CN110008553A - The product design scheme preferred method influenced based on life cycle cost and environment - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of scheme influenced towards life cycle cost and environment is preferred, comprising: establishes the Hierarchical Structure Decomposition Models influenced with life cycle cost and environment for optimization aim；Different weights is assigned to different environmental impact indicators types, is weighted assessment；It is parametric distribution weight using the method for weighting；It is analyzed using TOPSIS method.The present invention influences to carry out the design scheme of product framework using the multiple attributive decision making method of combination weights method and TOPSIS based on game theory preferred for decision attribute with life cycle cost and environment.In view of there are each structure module of product multiple alternative design configurations schemes to be combined design, cost fluctuation caused by result carries out enhancement of environment is analyzed according to LCA and influences to select optimization design scheme in time with cost-benefit relationship in environment.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to life cycle analysis fields, and it is excellent to be related to a kind of scheme towards life cycle cost and environmental emission
Choosing method.
Background technique
Manufacturing industry is the mainstay industry of China's economy.In the process of economic and technical development, shortage of resources, ecology
Unbalance, environmental degradation has become the severe challenge of facing mankind, furthermore along with the same of the price rises such as raw material, the energy
When, labor cost etc. is also increasing.In the case where manufacturing industry entirety profit is relatively low, manufacturing sustainable development is faced with
Huge challenge, face these problems, the environment of resource consumption and generation of the product in its life cycle influence also by
Concern increasingly.In the life cycle of engineering goods, although expense shared by design process only accounts for mass customization
5%, but determine the cost of product 70-80%.The design scheme of product not only influences the life cycle cost of product, and
And also largely determine the environmental emission of product life cycle.
Concern for the environment influences simultaneously at this stage and the research of economic cost is predominantly stayed in specific product or limited amount
Design scheme carry out LCA and LCC analysis and assessment in terms of, do not account for product each frame modules have it is multiple alternative
Design configurations scheme the problem of being combined design, and the analysis result of LCA for carry out caused by enhancement of environment at
This fluctuation and no exact information of offer in terms of the relationship that environment influences between cost-effectiveness, this results in evaluation to tie
There is the case where environment influences that smaller and cost input is larger or cost input is smaller and environment is caused to be affected in fruit；In scheme
Preferred aspect, existing literature also do not comprehensively consider the life cycle cost of product and environment influence.
Summary of the invention
In view of the deficiencies in the prior art, influenced the purpose of the present invention is to propose to a kind of based on life cycle cost and environment
Product design scheme preferred method establishes the Model for Multi-Objective Optimization that life cycle cost and environment influence, then uses TOPSIS
Multiple attributive decision making method is to its Optimization Solution.
The technical solution adopted by the present invention are as follows:
The product design scheme preferred method influenced based on life cycle cost and environment, which is characterized in that including following
Step:
S101, foundation influence the Hierarchical Structure Decomposition Models for optimization aim, specific steps with life cycle cost and environment are as follows:
Step 1 carries out defining for range boundary, according to LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) process, carries out product life cycle cost
With the divided stages of environmental impact analysis, guarantee the consistency of LCC and LCA divided stages, while to be protected during calculating
Duplicate input or output unit cannot be had with another range by demonstrate,proving each ready-portioned range, if the output of a upper process is made again
When entering next process for input, no longer progress cost calculation to avoid and compute repeatedly；
Step 2 constructs goods and materials input matrixWherein, i indicates product framework, 1≤i≤f；J table
Show j-th of frame modules under product framework i, 1≤j≤m；K indicates that at product architecture i, the kth kind of j-th of frame modules is set
Count allocation plan, 1≤k≤n；arsIndicate r kind substance in the input quantity in s-th of stage of product life cycle, ars>=0, r table
Show that r kind inputs substance, 1≤r≤u, behalf life-cycle stages, s=1 when 2,3,4,5, respectively represents raw material and obtain
Take stage, production phase, haulage stage, service stage, discarded recovery stage；
Then in the product life cycle, the totle drilling cost of s-th of stage input object
Input the totle drilling cost of object
Wherein, crThe cost factor of substance is inputted for r kind；
Step 3 structural environment influences output matrixWherein elsIndicate that l kind environment influences type
In the discharge amount in s-th of stage of product life cycle, els>=0, l are the type of environmental emission type, l=1, and 2,3,4 when is distinguished
Represent GWP, AP, EP, POCP；
Then in life-cycle stages, the l kind environment in s-th of stage influences the total release of type
The total release of l kind environment influence type
