CN109952285B - Process for decarboxylation ketonization of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives - Google Patents

Process for decarboxylation ketonization of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives Download PDF

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CN109952285B
CN109952285B CN201780069022.5A CN201780069022A CN109952285B CN 109952285 B CN109952285 B CN 109952285B CN 201780069022 A CN201780069022 A CN 201780069022A CN 109952285 B CN109952285 B CN 109952285B
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fatty acid
endo
ketone
reaction
compound
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CN109952285A (en
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O.贝克
R.勒罗伊
P.马里恩
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French Special Operations Co
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Rhodia Operations SAS
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B41/00—Formation or introduction of functional groups containing oxygen
    • C07B41/06—Formation or introduction of functional groups containing oxygen of carbonyl groups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/10—Magnesium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
    • B01J23/745—Iron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/45—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by condensation
    • C07C45/48—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by condensation involving decarboxylation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/04—Saturated compounds containing keto groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms

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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

A process (P) for decarboxylated ketonization of fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives or mixtures thereof using a metal compound as catalyst in the liquid phase, wherein these fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives or mixtures thereof are added sequentially. Starting from the endo-ketone obtained by process (P), downstream chemistry can be achieved, especially for the design and development of new surfactants.

Description

Process for decarboxylation ketonization of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives
Cross-reference to related applications. The present application claims priority from european application No. 16306466.0 filed 11/08 in 2016 and european application No. 16306469.4 filed 11/08 in 2016, the entire contents of these applications being incorporated by reference into the present application for all purposes.
The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of long chain endoketones by decarboxylated ketonization of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives.
The invention also relates to a method for preparing the final compound starting from the long-chain endo-ketones thus produced.
Finally, the invention relates to the final compounds that can be prepared by this method.
The conversion of acids to the corresponding ketones by decarboxylated ketonization is a well known process, which is also commercially used.
The process can be carried out in the gas phase at a temperature of typically more than 350 ℃ and typically more than 400 ℃ for fatty acids at a catalytic amount of metal oxide (e.g. MgO, zrO 2 、Al 2 O 3 、CeO 2 、MnO 2 、TiO 2 ) In the presence of a catalyst.
The reaction with fatty acids having a high boiling point in the gas phase is difficult because the evaporation of the reactants requires very high temperatures, which is detrimental to the selectivity of the process and leads to the formation of undesired by-products.
The process carried out in the liquid phase offers certain advantages over reactions in the gas phase, such as generally higher productivity, reduced manufacturing costs and better selectivity, which are important for the subsequent work-up of the reaction mixture.
German patent DE 295 657 relates to a process for the manufacture of ketones in which monocarboxylic acids having a boiling point of more than 300 ℃ are heated in the liquid phase with small amounts of catalytically active metal compounds, silica gel or silicates to a temperature of substantially not more than 300 ℃. The organic acid is mixed with the catalytically active species and then heated to the desired reaction temperature. The process is reported to produce the desired ketone in good yield and purity.
The process described in DE 295 657 does not lead to the desired ketone in good yields, however, if the fatty acid starting material contains a less significant amount of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives having a boiling point of less than 300 ℃ (this is the case for straight chain fatty acids having 12 or less carbon atoms such as lauric acid, capric acid, caprylic acid.
German patent DE 259 191 relates to a process for the manufacture of ketones by heating higher fatty acids with finely distributed metals and reducing the temperature before the ketone starts to decompose. In this example, stearic acid is heated to a temperature of 360 ℃ with cast iron powder and maintained at 360 ℃ for about 4 hours, and then the product is cooled and the ketone formed is isolated. The amount of cast iron was 10wt% based on the amount of stearic acid, which corresponds to the stoichiometric amount. Again, if a fatty acid having 12 or fewer carbon atoms is used as the starting material or is present in the starting material in a less significant amount, the process as described in this reference produces only low amounts of ketone.
EP 2468708 relates to decarboxylated cross-ketonization of a mixture of aryl-and alkyl carboxylic acids using an iron catalyst such as magnetite nanopowder to obtain alkylaryl ketones. According to the claimed method, a blend of an aromatic monocarboxylic acid, a second monocarboxylic acid selected from benzyl or aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, and an iron-containing catalyst is heated in a non-aqueous solvent to a temperature of at least 220 ℃ for at least 10 hours while continuously removing water and carbon dioxide. After the reaction was terminated, the resulting blend was distilled under reduced pressure, and the reaction product was obtained in the distillate. The use of nonaqueous solvents is believed to be critical. However, reaction times exceeding 10 hours are not suitable for industrial scale synthesis.
