different states of charge SoC is recorded, so as to obtain an "EIR-SoC" spectrum, as shown in the upper left-hand line spectrum of fig. 2. According to the state of charge SoC (t) obtained in the step b, searching the corresponding equivalent internal resistance EIR of the battery from the EIR-SoC spectrum, and determining the equivalent internal resistance of the battery at the current momentR(t) pilot internal resistance to be referred toR p (SoC)。
b. A lithium ion battery sample is tested by using a constant current intermittent discharge method, the temperature of a temperature box is respectively set to be minus 20 ℃, minus 10 ℃, 0 ℃, 10 ℃, 20 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃ and 50 ℃, the battery is discharged for 10 minutes at a multiplying power of 0.3 ℃ (about 5 percent of electric quantity is discharged), then the battery is kept stand for 2 hours until the voltage change rate of the battery is lower than 0.1mV/min, and the cycle is used as a discharge-standing cycle. Starting from the state of charge SoC =100%, the above cycle is repeated until the battery voltage is lower than the cut-off voltage, and the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the battery at different states of charge SoC at the temperature of each temperature box group is recorded, so as to obtain an "EIR-SoC-ambient temperature" spectrum, as shown in the upper right-hand line spectrum of fig. 2. Corresponding pilot internal resistance under different charge states SoCR p (SoC) is taken as a reference, then the state of charge SoC is fixed and unchanged, and the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the battery corresponding to different battery temperatures T is takenTDefining temperature correction coefficient：
(3)
c. And (3) testing a lithium ion battery sample by using a constant current intermittent discharge method, setting the temperature of a temperature box to be 40 ℃, aligning the state of charge SoC of the battery with each state of charge SoC in the step C, charging the battery for 10 minutes at different multiplying powers (0.1C, 0.3C, 0.5C, 0.7C, 1.0C, 1.2C, 1.4C, 1.6C, 1.8C and 2.0C), standing the battery for 2 hours until the voltage change rate of the battery is lower than 0.1mV/min, discharging for 10 minutes, and standing according to the method. The battery EIR under different socs is recorded to obtain an "EIR-SoC-discharge rate" spectrum, as shown in the lower left corner spectrum of fig. 2. Corresponding pilot internal resistance under different charge states SoCR p (SoC) is taken as a reference, then the SOC is fixed and is not changed, and the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the battery corresponding to different discharge multiplying power r is takenrDefining the discharge rate correction factor：
(4)
d. And (3) testing a lithium ion battery sample by using a constant current intermittent discharge method, setting the temperature of a temperature box to be 40 ℃, aligning the state of charge SoC of the battery with each state of charge SoC in the step (C), charging the battery for t seconds at a multiplying power of 0.3C (t is 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480 and 600), standing the battery for 2 hours until the voltage change rate of the battery is lower than 0.1mV/min, discharging for t seconds, and standing according to the method. The battery EIR under different states of charge SoC is recorded to obtain an "EIR-SoC-discharge duration" spectrum, as shown in the lower right-hand corner spectrum of fig. 2. Corresponding pilot internal resistance under different charge states SoCR p (SoC) is taken as a reference, then the SOC is fixed and is not changed, and the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the battery corresponding to different discharge time lengths t is takentDefining a discharge time correction factor：
(5)
The method for testing the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the battery by the constant current voltage discharge method in the steps a to d is to record the voltage E (t) when the discharge is started in each section of discharge time t0) The voltage E (t) and the discharge current I (t) of the battery at the end of discharge, and the equivalent internal resistance EIR (t) of the battery in the time t can be calculated by the following formula (6):
(6)
thus, a spectrum containing an EIR-SoC is obtained,k T 、K r 、K t The parameter database of the selected type lithium ion battery can search relevant data according to the discharge working condition of the battery so as to calculate the real-time equivalent internal resistance EIR (t) of the lithium ion battery.
Finally, calculating the real-time equivalent internal resistance EIR (t) of the lithium ion battery according to the formula (7):
(7)
thus, at any time t in the discharging process, the temperature correction coefficient of the internal resistance of the battery is determined according to the temperature T (t) of the battery(ii) a Determining the discharge multiplying power r (t) of the battery according to the discharge current I (t) of the battery, and further determining the discharge multiplying power correction coefficient of the internal resistance of the battery(ii) a Determining battery internal resistance discharge time length correction coefficient according to battery continuous discharge time length(ii) a Determining the available capacity C (t) of the battery according to the ambient temperature T (t) of the battery, further determining the current state of charge SoC (t) of the battery, and then searching the corresponding pilot internal resistance R according to the state of charge SoC (t)p(SoC)。
For reference values (for example, temperature correction coefficients corresponding to an ambient temperature of 25 ℃) which are not recorded in the database, interpolation calculation can be performed on adjacent reference values (temperature correction coefficients corresponding to 20 ℃ and 30 ℃) to obtain the required reference values.