Wherein,It indicates at product architecture i, the kth kind design configurations scheme of j-th of frame modules is in the life of product
The discharge amount of the l kind environmental impact indicators type in s-th of stage of period；Indicate j-th of frame modules at product architecture i
Kth kind design configurations scheme l kind environmental impact indicators type discharge amount；
S102, different weights is assigned to different environmental impact indicators types, is weighted assessment, specific steps are as follows:
In life-cycle stages, the environmental emission amount in s-th of stage is after packet-weighted
Total environmental emission amount is
Wherein, EIijkIndicate the weight of the kth kind design configurations scheme of j-th of frame modules at product architecture i
Discharge amount；welIndicate the weight coefficient of l kind environmental impact indicators type； Table respectively
Show at product architecture i, the kth kind design configurations scheme of j-th of frame modules obtains in raw material, production, transport, using,
The discharge amount of the l kind environmental impact indicators type in waste treatment stage；
For typical product configuration scheme, environmental emission threshold value U is setEI, for controlling the environment row of products configuration unit
It puts, UEIThe environmental emission index that can be single type, the environment influence being also possible to after weighting, relevant constraint can adopt
The rule shown in formula (7) and (8):
Then Xijk=1, otherwise XijkFor 0, i ∈ PA, j ∈ PMi (7)
EIijk≤UEI, then Xijk=1, otherwise XijkFor 0, i ∈ PA, j ∈ PMi (8)
Wherein, EIl ijkIndicate the l kind ring of the kth kind design configurations scheme of j-th of frame modules at product architecture i
Border discharge amount；It indicates under product architecture i, the l kind environmental emission threshold value of j-th of frame modules；UEIIndicate product architecture i
Under, the weight discharge threshold of j-th of frame modules；
In order to guarantee product framework function and structure integrality, therefore, to assure that each frame modules under product framework
Have and only a kind of corresponding design configurations scheme is selected；Therefore, it is necessary to apply mandatory and integrity constraint, constraint condition
It is as follows:
Xijk∈ { 0,1 }, i ∈ PA, j ∈ PMi, k ∈ DAij (10)
Wherein, XijkIt is a binary variable, when the kth kind design configurations of j-th of frame modules under product framework i
Scheme is selected, then Xijk=1, it is otherwise 0；
S103, using the method for weighting be parametric distribution weight, specific steps are as follows:
Step 1: establishing a basic weight sets wk={ wk1,wk2,…,wkn, wherein k=1,2 ..., r；N expression is determined
The number of plan attribute；R indicates the number of above-mentioned weight assignment method used；Then, weight r obtained by distinct methods
Vector carries out arbitrary linear combination, to obtain possible optimal weights vector w, i.e.,
Wherein, akFor linear combination coefficient；
Step 2: in order to find optimal weights vector w from possible optimal weights vector w*, need to be to linear combination coefficient ak
It optimizes, makes target weight collection w and each initial weight collection wkDeviation it is minimum, to obtain following game model:
Step 3: according to differentiation of a matrix property, the corresponding system of linear equations of first derivative that game model optimizes is such as
Under:
Above formula is solved, the optimal coefficient (a of linear combination is obtained1,a2,…,ar), it is normalized,
Obtain standardized optimal coefficientAnd formula (14) are carried it into, obtain optimal weights coefficient w*, i.e.,
S104, it is analyzed using TOPSIS method, specific steps are as follows:
Step 1: construction specified decision matrix Y；
In the solution of practical problem, since the dimension of each index is different, and the variation range of each index is generally not yet
It is identical, in order to preferably reflect the actual conditions of each Criterion Attribute variation, nondimensionalization processing, rule need to be carried out to each index
Generalized decision matrix Y is as follows:
Wherein, yij=xij/[(x1j)2+(x2j)2+...+(xnj)2]1/2, i ∈ M, j ∈ N；
Step 2: constructing the weighted normal decision matrix Z=(z of Yij)m×n；
Wherein,I ∈ M, j ∈ N, so having
Wherein,The weighted value of j-th of attribute, using it is presented hereinabove based on the combination weights method of game theory come really
The weighted value of fixed each attribute；
Step 3: determining positive ideal solution A+With minus ideal result A-；
The scheme of most preference is shown in positive ideal inducing diaphoresis, and minus ideal result indicates the scheme of least preference；
Positive ideal solution
Wherein,
Minus ideal result
Wherein,
Step 4: calculating the Euclid distance that each scheme arrives positive ideal solution respectivelyWith the Euclid distance for arriving minus ideal result
The Euclid distance of each scheme to positive ideal solution and minus ideal result is respectively as follows:
Wherein, zi=(zi1,zi2,...,zin) be and option AiCorresponding weighted normal decision matrix Z=(zij)m×n's
I-th row；
Step 5: calculating the relative proximities of each scheme Yu positive ideal solution
Wherein,It is the ratio for measuring each scheme to distance between the distance and plus-minus ideal solutions of minus ideal result
Value, it is clear thatValue show that the program is remoter apart from minus ideal result more greatly, and it is closer from positive ideal solution, that is, work asWhen, side
Case AiClose to A+；
Step 6: determining preferred plan；
According to relative proximitiesSize carry out descending arrangement, determine the order of priority of alternative, whereinValue
Bigger expression scheme is more excellent.
