Detailed Description
The pricing of the commodities is generally determined by a merchant or a qualified pricing mechanism, the pricing participation mechanism is too single, the open transparency degree of the pricing process is not high, a supervision mechanism is difficult to participate in the pricing process, and the price monopoly of the commodities is easily caused; therefore, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a pricing method, apparatus, system, and electronic device, where a first block link node sends commodity pricing information to at least one second block link node, and the second block link node determines whether the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism, and when a determination result of the second block link node is that the commodity pricing information conforms to the preset pricing mechanism, the first block link node broadcasts the commodity pricing information to the block link network, which indicates that pricing is successful, so that multiple parties can participate in a commodity pricing process, and the disclosure transparency is high.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present application more clear, the technical solutions of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the specific embodiments of the present specification and the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood that the embodiments described are only a few embodiments of the present disclosure, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art based on the embodiments in the present specification without any inventive step are within the scope of the present application.
The technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present description are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a pricing system provided in an embodiment of the present specification.
The pricing system is a blockchain network 100 established based on a plurality of blockchain nodes, and may include a first blockchain node 110 and a plurality of second blockchain nodes 120 as shown in fig. 1, and the blockchain network 100 may include four blockchain nodes as shown in fig. 1, or may include more or fewer blockchain nodes, which is not limited herein.
Embodiments of the present description provide a pricing system that includes,
a first blockchain node 110 transmitting commodity pricing information to at least one second blockchain node 120;
the second blockchain node 120 receives the commodity pricing information from the first blockchain node 110, determines whether the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism, and sends a determination result to the first blockchain node 110, wherein the determination result is that the second blockchain node 120 determines that the commodity pricing information conforms to the preset pricing mechanism;
the first blockchain node 110 sends the commodity pricing information to a blockchain network 100 that includes the first blockchain node 110 and the second blockchain node 120.
In the embodiment of the present specification, the commodity may be an online commodity in the e-commerce field, an auction commodity in the auction field, a financial commodity in the financial asset transaction field, an offline commodity in the offline shop sales, or other commodities related to pricing and transaction, and is not particularly limited herein, and specifically, the commodity may be a daily article, clothing, an electronic product, gold, or the like.
Alternatively, the blockchain network 100 may be a federation chain network, a private chain network, a license chain network, or other blockchain network.
The first blockchain node 110 may be a pricing mechanism having pricing qualifications for the commodity, wherein the pricing mechanism initiating commodity pricing is the first blockchain node 110; the second blockchain node 120 may be a pricing agency with pricing qualification for the commodity and a supervising agency with supervising qualification for the commodity, and the at least one pricing agency and the at least one supervising agency participate in the pricing process of the commodity through the blockchain network 100 to ensure the public transparency of the commodity pricing process; both the first blockchain node 110 and the second blockchain node 120 need to obtain the authentication and authorization of the blockchain network 100 to join the blockchain network 100 and participate in the commodity pricing process.
The greater the number of the first blockchain nodes 110 and the second blockchain nodes 120, the higher the corresponding public trust strength, and the higher the credibility and reliability of the commodity pricing information of the corresponding blockchain network 100.
Preferably, the pricing system, further comprises,
and a third blockchain node, which receives the commodity pricing information from the blockchain network 100 and sends commodity pricing feedback information to the first blockchain node 110 or the second blockchain node 120.
The third blockchain node may be a consuming mechanism of the commodity, may view commodity pricing information and pricing process information on the blockchain network 100, and may complete corresponding commodity transaction consumption according to the commodity pricing information.
In the commodity transaction consumption process, the third blockchain node may make an objection to the rationality of the commodity pricing information, and may send commodity pricing feedback information to the first blockchain node 110 or the second blockchain node 120, and the first blockchain node 110 or the second blockchain node 120 determines whether to adjust the commodity pricing by determining whether the quantity of the commodity pricing feedback suggestions is greater than a preset threshold.
An embodiment of the present specification further provides a pricing method, and fig. 2 is a flowchart of the pricing method, where the pricing method is applied to a commodity and executed by a first block link point that obtains authentication and authorization, and specifically includes the following steps:
s201: the first block chain node sends commodity pricing information to at least one second block chain node;
preferably, the step S201 may include the steps of:
a first blockchain node sends a commodity pricing consensus request to the blockchain network;
determining commodity pricing information;
transmitting the commodity pricing information to at least one of the second block link points.
