CN109962606B - 电动车辆中的牵引电网 - Google Patents

电动车辆中的牵引电网 Download PDF

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CN109962606B
CN109962606B CN201811570230.6A CN201811570230A CN109962606B CN 109962606 B CN109962606 B CN 109962606B CN 201811570230 A CN201811570230 A CN 201811570230A CN 109962606 B CN109962606 B CN 109962606B
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traction
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CN109962606A (zh
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C.瓦尔德拉
M.奥布霍尔茨
B.阿尔恩特
P.奥尔布里希
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AVL Software and Functions GmbH
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0069Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to the isolation, e.g. ground fault or leak current
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0084Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to control modules
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/02Arrangements for reducing harmonics or ripples
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0063Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with circuits adapted for supplying loads from the battery
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/12Arrangements for reducing harmonics from ac input or output
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/14Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/14Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output
    • H02M1/15Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output using active elements
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/44Circuits or arrangements for compensating for electromagnetic interference in converters or inverters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/40The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
    • H02J2310/48The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/12Arrangements for reducing harmonics from ac input or output
    • H02M1/123Suppression of common mode voltage or current
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/12Arrangements for reducing harmonics from ac input or output
    • H02M1/126Arrangements for reducing harmonics from ac input or output using passive filters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03HIMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H7/00Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
    • H03H7/42Networks for transforming balanced signals into unbalanced signals and vice versa, e.g. baluns
    • H03H7/425Balance-balance networks
    • H03H7/427Common-mode filters

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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  • Transportation (AREA)
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Abstract

电动车辆中的牵引电网。本发明涉及电动车辆中的牵引电网(1),该牵引电网包括牵引电池(2)和逆变器(3),所述牵引电池和逆变器通过正高压线(HV+)和负高压线(HV‑)来相互连接,其中在正高压线(HV+)与负高压线(HV‑)之间布置有至少一个有源滤波器(5),用于降低共模干扰脉冲,其中在牵引电池(2)与有源滤波器(5)之间布置有至少一个无源共模滤波器(8)。