The invention has the advantages that
The present invention is influenced with life cycle cost and environment for decision attribute, using based on game theory combination weights method and
The multiple attributive decision making method of TOPSIS carries out the design scheme of product framework preferred；In view of each structure module tool of product
There are multiple alternative design configurations schemes to be combined design, cost caused by result carries out enhancement of environment is analyzed according to LCA
It fluctuates and influences to select optimization design scheme in time with cost-benefit relationship in environment；Wherein it is possible to according to different enterprises
The power that the energy-saving and emission-reduction requirement of the attention degree of cost and environment influence and enterprise influences cost and environment with policymaker
Repeated factor is adjusted.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the basic flow chart of TOPSIS analytic approach.
Fig. 2 is plastic tank radiators crossbeam GaBi analysis model figure.
Fig. 3 is plastics front-end module life cycle different phase environmental emission schematic diagram.
Specific embodiment
S101, foundation influence the Hierarchical Structure Decomposition Models for optimization aim, specific steps with life cycle cost and environment are as follows:
Step 1 carries out defining for range boundary, according to LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) process, carries out product life cycle cost
With the divided stages of environmental impact analysis, guarantee the consistency of LCC and LCA divided stages, while to be protected during calculating
Duplicate input or output unit cannot be had with another range by demonstrate,proving each ready-portioned range, if the output of a upper process is made again
When entering next process for input, no longer progress cost calculation to avoid and compute repeatedly.
Step 2 constructs goods and materials input matrixWherein, i indicates product framework, 1≤i≤f；J table
Show j-th of frame modules under product framework i, 1≤j≤m；K indicates that at product architecture i, the kth kind of j-th of frame modules is set
Count allocation plan, 1≤k≤n；arsIndicate r kind substance in the input quantity in s-th of stage of product life cycle, ars>=0, r table
Show that r kind inputs substance, 1≤r≤u, behalf life-cycle stages, s=1 when 2,3,4,5, respectively represents raw material and obtain
Take stage, production phase, haulage stage, service stage, discarded recovery stage.
Then in the product life cycle, the totle drilling cost of s-th of stage input object
Input the totle drilling cost of object
Wherein, crThe cost factor of substance is inputted for r kind.
Step 3 structural environment influences output matrixWherein elsIndicate that l kind environment influences type
In the discharge amount in s-th of stage of product life cycle, els>=0, l are the type of environmental emission type, l=1, and 2,3,4 when is distinguished
Represent GWP, AP, EP, POCP.
Then in life-cycle stages, the l kind environment in s-th of stage influences the total release of type
The total release of l kind environment influence type
Wherein,It indicates at product architecture i, the kth kind design configurations scheme of j-th of frame modules is in the life of product
The discharge amount of the l kind environmental impact indicators type in s-th of stage of period；Indicate j-th of frame modules at product architecture i
Kth kind design configurations scheme l kind environmental impact indicators type discharge amount.