When the commodity pricing is initiated, the first blockchain node sends a commodity pricing consensus request to the blockchain network, wherein the commodity pricing consensus request at least comprises a pricing object so as to inform the blockchain node to participate in the commodity pricing process.
Optionally, commodity pricing information is determined, including,
determining commodity pricing information including the following commodity pricing information:
pricing time, commodity pricing value, pricing participation mechanism and pricing validity period.
In a specific application scenario, the commodity pricing information may further include a pricing object, a pricing object cost, a pricing use premise, or other pricing information related to commodity pricing, which is not specifically limited herein, that is, the commodity pricing information may be information related to characteristics of a commodity.
The specific containing object of the commodity pricing information can be preset by a pricing mechanism and a monitoring mechanism according to specific commodities, and in the commodity pricing process, the first block chain node only needs to determine preset commodity pricing information, so that the commodity pricing process is more reasonable and more standard.
The first block link point can price the commodity according to the market transaction condition of the commodity, the cost of the commodity, the development of the commodity and other factors, namely, the pricing information of the commodity is determined.
The first blockchain node transmitting the commodity pricing information to the at least one second blockchain node may include the steps of,
the first block link point encrypts the commodity pricing information;
and sending the encrypted commodity pricing information to at least one second blockchain node.
Preferably, the commodity pricing information is encrypted, and the encrypted commodity pricing information is sent to at least one second blockchain node, specifically including,
the first block chain link point acquires a public key of the second block chain link point;
respectively encrypting the commodity pricing information by using the public keys;
and respectively sending the encrypted commodity pricing information to the second block chain nodes corresponding to the public keys.
And the public key of each second block chain node is used for encrypting the commodity pricing information sent to the second block chain node, so that the safety of data interaction among the block chain nodes in the block chain network can be ensured.
S203: receiving a judgment result from at least one second block chain node, wherein the judgment result is that the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism;
and the second block chain link point is used for judging whether the commodity pricing information accords with a preset pricing mechanism.
The preset pricing mechanism is preset by the pricing mechanism and the monitoring mechanism according to the content contained in the set commodity pricing information and the specific characteristics of the commodity and is used for judging the rationality of the commodity pricing information by the second block link point.
It should be noted that the preset pricing mechanism may be set according to different application scenarios, and is not specifically limited herein.
S205: sending the item pricing information to a blockchain network comprising the first blockchain node and the second blockchain node.
And when the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing information accords with a preset pricing mechanism, the first block chain node sends the commodity pricing information to the block chain network, which shows that commodity pricing is successful and can be used for trading of related commodities on the market.
Preferably, for pricing of the same commodity, the pricing mechanism corresponding to the first block link point is not fixed, a rotation system can be adopted, a specific system can be preset by the pricing mechanism and the monitoring mechanism, monopoly of commodity pricing can be avoided, and fairness of commodity pricing is improved.
If the second block chain link point does not achieve consensus, the commodity pricing information cannot be sent to the block chain network, commodity pricing is not successful, the first block chain link point needs to adjust the commodity pricing information, and the commodity pricing consensus process is executed again until commodity pricing is successful.
Specifically, before sending the commodity pricing information to the block chain network, the method further comprises,
adjusting the commodity pricing information and determining commodity pricing adjustment information;
transmitting the commodity pricing adjustment information to at least one of the second block link points;
and receiving a judgment result from at least one second block chain node, wherein the judgment result is that the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing adjustment information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism.
Adjusting the commodity pricing information, determining commodity pricing adjustment information, including,
adjusting the commodity pricing information upon receiving a commodity pricing adjustment request from at least one of the second blockchain nodes;
and determining commodity pricing adjustment information according to the commodity pricing adjustment request.
If the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing information does not accord with the preset pricing mechanism, a commodity pricing adjustment request can be sent to the first block chain node, and the first block chain node can determine the commodity pricing adjustment information according to the commodity pricing adjustment request and perform a commodity pricing consensus process again.
The commodity pricing adjustment request can include a commodity pricing adjustment reason and a commodity pricing adjustment value.
Determining commodity pricing adjustment information according to the commodity pricing adjustment request, including,
determining commodity pricing adjustment information including:
pricing adjustment reason, pricing adjustment time, pricing adjustment value and pricing adjustment validity period.