Description

电动车辆中的牵引电网
技术领域
本发明涉及一种在电动车辆中的牵引电网。
背景技术
电动车辆中的功率电子组件的高压电平造成了被提高的干扰发射。在此,尤其是在逆变器与高压电池之间的线路上的共模干扰脉冲或Common-Mode(共模)干扰(CM)对于被提高的干扰发射有责任。这是尤其关键的,因为在DC侧存在多个有发射能力的结构。
借助于EMV滤波器可以抑制这些干扰。这些EMV滤波器通常由在源附近使干扰短路的电容元件或提高干扰通路的阻抗的电感元件组成。为了降低电动车辆中的CM干扰,首先在HV线与车辆主体之间使用Y电容器。因为这些Y电容器是HV系统的绝缘的组成部分,所以这些Y电容器是安全关键的,使得这里适用特别的要求。按照ISO 6469-3,应将存储在电容器中的能量限制到为200mJ的值。在400V高压系统中,这对应于车辆中的总Y电容只有2.5μF。
如果这些措施不够用,则可以借助于以CM阻流圈为形式的电感元件来抑制干扰。但是,该措施不仅成本昂贵而且结构空间大。
在学术文章“用于降低电动车辆的HV线上的CM干扰脉冲的有源EMI滤波器(AktiveEMI-Filter zur Reduktion von CM-Störimpulsen auf den HV-Leitungen vonElektrofahrzeugen)”,发表于第7届GMM学术研讨会“机动车中的EMV(EMV im KFZ)”,2017年9月20日,沃尔夫斯堡中,为了解决该问题,提出了使用有源滤波电路。
在此,尤其是提出了一种有源滤波器,该有源滤波器包括:由至少两个电容器构成的耦合输入环节,所述至少两个电容器串联地布置在正高压线与负高压线之间;电压放大器;电流放大器;和耦合输出环节。该耦合输出元件由至少两个串联的电容器组成,所述至少两个串联的电容器布置在正高压线与负高压线之间,其中该电流放大器具有推挽级(Push-Pull-Stufe),也就是说在输出端上具有两个互补的晶体管。
发明内容
本发明所基于的技术问题在于提供一种用于电动车辆的牵引电网,其中共模干扰脉冲经改善地被抑制。
通过按照本发明的牵引电网得到对该技术问题的解决方案。本发明的其它有利的设计方案从从属权利要求中得到。
为此,电动车辆中的牵引电网包括牵引电池和逆变器,所述牵引电池和逆变器通过正高压线和负高压线来相互连接,其中在正高压线与负高压线之间布置有至少一个有源滤波器,用于降低共模干扰脉冲,其中在牵引电池与有源滤波器之间布置有至少一个无源共模滤波器。经此实现了:降低对有源滤波器的耐压强度的要求,其中无源滤波器本身可以简单地来构造,因为该无源滤波器应该只抑制在例如为2MHz至108MHz的高频范围内的干扰脉冲,而在100kHz至2MHz的频率范围内首先通过有源滤波器来进行抑制。在2MHz以及更高的高频下,所需的电感和/或电容小,使得与借助于无源滤波器在整个频率范围内的完全的补偿相比,不仅无源滤波器的成本低而且无源滤波器的结构空间小。
在此,该无源滤波器可以由电感或电容元件构成,例如由高压线绕着其缠绕的铁圈构成。替选地,也可以使用Y电容器,所述Y电容器布置在高压线与接地之间。两种措施也可以相结合。
在一个实施方式中,无源共模滤波器以由多部分组成的方式来构造,而且具有电感和电容元件,其中在两个电感元件之间各有一个Y电容器布置在正高压线和负高压线与接地之间。这样形成的T形结构已经被证明为特别适合的。在此,这些电感元件尤其可以构造为铁圈。还可以规定:高压线只是被引领穿过铁圈,即没有绕着这些铁圈缠绕,这使制造极其简化。
在一个实施方式中,有源滤波器具有输入级、前置放大器和末端放大器。
在另一实施方式中,有源滤波器具有有源HF(高频)滤波器和有源LF(低频)滤波器。这也能够关于器件的选择方面实现与相应的频率范围的经优化的适配。不过,这需要相对多的器件。
因而,替选地,该有源滤波器也可以构造为组合式HF/LF滤波器。
在另一实施方式中,在有源滤波器与逆变器之间布置有另一无源滤波器,该另一无源滤波器优选地构造为铁圈。这具有如下优点:直接在形成位置对干扰脉冲进行抑制。在此,这里也可以规定:高压线只是被引领穿过铁圈。
附图说明
随后,本发明依据一个优选的实施例进一步予以阐述。附图中:
图1示出了在第一实施方式中的牵引电网的示意性方框电路图;
图2示出了第一无源共模滤波器的电路;
图3示出了有源滤波器的示意性方框电路图;
图4示出了HF前置放大器的电路;
图5示出了HF输出级的电路;
图6示出了LF前置放大器的电路;
图7示出了LF输出级的电路;
图8示出了在第二实施方式中的牵引电网的示意性方框电路图;
图9示出了输入级的电路;
图10示出了前置放大器的电路;而
图11示出了输出级的电路。
具体实施方式
在图1中示出了在第一实施方式中的牵引电网1。牵引电网1包括牵引电池2和逆变器3,电机4连接到该逆变器3上。牵引电池2和逆变器3通过正高压线HV+和负高压线HV-来相互连接。该牵引电网1还具有有源滤波器5,该有源滤波器由有源HF滤波器6和有源LF滤波器7组成。在有源滤波器5与牵引电池2之间布置有第一无源共模滤波器8。另一无源共模滤波器9布置在有源滤波器5与逆变器3之间。
在图2中示出了无源共模滤波器8的一个优选的实施方式。无源共模滤波器8具有第一电感元件L1和第二电感元件L2,所述第一电感元件L1和第二电感元件L2两者都优选地构造为铁圈。在两个电感元件L1、L2之间分别布置有电容器CY1、CY2,该电容器CY1、CY2布置在正高压线HV+或负高压线HV-与接地之间,使得形成T形结构。
在图3中示出了有源滤波器5的基本结构。有源滤波器5具有输入级10、前置放大器11以及末端放大器12或输出级,其中信号是通过输入端电容器CIN耦合输入的而且是通过输出端电容器COUT耦合输出的。在此,输入端电容器CIN和输出端电容器COUT可由多个并联的电容器构成。
在图4中示出了HF放大器11的一个可能的实施方式。输入信号Uin通过两个电容器C6、C11耦合输入,而且通过由两个互补的晶体管Q1、Q2构成的推挽级来放大和颠倒。接着,通过耦合输出电容器C12、C1,针对末端放大器12提供输出信号Uout。两个结型场效应晶体管(Junction-FET)J1、J2与电阻R5、R8或R3、R14一起分别构成电流源,以便温度稳定地调整推挽级的工作点。通过电阻R4,防止了电位的浮动。通过电容器C2、C9使供电电压V+、V-去耦合。同时,两个电容器C2、C9形成快速能量源,用于在推挽级的晶体管Q1、Q2中的充电过程。
在图5中示出了HF末端放大器12。在此,前置放大器11的输出电压Uout作为输入电压Uin通过电容器C14、C15电容式地耦合输入并且通过八个推挽级来放大。这些推挽级的晶体管的发射极电阻(也分别用Rout来表示)用于稳定,以便减小振荡趋势。两个结型场效应晶体管J3、J4又作为电流源来工作,以便温度稳定地调整推挽晶体管的工作点。
在图6中示出了LF前置放大器11的电路装置,该LF前置放大器11类似于按照图4的HF放大器11那样来构造,使得可以参阅在那里的描述。
在图7中示出了LF输出级12,该LF输出级12在很大程度上对应于按照图5的电路。主要区别是:不是将各一个电容器用于使供电电压V+、V-去耦合,而是使用电容器对C14、C16或C1、C2来使供电电压V+、V-去耦合,其中电容器对的电容器C14、C16或C1、C2并联。在此,电容器对的一个电容器分别比另一电容器小得多。系数例如在20-30之间。尤其是在频率较高的情况下,小的电容器由于寄生电感小而更快。在此,关于电容方面的大小不那么关键,因为在较高的频率范围内干扰功率较小。
有源HF滤波器6和有源LF滤波器7的优点是:这些构件可以与它们的相应的频率范围、例如HF的0.5MHz至5MHz以及LF的0.1MHz至0.5MHz最优地适配。不利的是构件花费提高。
在图8中示出了替选的具有组合式HF/LF滤波器13的牵引电网1的方框电路图。
在图9中示出了输入级10,借助于该输入级10来降压。
在图10中示出了HF/LF滤波器13的HF前置放大器11,其中关于电路方面可以参阅图4。
最后,在图11中示出了LF末端放大器12,其中参考图7的实施方案。附加地,设置另一电容器对C3、C4,电容器C3、C4并联并且布置在推挽级的集电极之间。这里,其中一个电容器也具有比另一电容器大得多的电容,使得提供较小的电容器用于在HF范围内的快速的充电过程。
组合式有源HF-LF滤波器13的优点是结构空间小、构件的减少以及快速的HF前置放大器。因为在输入级中只对供电电压进行滤波,所以在干扰信号与补偿信号之间只发生小的时间偏差。在HF范围内的稍差的滤波效果可通过相对应地选择无源共模滤波器8、9的参数来补偿。