S102, different weights is assigned to different environmental impact indicators types, is weighted assessment, it is involved in the present invention
Environmental impact indicators type weight coefficient Thinkstep LCIA Survey of the determination in the GaBi software, and pass through
The weight coefficient that associated environmental impacts pointer type is calculated in analysis is crossed, as shown in table 1.
The weight coefficient of 1 environment of table influence index of classification
Specific steps are as follows:
In life-cycle stages, the environmental emission amount in s-th of stage is after packet-weighted
Total environmental emission amount is
Wherein, EIijkIndicate the weight of the kth kind design configurations scheme of j-th of frame modules at product architecture i
Discharge amount；welIndicate the weight coefficient of l kind environmental impact indicators type； Table respectively
Show at product architecture i, the kth kind design configurations scheme of j-th of frame modules obtains in raw material, production, transport, using,
The discharge amount of the l kind environmental impact indicators type in waste treatment stage.
According to the decomposition model of product design, product design is to carry out group by different level according to basic products configuration unit
It closes.Therefore, in product design, in order to more effectively reduce environmental pollution, control the environmental emission of product life cycle,
The environmental emission of the allocation plan of each frame modules under product framework can be limited, for typical products configuration side
Environmental emission threshold value U is arranged in caseEI, for controlling the environmental emission of products configuration unit, to reduce the environment row of product totality
High-volume.UEIThe environmental emission index that can be single type, being also possible to the environment after weighting influences, and relevant constraint can be with
Using rule shown in formula (7) and (8).Threshold value UEIIndicate acceptable maximum EI value, designer can according to country variant and
Threshold value is arranged in the requirement of regional corresponding laws and regulations and Regulation Policy, can also be according to the energy-saving and emission-reduction requirement of enterprise, threshold value
UEIRegard a subjective amount as, such as can be set according to the performance of enterprise itself, industry benchmark, economy to new product and
Environmental performance is weighed, and new product is made to meet the requirement of enterprise in terms of life cycle cost and environment influence.
Then Xijk=1, otherwise XijkFor 0, i ∈ PA, j ∈ PMi (7)
EIijk≤UEI, then Xijk=1, otherwise XijkFor 0, i ∈ PA, j ∈ PMi (8)
Wherein, EIl ijkIndicate the l kind ring of the kth kind design configurations scheme of j-th of frame modules at product architecture i
Border discharge amount；It indicates under product architecture i, the l kind environmental emission threshold value of j-th of frame modules；UEIIndicate product architecture i
Under, the weight discharge threshold of j-th of frame modules.
In order to guarantee product framework function and structure integrality, therefore, to assure that each frame modules under product framework
Have and only a kind of corresponding design configurations scheme is selected.Therefore, it is necessary to apply mandatory and integrity constraint, constraint condition
It is as follows:
Xijk∈ { 0,1 }, i ∈ PA, j ∈ PMi, k ∈ DAij (10)
Wherein, XijkIt is a binary variable, when the kth kind design configurations of j-th of frame modules under product framework i
Scheme is selected, then Xijk=1, it is otherwise 0.
S103, using the method for weighting be parametric distribution weight, specific steps are as follows:
Step 1: game theory has apparent superiority in the interaction studied between subsystem in complication system, in order to
The science and reliability for improving more attribute weight assignment, set forth herein a kind of combination weights method based on game theory, this method
It is objective the weight obtained with subjective assignment methods such as expert graded, analytic hierarchy process (AHP)s and with Information Entropy, average variance method etc. first
The weighted value that assignment method obtains blends, and establishes a basic weight sets w on this basisk={ wk1,wk2,…,wkn,
In, k=1,2 ..., r；The number of n expression decision attribute；R indicates the number of above-mentioned weight assignment method used.Then, by r
Arbitrary linear combination is carried out by the weight vectors that distinct methods obtain, to obtain possible optimal weights vector w, i.e.,
Wherein, akFor linear combination coefficient；
Step 2: in order to find optimal weights vector w from possible optimal weights vector w*, need to be to linear combination coefficient ak
It optimizes, makes target weight collection w and each initial weight collection wkDeviation it is minimum, to obtain following game model:
Step 3: according to differentiation of a matrix property, the corresponding system of linear equations of first derivative that game model optimizes is such as
Under:
Above formula is solved, the optimal coefficient (a of linear combination is obtained1,a2,…,ar), it is normalized,
Obtain standardized optimal coefficientAnd formula (14) are carried it into, obtain optimal weights coefficient w*, i.e.,
S104, it is analyzed using TOPSIS method
TOPSIS method is a kind of method for carrying out superior and inferior evaluating according to the degree of closeness of evaluation object and dreamboat, is called
Ideal point method is approached, is common method in multiple attribute decision making (MADM).