In a specific application embodiment, the commodity pricing adjustment information may further include the commodity pricing information, a pricing adjustment participation mechanism, or other pricing adjustment information related to commodity pricing adjustment, which is not specifically limited herein.
As an application example, after sending the commodity pricing information to the block chain network including the first block chain node and the second block chain node, further comprising,
receiving commodity pricing feedback information from at least one third blockchain node, the blockchain network including the third blockchain node;
judging whether the quantity of the commodity pricing feedback information is larger than a preset threshold value or not;
and if so, sending a commodity pricing feedback adjustment request to the block chain network.
After the first block chain node and the second block chain node are successfully priced, the third block chain node can inquire related commodity pricing information through the block chain network and can conduct consumption transaction of corresponding commodities according to the commodity pricing information.
In the consumption transaction process, the third block link node can make an objection to the rationality of the commodity pricing information, and can send commodity pricing feedback information to the first block link node, and in the application scenario, the first block link node can be a supervision mechanism; the first block chain node judges whether the quantity of the commodity pricing feedback information is larger than a preset threshold value, if so, the commodity pricing feedback adjustment consensus process is initiated by sending a commodity pricing feedback adjustment request to the block chain network, and the commodity pricing is adjusted.
After sending the commodity pricing feedback adjustment request to the block chain network, the method further comprises,
adjusting the commodity pricing information according to the commodity pricing feedback information, and determining commodity pricing adjustment information;
transmitting the commodity pricing adjustment information to at least one of the second block link points;
receiving a judgment result from at least one second block chain node, wherein the judgment result is that the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing adjustment information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism;
sending the commodity pricing adjustment information to a block chain network comprising the first block chain node, the second block chain node, and the third block chain node.
The first block chain node determines commodity pricing adjustment information according to the commodity pricing feedback information to perform commodity pricing adjustment, sends the commodity pricing adjustment information to at least one second block chain node to perform commodity pricing feedback adjustment consensus, and broadcasts the commodity pricing adjustment information to the block chain network when the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing adjustment information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism to show that the commodity pricing feedback adjustment is successful.
An embodiment of the present specification further provides a pricing method, and fig. 3 is a flowchart of the pricing method, where the flowchart is executed by a second block link point that obtains authentication authorization, and specifically includes the following steps:
s301: the second block chain node receives commodity pricing information from the first block chain node;
the commodity pricing information received by the second block chain node may be encrypted commodity pricing information, where the first block chain node is encrypted by using the public key of the second block chain node, and step S301 specifically includes the following steps:
the second block chain node receives the encrypted commodity pricing information;
and decrypting the encrypted commodity pricing information.
Decrypting the encrypted commodity pricing information, specifically comprising decrypting the encrypted commodity pricing information according to a private key of the second blockchain node.
And the commodity pricing information is decrypted through the private key of the second block chain node, so that the safety of information interaction in the block chain network is ensured.
As an application example, before the second block link node receives the commodity pricing information from the first block link node, further comprising,
the second blockchain node receives a commodity pricing consensus request from the first blockchain node.
The commodity pricing consensus request is sent to the blockchain network by the first blockchain node when commodity pricing consensus is initiated, and the commodity pricing consensus request at least comprises a pricing object so as to inform the second blockchain node to participate in a commodity pricing process.
S303: judging whether the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism;
s305: sending a judgment result to the first block chain node, wherein the judgment result is that the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism;
as an application example, in a block chain network, after determining that the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism, a second block chain node sends the commodity pricing information and the determination result to a next second block chain link point, and the next second block chain link point performs a second determination, so as to circulate, when the second block chain link point participating in the consensus determines that the commodity pricing information conforms to the preset pricing mechanism, it indicates that the second block chain link point achieves the consensus, and the second block chain node participating in the consensus sends the determination result to the first block chain link point.
Before sending the judgment result to the first block chain node, the method further comprises the following steps,
and sending a commodity pricing adjustment request to the first block link point.
And if the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing information does not accord with the preset pricing mechanism, sending a commodity pricing adjustment request to the first block chain node, wherein the commodity pricing adjustment request can comprise a commodity pricing adjustment reason and a commodity pricing adjustment value.