Claims (3)
1. A real-time estimation method for equivalent internal resistance of a lithium ion battery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a. extracting a certain number of lithium ion batteries as samples, testing the available capacity C of the sample batteries by a constant current discharge method, and fitting the available capacity and the temperature T of the batteries by using a formula (1) by taking test data as a data base:
(1)
wherein,y 0 、Aandkare three fitting parameters;
b. reading the temperature value of the battery in the discharging processT(t) calculating the available capacity at each moment of the discharge process according to equation (1)C(t); at the same time, reading the state of charge before dischargeSoC(t0) And current value during dischargeI(t) calculating the state of charge of the battery at the present time by a charge accumulation methodSoC(t)：
(2)
c. Establishing a parameter database of the lithium ion battery by using a constant current intermittent discharge method, wherein the parameter database comprises a pilot internal resistanceR p (SoC) and correction factor、And；
d. the real-time equivalent internal resistance of the lithium ion battery can be obtained by the formula (7):
(7)
e. and for the reference values which are not recorded in the database, carrying out interpolation calculation on the adjacent reference values to obtain the required reference values.
2. The real-time estimation method of the equivalent internal resistance of the lithium ion battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: the step a of performing a constant current discharge experiment on the lithium ion battery of the sample comprises the following specific steps:
a1. carrying out pretreatment operation on a lithium ion battery, setting a certain incubator temperature, keeping the temperature of the battery consistent with the ambient temperature, and carrying out multiple 'filling-emptying' cycles on a sample battery;
a2. fully charging the battery, discharging the battery at a certain multiplying power, stopping discharging when the voltage is lower than a discharge cut-off voltage, and taking the total discharge capacity as the available capacity C of the battery;
a3. before testing, in order to keep the temperature of the battery consistent with the ambient temperature, the battery is kept standing in an incubator for a period of time;
a4. setting different incubator temperatures, and repeating a2, a;
a5. each test is repeatedly executed three times, and the average value of the available capacities of the batteries obtained by the three tests is used as the final result of the test.
3. The real-time estimation method of the equivalent internal resistance of the lithium ion battery according to claim 2, characterized in that: the specific steps of performing a constant current intermittent discharge method on the lithium ion battery of the sample in the step c comprise:
c1. setting a series of incubator temperatures, discharging the battery for a certain time at different multiplying powers, then standing the battery for 2 hours until the voltage change rate of the battery is lower than 0.1mV/min, and taking the result as a discharge-standing cycle;
c2. respectively setting different temperature of the incubator, different discharge multiplying powers and different discharge durations, and repeating c1 according to the experimental principle of the control variable method to obtain the determined pilot internal resistance Rp(SoC) and correction factor、、The required lithium ion battery equivalent internal resistance data basis;
c3. obtaining the equivalent content of each lithium ion battery in the step c2The data resistance method is that the voltage E (t) at the beginning of discharge is recorded in each section of discharge time t0) The voltage E (t) and the discharge current I (t) of the battery at the end of discharge, and the equivalent internal resistance (t) of the battery in the time t can be calculated by the formula (6):
(6)
c4. determining the pilot internal resistance R in the step c2pThe (SoC) method comprises selecting a temperature of 40 deg.C, a discharge rate of 0.3C for lithium ion battery, a discharge time of 10 min, and determining EIR corresponding to the battery in different SOC as leading internal resistance Rp(SoC);
c5. Determining the temperature correction factor in said step c2The method comprises the following steps of using corresponding pilot internal resistances under different SoCsR p (SoC) is taken as a reference, the state of charge (SoC) of the battery is fixed and unchanged, and the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the battery corresponding to different battery temperatures T is takenTDefining temperature correction coefficient：
(3)
c6. Determining the discharge rate correction factor in the step c2The method comprises the following steps of using corresponding pilot internal resistances under different SoCsR p (SoC) is taken as a reference, the state of charge (SoC) of the fixed battery is unchanged, and the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the battery corresponding to different battery discharge multiplying power r is takenrDefining temperature correction coefficient：
(4)
c7. Determining the discharge time length correction coefficient in said step c2The method comprises the following steps of using corresponding pilot internal resistances under different SoCsR p (SoC) is taken as a reference, the state of charge (SoC) of the battery is fixed and is not changed, and the equivalent internal resistance EIR of the battery corresponding to different battery discharge time lengths t is takentDefining temperature correction coefficient：
(5)。
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| CN113921893A (en) * | 2021-09-26 | 2022-01-11 | 同济大学 | Method for constructing equivalent three-electrode system of lithium ion battery |
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