If the scheme of multiple attribute decision making (MADM) integrates as A={ A1,A2,...,Am, property set is B={ B1,B2,...,Bn, decision
Matrix X=(xij)m×n, wherein xijFor attribute value of i-th of scheme under j-th of attribute, i ∈ M, j ∈ N.M=1,2 ...,
M }, the set of the subscript composition that N={ 1,2 ..., n } is scheme and attribute.Option AiIt is denoted as A=(xi1,xi2,...,xin), i
∈ M, and provide xij>=0, the weight vectors of each attribute are obtained by the combination weights method above based on game theoryAnd meetwj>=0, j ∈ N.It is accurate Real-valued when decision attribute only includes attribute value
When cost and benefit attribute, since the best values and worst-case value of each attribute are easily determined, N=T is remembered1∪T2,Wherein T1、T2Respectively indicate the set of the subscript composition of profit evaluation model and cost type attribute.
The analytical procedure of TOPSIS method is as follows, and process is as shown in Figure 1.
Step 1: construction specified decision matrix Y；
In the solution of practical problem, since the dimension of each index is different, and the variation range of each index is generally not yet
It is identical, in order to preferably reflect the actual conditions of each Criterion Attribute variation, nondimensionalization processing, rule need to be carried out to each index
Generalized decision matrix Y is as follows.
Wherein, yij=xij/[(x1j)2+(x2j)2+...+(xnj)2]1/2, i ∈ M, j ∈ N；
Step 2: constructing the weighted normal decision matrix Z=(z of Yij)m×n；
Wherein,I ∈ M, j ∈ N, so having
Wherein,The weighted value of j-th of attribute, using it is presented hereinabove based on the combination weights method of game theory come really
The weighted value of fixed each attribute.
Step 3: determining positive ideal solution A+With minus ideal result A-；
The scheme of most preference is shown in positive ideal inducing diaphoresis, and minus ideal result indicates the scheme of least preference.
Positive ideal solution
Wherein,
Minus ideal result
Wherein,
Step 4: calculating the Euclid distance that each scheme arrives positive ideal solution respectivelyWith the Euclid distance for arriving minus ideal result
The Euclid distance of each scheme to positive ideal solution and minus ideal result is respectively as follows:
Wherein, zi=(zi1,zi2,...,zin) be and option AiCorresponding weighted normal decision matrix Z=(zij)m×n's
I-th row；
Step 5: calculating the relative proximities of each scheme Yu positive ideal solution
Wherein,It is the ratio for measuring each scheme to distance between the distance and plus-minus ideal solutions of minus ideal result
Value, it is clear thatValue show that the program is remoter apart from minus ideal result more greatly, and it is closer from positive ideal solution, that is, work asWhen, side
Case AiClose to A+。
Step 6: determining preferred plan.
According to relative proximitiesSize carry out descending arrangement, determine the order of priority of alternative, whereinValue
Bigger expression scheme is more excellent.
Analysis of cases
The present invention specifically has studied 9 kinds of different configurations of three kinds of components (fender, instrument panel beam, radiator crossbeam)
The combined situation (PP, cold-rolled steel, aluminum alloy materials are respectively adopted to be made) of scheme, and be with radiator crossbeam made of PP material
Example, illustrates.
The determination of 1 target and range
The radiator crossbeam is mainly by frame body, left support 1, right support 1, left support 2, right support 2, radiator bearer
Equal components composition, relevant parameter is as shown in table 2, by it in life cycle phases such as raw material acquisition, production and assembly
Environmental emission and cost-effectiveness are analyzed, and the production group that a radiator crossbeam obtains stage, components in raw material is calculated
The environmental emission and cost-effectiveness in dress stage.
2 inventory analysis
2.1 life cycle environment inventory analysis
The material of radiator crossbeam associated component is mainly made of PP plastics, wherein the title of each component, material, processing work
The Life Cycle Inventories data such as skill, power consumption, weight are as shown in table 2.