After sending the commodity pricing adjustment request to the first block link point, the method further comprises the following steps,
at least one second block link node receiving commodity pricing adjustment information from the first block link node;
judging whether the commodity pricing adjustment information accords with a preset pricing mechanism;
and sending a judgment result to the first block chain node, wherein the judgment result is that the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing adjustment information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism.
And the second block chain link point receives the commodity pricing adjustment information from the first block chain link point, performs secondary commodity pricing adjustment consensus, and indicates that the commodity pricing is successful after judging that the commodity pricing adjustment information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism.
S307: receiving the commodity pricing information from the first blockchain node sent to the blockchain network including the first blockchain node and the second blockchain node.
And if the second block chain node agrees with the commodity pricing information, the first block chain node sends the commodity pricing information to the block chain network to indicate that the commodity pricing is successful, and the commodity pricing can be used for commodity market transaction consumption.
After receiving the commodity pricing information from the blockchain network comprising the first blockchain node and the second blockchain node, further comprising,
receiving commodity pricing feedback information from a third blockchain node, wherein the blockchain network comprises the third blockchain node;
judging whether the quantity of the commodity pricing feedback information is larger than a preset threshold value or not;
and if so, sending a commodity pricing adjustment request to the first block link point.
After sending the commodity pricing adjustment request to the first block link point, the commodity pricing adjustment consensus is performed by the first block link point, and the specific implementation process is as described in the above embodiment and is not described herein again.
The adjustment of the commodity pricing information by the second block link point can be made according to the condition that the commodity pricing information of the second block link is not in accordance with the existing market condition, or can be made through a commodity pricing feedback suggestion of a third block link node, and in the latter case, the second block link point can be a supervision mechanism.
Based on the same idea, the pricing method provided by the embodiment of the present specification further provides a corresponding pricing device, as shown in fig. 4.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a pricing apparatus provided in an embodiment of the present disclosure, specifically including,
the sending module 401 is configured to send commodity pricing information to at least one second block link node by a first block link node;
a receiving module 403, configured to receive a determination result from at least one second block link node, where the determination result is that the second block link node determines that the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism;
a pricing validation module 405 that sends the item pricing information to a blockchain network that includes the first blockchain node and the second blockchain node.
And when the judgment result of the second block chain node is that the commodity pricing information conforms to the preset pricing mechanism, the first block chain node broadcasts the commodity pricing information to the block chain network to show that the pricing is successful, so that multiple parties participate in the commodity pricing process and the commodity pricing information is public and transparent.
Optionally, the first block link point sends commodity pricing information to at least one second block link point via the sending module 401, including,
the first block chain node sends a commodity pricing consensus request to at least one second block chain node;
determining commodity pricing information;
transmitting the commodity pricing information to at least one second block link point.
Optionally, before the sending module 401 sends the commodity pricing information to the blockchain network, further includes,
adjusting the commodity pricing information and determining commodity pricing adjustment information;
transmitting the commodity pricing adjustment information to at least one of the second block link points;
and receiving a judgment result from at least one second block chain node, wherein the judgment result is that the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing adjustment information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism.
Based on the same idea, the embodiment of the present specification further provides a corresponding pricing device, as shown in fig. 5.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a pricing apparatus provided in an embodiment of the present disclosure, specifically including,
a receiving module 501, where the second block link node receives commodity pricing information from the first block link node;
the judging module 503 is configured to judge whether the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism;
the sending module 505 is configured to send a determination result to the first block link point, where the determination result is that the second block link point determines that the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism;
a pricing confirming module 507, receiving the commodity pricing information sent by the first blockchain node to the blockchain network including the first blockchain node and the second blockchain node.
The second block chain node receives the commodity pricing information sent by the first block chain node, whether the commodity pricing information accords with a preset pricing mechanism or not is judged by the second block chain node, and when the commodity pricing information accords with the preset pricing mechanism according to the judgment result of the second block chain node, the first block chain node broadcasts the commodity pricing information to the block chain network to show that pricing is successful, so that multiple parties participate in the commodity pricing process and the commodity pricing is public and transparent.
Optionally, before the sending module 505 sends the determination result to the first block link point, further includes,
and sending a commodity pricing adjustment request to the first block link point.