Claims (8)

1.电动车辆中的牵引电网(1),所述牵引电网包括牵引电池(2)和逆变器(3),所述牵引电池和逆变器通过正高压线(HV+)和负高压线(HV-)来相互连接,其中在所述正高压线(HV+)与所述负高压线(HV-)之间布置有至少一个有源滤波器(5),用于降低共模干扰脉冲,
其中在所述牵引电池(2)与所述有源滤波器(5)之间布置有至少一个无源共模滤波器(8),
其中所述无源共模滤波器(8)以由多部分组成的方式来构造,而且具有电感和电容元件,其中在两个构造为铁圈的电感元件(L1、L2)之间各有一个Y电容器(CY1、CY2)布置在所述正高压线(HV+)和所述负高压线(HV-)与接地之间,
其中所述正高压线(HV+)和所述负高压线(HV-)共同被引领穿过所述铁圈。
2.根据权利要求1所述的牵引电网,其特征在于,所述电感元件(L1、L2)构造为铁圈。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的牵引电网,其特征在于,所述有源滤波器(5)具有输入级(10)、前置放大器(11)和末端放大器(12)。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的牵引电网,其特征在于,所述有源滤波器(5)具有有源HF滤波器(6)和有源LF滤波器(7)。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的牵引电网,其特征在于,所述有源滤波器(5)构造为组合式HF/LF滤波器(13)。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的牵引电网,其特征在于,在所述有源滤波器(5)与所述逆变器(3)之间布置有另一无源滤波器(9)。
7.根据权利要求6所述的牵引电网,其特征在于,所述另一无源滤波器(9)构造为铁圈。
8.根据权利要求7所述的牵引电网,其特征在于,高压线(HV+、HV-)只是被引领穿过所述铁圈。
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