2 radiator crossbeam Life Cycle Inventory data of table
2.2 life cycle cost inventory analysis
LCC can be divided into two parts, first is that life cycle cost (such as raw material procurement cost, electric energy consumption with environmental correclation
It is costly etc.), second is that the life cycle cost (such as management cost, design cost) unrelated with environment, this research only considers
A kind of cost.The modes such as related literatures are investigated and consulted by enterprise, obtain producing single PP radiator crossbeam difference
The life cycle cost in stage is as shown in table 3, wherein the process such as injection molding are calculated by 5% material loss；Due to life
The correlative charges for producing single radiator crossbeam is less and be not easy to count, in order to guarantee the accuracy of data, to certain workshop 2018
The injection molding of the plastics front-end module of 5-6 month production batch and assembly line are investigated, and obtain distributing to single products
Processing charges and power consumption respectively may be about 2.50 yuan and 1.36kwh, and electricity Unit Price is pressed average 1 yuan/kwh and calculated；In view of one
Influence and the use of auxiliary material of a little uncontrollable factors etc., increase in the production and assembly of radiator crossbeam production and assembly at
This 3% is used as supplementary costs.
The life cycle cost of the single radiator crossbeam different phase of table 3
3 influence evaluation
It is analyzed using environmental emission of the GaBi software to radiator crossbeam each stage, radiator cross is established in GaBi
The LCA model of beam is as shown in Figure 2.
It is very extensive to assess data area required for the EI of product as carrying out a complete LCA analysis, while this
A process is also extremely complex, time-consuming and expensive[24].The EI of product is assessed in this research using CML2001 evaluation method.For
Simplified relevant calculation, the main raw material for considering product obtain stage and fabrication stage global warming potential (GWP 100a,
Kg CO2 e), potential acidification (AP, kg SO2 e), photochemical oxidant productive potential (POCP, Kg C2H4 e) and eutrophy
The environment for changing potentiality (EP, kg PO43- e) this 4 aspects influences, its life cycle environmental emission data is obtained, such as 4 institute of table
Show.
4 radiator crossbeam life cycle environmental emission data of table
4 LCA-LCC model solutions and interpretation of result
According to radiator crossbeam life cycle cost and environmental emission data, radiator crossbeam as shown in table 5 can be obtained
LCA-LCC integrates listings data.
5 radiator crossbeam LCA-LCC of table integrates listings data
Goods and materials input matrix A and environment, which can be obtained, according to table 5 influences output matrix E.
The first row of input process matrix A indicates the input of PP material, and the second row indicates the input of electric energy, and the third line indicates
Production and assembly and supplementary costs；First row indicates that raw material obtain the stage, and secondary series indicates the production and assembly stage.Environment output
The first row of matrix E indicates the discharge amount of GWP 100a, and the second row indicates the discharge amount of AP, and the third line indicates the discharge of POCP
Amount, fourth line indicate the discharge amount of EP；First row indicates that raw material obtain the environmental emission in stage, and secondary series indicates production and assembly
The environmental emission in stage.
Comprehensive Such analysis, in conjunction with formulaIt can obtain, the totle drilling cost of each stage input object is 57.50
Member, wherein it is 53.45 yuan that raw material, which obtain stage routine cost, and production and assembly stage routine cost is 4.05 yuan, can by table 6
Know, plastics front-end module is significantly larger than the cost in production and assembly stage in the cost that raw material obtain the stage.
6 plastics front-end module life cycle phase cost of table
In conjunction with Such analysis, by formulaIt can obtain, plastics front-end module different types of environment in each stage
Total emission volumn is respectively as follows: GWP 100a:7.27E+00kg CO2 e, AP:1.29E-02kg SO2 e, POCP:2.85E-03Kg
C2H4 e, EP:1.38E-03kg PO43-e, as shown in Figure 3.