Optionally, after sending the commodity pricing adjustment request to the first block link point, further comprising,
at least one second block link node receiving commodity pricing adjustment information from the first block link node;
judging whether the commodity pricing adjustment information accords with a preset pricing mechanism;
and sending a judgment result to the first block chain node, wherein the judgment result is that the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing adjustment information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism.
An embodiment of the present specification further provides a specific embodiment in the field of gold trading, and fig. 6 is a flowchart of a gold pricing method provided by the embodiment of the present specification.
For the gold transaction in the field of financial asset transaction, the gold price in the world is mainly from the london gold market, the price is the most main gold price in the world, and many countries and regions use the london gold price as a standard and fluctuate up and down according to respective demand conditions, wherein the gold price in the world is mainly based on the london gold price, namely the gold transaction price determined by the london international financial futures exchange, the disclosure and transparency degree of the gold pricing process is not high, and a supervision organization is difficult to participate in the gold price.
Fig. 6 is a flowchart of a gold pricing method provided in an embodiment of the present specification, where a blockchain network adopts a federation chain network, and specifically includes the following steps:
s601: initializing a alliance chain network, wherein a first block chain node sends a commodity pricing consensus request to the alliance chain network;
s603: determining commodity pricing information by the first block link point;
s605: the first block chain node encrypts the commodity pricing information and then sends the encrypted commodity pricing information to at least one second block chain node;
s607: the second block link point decrypts the encrypted commodity pricing information;
s609: judging whether the commodity pricing information meets a preset pricing mechanism or not by the second block link point;
s611: generating a judgment result by the second block link point, wherein the judgment result is that the second block link point judges that the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism, and sending the judgment result to the first block link node;
s613: and the first blockchain node sends the commodity pricing information to the alliance chain network, and the pricing is successful.
In step S609, if the second block link point determines that the commodity pricing information does not conform to the preset pricing mechanism, a commodity pricing adjustment request may be sent to the first block link point, the first block link node initiates a second commodity pricing consensus to the alliance link network, and the above steps S601 to S609 are executed again until the second block link point determines that the commodity pricing information conforms to the preset pricing mechanism, and the pricing is successful.
The goods pricing information may include goods pricing information as shown in table 1 below.
TABLE 1 Commodity pricing information schematic Table
Based on the same inventive concept, embodiments of the present specification further provide an electronic device, including at least one processor and a memory, where the memory stores programs and is configured to be executed by the at least one processor to:
the first block chain node sends commodity pricing information to at least one second block chain node;
receiving a judgment result from at least one second block chain node, wherein the judgment result is that the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism;
sending the item pricing information to a blockchain network comprising the first blockchain node and the second blockchain node.
For other functions of the processor, reference may also be made to the contents described in the above embodiments, which are not described in detail herein.
Based on the same inventive concept, embodiments of the present specification further provide an electronic device, including at least one processor and a memory, where the memory stores programs and is configured to be executed by the at least one processor to:
the second block chain node receives commodity pricing information from the first block chain node;
judging whether the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism;
sending a judgment result to the first block chain node, wherein the judgment result is that the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism;
receiving the commodity pricing information from the first blockchain node sent to the blockchain network including the first blockchain node and the second blockchain node.
For other functions of the processor, reference may also be made to the contents described in the above embodiments, which are not described in detail herein.
Based on the same inventive concept, embodiments of the present specification further provide a computer-readable storage medium including a program for use with an electronic device, the program being executable by a processor to perform the steps of:
the first block chain node sends commodity pricing information to at least one second block chain node;
receiving a judgment result from at least one second block chain node, wherein the judgment result is that the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism;
sending the item pricing information to a blockchain network comprising the first blockchain node and the second blockchain node.
Based on the same inventive concept, embodiments of the present specification further provide a computer-readable storage medium including a program for use with an electronic device, the program being executable by a processor to perform the steps of:
the second block chain node receives commodity pricing information from the first block chain node;
judging whether the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism;
sending a judgment result to the first block chain node, wherein the judgment result is that the second block chain node judges that the commodity pricing information conforms to a preset pricing mechanism;
receiving the commodity pricing information from the first blockchain node sent to the blockchain network including the first blockchain node and the second blockchain node.