From the figure 3, it may be seen that the various environment in plastics front-end module influence in type, GWP 100a accounting is maximum, is 7.27E
+ 00kg CO2 e, followed by AP are 1.29E-02kg SO2 e, and the smallest two kinds of environment of accounting influence to be POCP and EP, respectively
For 2.85E-03Kg C2H4 e and 1.38E-03kg PO43- e.In life cycle different phase, raw material obtain the stage
Environment influences to be much larger than the production and assembly stage, is also that GWP 100a accounting is maximum in the raw material acquisition stage, is 6.41E+
00kg CO2 e, followed by AP are 1.17E-02kg SO2e, and the smallest two kinds of environment of accounting influence to be POCP and EP, respectively
2.76E-03Kg C2H4 e and 1.18E-03kg PO43- e.It can be obtained by formula (6), radiator crossbeam is total after packet-weighted
Environmental emission amount EijkIt is 2.40.The life cycle cost of the different allocation plans of 9 kinds of three kinds of components that instance section is studied
It is as shown in table 7 that data are influenced with environment.Fender, instrument panel beam, radiator crossbeam environmental emission threshold value UEITake 6 respectively,
15,25, the single type environmental emission of each allocation plan meets threshold value
The life cycle cost and environment of the different allocation plans of 9 kinds of 7 three kinds of components of table influence data
The weight factor that the cost and environment obtained by the combination weights method based on game theory influences is respectively 0.34 He
0.66, it is based on above-mentioned listings data and index of correlation weight factor, and " decomposition-synthesis " design that combination product is designed and developed
Mode, using TOPSIS multiple attributive decision making method, the program calculation in MATLAB software is obtained based on life cycle cost and ring
The product design scheme that border influences selects excellent as a result, as shown in table 8.
8 product design scheme of table selects excellent result
Wherein, A, B, C respectively represent fender, dashboard cross member, radiator crossbeam；1,2,3 PP, cold rolling are respectively represented
Steel, aluminium alloy.
Claims (1)
1. the product design scheme preferred method influenced based on life cycle cost and environment, which is characterized in that including following step
It is rapid:
S101, foundation influence the Hierarchical Structure Decomposition Models for optimization aim, specific steps with life cycle cost and environment are as follows:
Step 1 carries out defining for range boundary, according to LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) process, carries out product life cycle cost and ring
The divided stages of border impact analysis guarantee the consistency of LCC and LCA divided stages, while to guarantee often during calculating
A ready-portioned range cannot have duplicate input or output unit with another range, if the output of a upper process is again as defeated
When entering to enter next process, no longer progress cost calculation to avoid and compute repeatedly；
Step 2 constructs goods and materials input matrixWherein, i indicates product framework, 1≤i≤f；J indicates to produce
J-th of frame modules under product framework i, 1≤j≤m；K indicates that at product architecture i, the kth kind design of j-th of frame modules is matched
Set scheme, 1≤k≤n；arsIndicate r kind substance in the input quantity in s-th of stage of product life cycle, ars>=0, r indicate r
Kind of input substance, 1≤r≤u, behalf life-cycle stages, s=1 when 2,3,4,5, respectively represent raw material and obtain rank
Section, production phase, haulage stage, service stage, discarded recovery stage；
Then in the product life cycle, the totle drilling cost of s-th of stage input object
Input the totle drilling cost of object
Wherein, crThe cost factor of substance is inputted for r kind；
Step 3 structural environment influences output matrixWherein elsIndicate that l kind environment influences type and producing
The discharge amount in s-th of stage of product life cycle, els>=0, l are the type of environmental emission type, l=1, and 2,3,4 when respectively represents
GWP,AP,EP,POCP；
Then in life-cycle stages, the l kind environment in s-th of stage influences the total release of type
The total release of l kind environment influence type
Wherein,It indicates at product architecture i, the kth kind design configurations scheme of j-th of frame modules is in the product life cycle
The discharge amount of the l kind environmental impact indicators type in s-th of stage；Indicate the kth of j-th of frame modules at product architecture i
The discharge amount of the l kind environmental impact indicators type of kind design configurations scheme；
S102, different weights is assigned to different environmental impact indicators types, is weighted assessment, specific steps are as follows:
In life-cycle stages, the environmental emission amount in s-th of stage is after packet-weighted
Total environmental emission amount is
Wherein, EIijkIt indicates at product architecture i, the weight of the kth kind design configurations scheme of j-th of frame modules discharges