In the 90 s of the 20 th century, improvements in a technology could clearly distinguish between improvements in hardware (e.g., improvements in circuit structures such as diodes, transistors, switches, etc.) and improvements in software (improvements in process flow). However, as technology advances, many of today's process flow improvements have been seen as direct improvements in hardware circuit architecture. Designers almost always obtain the corresponding hardware circuit structure by programming an improved method flow into the hardware circuit. Thus, it cannot be said that an improvement in the process flow cannot be realized by hardware physical modules. For example, a Programmable Logic Device (PLD), such as a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), is an integrated circuit whose Logic functions are determined by programming the Device by a user. A digital system is "integrated" on a PLD by the designer's own programming without requiring the chip manufacturer to design and fabricate application-specific integrated circuit chips. Furthermore, nowadays, instead of manually manufacturing an integrated Circuit chip, such Programming is often implemented by "logic compiler" software, which is similar to a software compiler used in program development and writing, but the original code before compiling is also written by a specific Programming Language, which is called Hardware Description Language (HDL), and HDL is not only one but many, such as ABEL (Advanced Boolean Expression Language), AHDL (alternate Hardware Description Language), traffic, CUPL (core universal Programming Language), HDCal, jhddl (Java Hardware Description Language), Lava, Lola, HDL, PALASM, rhyd (Hardware Description Language), and the like, which are currently used in the field-Hardware Language. It will also be apparent to those skilled in the art that hardware circuitry that implements the logical method flows can be readily obtained by merely slightly programming the method flows into an integrated circuit using the hardware description languages described above.
The controller may be implemented in any suitable manner, for example, the controller may take the form of, for example, a microprocessor or processor and a computer-readable medium storing computer-readable program code (e.g., software or firmware) executable by the (micro) processor, logic gates, switches, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic controller, and an embedded microcontroller, examples of which include, but are not limited to, the following microcontrollers: ARC 625D, Atmel AT91SAM, Microchip PIC18F26K20, and Silicone Labs C8051F320, the memory controller may also be implemented as part of the control logic for the memory. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that, in addition to implementing the controller as pure computer readable program code, the same functionality can be implemented by logically programming method steps such that the controller is in the form of logic gates, switches, application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic controllers, embedded microcontrollers and the like. Such a controller may thus be considered a hardware component, and the means included therein for performing the various functions may also be considered as a structure within the hardware component. Or even means for performing the functions may be regarded as being both a software module for performing the method and a structure within a hardware component.
The systems, devices, modules or units illustrated in the above embodiments may be implemented by a computer chip or an entity, or by a product with certain functions. One typical implementation device is a computer. In particular, the computer may be, for example, a personal computer, a laptop computer, a cellular telephone, a camera phone, a smartphone, a personal digital assistant, a media player, a navigation device, an email device, a game console, a tablet computer, a wearable device, or a combination of any of these devices.
For convenience of description, the above devices are described as being divided into various units by function, and are described separately. Of course, the functionality of the units may be implemented in one or more software and/or hardware when implementing the present application.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, embodiments of the present invention may be provided as a method, system, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, and the like) having computer-usable program code embodied therein.
The present invention is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each flow and/or block of the flow diagrams and/or block diagrams, and combinations of flows and/or blocks in the flow diagrams and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
In a typical configuration, a computing device includes one or more processors (CPUs), input/output interfaces, network interfaces, and memory.
The memory may include forms of volatile memory in a computer readable medium, Random Access Memory (RAM) and/or non-volatile memory, such as Read Only Memory (ROM) or flash memory (flash RAM). Memory is an example of a computer-readable medium.
Computer-readable media, including both non-transitory and non-transitory, removable and non-removable media, may implement information storage by any method or technology. The information may be computer readable instructions, data structures, modules of a program, or other data. Examples of computer storage media include, but are not limited to, phase change memory (PRAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), other types of Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), Digital Versatile Discs (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transmission medium that can be used to store information that can be accessed by a computing device. As defined herein, a computer readable medium does not include a transitory computer readable medium such as a modulated data signal and a carrier wave.
It should also be noted that the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
The application may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The application may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
The embodiments in the present specification are described in a progressive manner, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from the other embodiments. In particular, for the system embodiment, since it is substantially similar to the method embodiment, the description is simple, and for the relevant points, reference may be made to the partial description of the method embodiment.
The above description is only an example of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application. Various modifications and changes may occur to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application should be included in the scope of the claims of the present application.