Amount；welIndicate the weight coefficient of l kind environmental impact indicators type； It is illustrated respectively in
Under product architecture i, the kth kind design configurations scheme of j-th of frame modules obtained in raw material, production, transport, using, it is discarded
The discharge amount of the l kind environmental impact indicators type of processing stage；
For typical product configuration scheme, environmental emission threshold value U is setEI, for controlling the environmental emission of products configuration unit,
UEIThe environmental emission index that can be single type, the environment influence being also possible to after weighting, relevant constraint can use
Rule shown in formula (7) and (8):
Then Xijk=1, otherwise XijkFor 0, i ∈ PA, j ∈ PMi (7)
EIijk≤UEI, then Xijk=1, otherwise XijkFor 0, i ∈ PA, j ∈ PMi (8)
Wherein, EIl ijkIt indicates at product architecture i, the l kind environment of the kth kind design configurations scheme of j-th of frame modules is arranged
High-volume；It indicates under product architecture i, the l kind environmental emission threshold value of j-th of frame modules；UEIIt indicates under product architecture i, the
The weight discharge threshold of j frame modules；
In order to guarantee product framework function and structure integrality, therefore, to assure that each frame modules under product framework have and
Only a kind of corresponding design configurations scheme is selected；Therefore, it is necessary to apply mandatory and integrity constraint, constraint condition is such as
Under:
Xijk∈ { 0,1 }, i ∈ PA, j ∈ PMi, k ∈ DAij (10)
Wherein, XijkIt is a binary variable, when the kth kind design configurations scheme of j-th of frame modules under product framework i
It is selected, then Xijk=1, it is otherwise 0；
S103, using the method for weighting be parametric distribution weight, specific steps are as follows:
Step 1: establishing a basic weight sets wk={ wk1,wk2,…,wkn, wherein k=1,2 ..., r；N indicates decision category
The number of property；R indicates the number of above-mentioned weight assignment method used；Then, weight vectors r obtained by distinct methods
Arbitrary linear combination is carried out, to obtain possible optimal weights vector w, i.e.,
Wherein, akFor linear combination coefficient；
Step 2: in order to find optimal weights vector w from possible optimal weights vector w*, need to be to linear combination coefficient akIt carries out
Optimization, makes target weight collection w and each initial weight collection wkDeviation it is minimum, to obtain following game model:
Step 3: according to differentiation of a matrix property, the corresponding system of linear equations of first derivative that game model optimizes is as follows:
Above formula is solved, the optimal coefficient (a of linear combination is obtained1,a2,…,ar), it is normalized, is obtained
Standardized optimal coefficientAnd formula (14) are carried it into, obtain optimal weights coefficient w*, i.e.,
S104, it is analyzed using TOPSIS method, specific steps are as follows:
Step 1: construction specified decision matrix Y；
In the solution of practical problem, since the dimension of each index is different, and the variation range of each index is not general also identical,
In order to preferably reflect the actual conditions of each Criterion Attribute variation, nondimensionalization processing, standardization need to be carried out to each index
Decision matrix Y is as follows:
Wherein, yij=xij/[(x1j)2+(x2j)2+...+(xnj)2]1/2, i ∈ M, j ∈ N；
Step 2: constructing the weighted normal decision matrix Z=(z of Yij)m×n；
Wherein,So having
Wherein,It is the weighted value of j-th of attribute, is determined respectively using presented hereinabove based on the combination weights method of game theory
The weighted value of attribute；
Step 3: determining positive ideal solution A+With minus ideal result A-；
The scheme of most preference is shown in positive ideal inducing diaphoresis, and minus ideal result indicates the scheme of least preference；
Positive ideal solution
Wherein,
Minus ideal result
Wherein,
Step 4: calculating the Euclid distance that each scheme arrives positive ideal solution respectivelyWith the Euclid distance for arriving minus ideal result
The Euclid distance of each scheme to positive ideal solution and minus ideal result is respectively as follows:
Wherein, zi=(zi1,zi2,...,zin) be and option AiCorresponding weighted normal decision matrix Z=(zij)m×nI-th
Row；
Step 5: calculating the relative proximities of each scheme Yu positive ideal solution
Wherein, It is the ratio for measuring each scheme to distance between the distance and plus-minus ideal solutions of minus ideal result, shows
So,Value show that the program is remoter apart from minus ideal result more greatly, and it is closer from positive ideal solution, that is, work asWhen, option Ai
Close to A+；
Step 6: determining preferred plan；
According to relative proximitiesSize carry out descending arrangement, determine the order of priority of alternative, whereinIt is worth bigger table
Show that scheme is more excellent.
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