In the doctor paper of christoppel, one of the inventors of EP 2468708 above (New methods of ketone synthesis, university of Kaiserslautern 2012[ new method of ketone synthesis, university of kjeldahl 2012 ]), an experiment for ketonization of lauric acid with a mediator is described. The reaction was carried out with various metal compounds (including Fe and MgO) at 340 ℃ and ketone 12-tricone was obtained in good yield. The reaction was carried out in a closed vessel saturated with nitrogen. The water and carbon dioxide formed lead to an accumulation of pressure within the closed system, and the reaction temperature of 340 ℃ also contributes to the accumulation of pressure, since at these temperatures lauric acid is gaseous. The application of such a process on an industrial scale would require the use of expensive autoclaves. The amount of mediator in the example given in the page table 88 of the doctor article is 50mol% based on the total amount of acid corresponding to the stoichiometric ratio, and the total amounts of reactants are first brought together and heated together.
Although the processes described in the prior art and referred to above produce ketones in good yields, some of them are not efficient when starting from fatty acids containing 12 or less carbon atoms or fatty acid mixtures containing a large amount of fatty acids having 12 or less carbon atoms. Moreover, for some of the above methods, the use on an industrial scale is hampered by various problems and requires expensive equipment. Thus, there remains a need for a commercially applicable process for the manufacture of ketones from fatty acids or derivatives thereof.
Accordingly, a first object of the present invention is to develop a mild and easy-to-use process for the synthesis of ketones by decarboxylated ketonization of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives, especially starting from fatty acids or mixtures of fatty acids having 12 or less carbon atoms, in the liquid phase in an open reaction system, which mixture comprises at least 10mol% of fatty acids having 12 or less carbon atoms or derivatives thereof, based on the total amount of carboxylic acids.
Method P
This first object has been achieved using a process P for decarboxylated ketonization of fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives or mixtures thereof in the liquid phase using a metal compound as catalyst, characterized in that,
a) In a first step, the elemental metal or the metal compound and the at least one fatty acid, the at least one fatty acid derivative or the mixture thereof are mixed in a molar ratio of from 1:0.8 to 1:3.5 (metal: carboxyl equivalent molar ratio) and at a temperature T strictly above 270 ℃ and strictly below 300 ℃ in the substantial absence of added solvent 1 The reaction is carried out for a period of time P ranging from 5min to 24h 1 The mixture comprising at least 10mol% of fatty acids having 12 or less carbon atoms or derivatives of fatty acids having 12 or less carbon atoms, based on the total amount of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives, and
b) Thereafter, the temperature is raised to a temperature T ranging from 300 ℃ to 400 DEG C 2 And in a period of time P from 5min to 24h substantially without added solvent 2 Adding additional fatty acid, fatty acid derivative or mixture thereof to the mixture until the molar ratio of fatty acid, fatty acid derivative or mixture thereof to metal is in the range of from 6:1 to 99:1, the mixture comprising at least 10 mole% of fatty acid having 12 or less carbon atoms or such lipid, based on the total amount of fatty acid or fatty acid derivativeFatty acid derivatives.
A detailed description of method P follows.
Temperature T 1
Temperature T 1 Is strictly above 270 ℃ but strictly below 300 ℃.
Temperature T 1 Preferably at least 275 ℃, more preferably at least 280 ℃ and still more preferably at least 285 ℃.
In addition, temperature T 1 May be up to 295 ℃.
Temperature T 1 May be from 272 to 298 ℃ or from 275 to 295 ℃. When T is 1 Good results are obtained in the range from 280℃to 295℃and in particular from 285℃to 295 ℃.
Temperature T 2
Temperature T 2 Is in the range from 300 ℃ to 400 ℃.
Temperature T 2 Preferably at least 305 c, more preferably at least 310 c.
Temperature T 2 Preferably at most 380 ℃, more preferably at most 360 ℃, and often at most 340 ℃. It may be at most 320 ℃.
In a first preferred embodiment E1 (which is exemplified in example 1), the temperature T 2 May be from 320 ℃ to 360 ℃, even more preferably from 320 ℃ to 340 ℃.
In example E1, time period P 2 Preferably from 2 to 12h, still more preferably from 2 to 8h.
In example E1, the metal to carboxylate group equivalent molar ratio in the first step is preferably in the range from 1:1.0 to 1:3.0, even more preferably in the range from 1:1.3 to 1:2.6.
According to another embodiment E2 (which is exemplified in example 2), temperature T 2 Is in the range from 300 ℃ to 320 ℃, preferably in the range from 305 ℃ to 310 ℃.
In embodiment E2, time period P 2 Preferably from 15min to 18h, still more preferably from 30min to 17h and even more preferably from 1h to 16h.
Temperature T 2 Subtracting T 1 Difference (T) 2 -T 1 )
Temperature T 2 Subtracting T 1 The difference in (c) is advantageously at least 3 ℃. It is preferably at least 5 ℃, more preferably at least 15 ℃.
In addition, T 2 -T 1 Advantageously at most 100 ℃. It may be at most 80 ℃, at most 60 ℃, or at most 50 ℃.
When T is 2 -T 1 Good results are obtained in the range from 10 ℃ to 100 ℃, in particular from 15 ℃ to 80 ℃.
Time period P 1
Time period P 1 May notably vary to a large extent depending on the nature of the elemental metal or metal compound and the temperature T1. In any case, period P 1 Is from 5min to 24h.
Time period P 1 Preferably at least 10min and more preferably at least 20min.
In addition, period P 1 Preferably at most 12h, more preferably at most 8h and still more preferably at most 6h.
When the time period P 1 Good results are obtained from 10min to 8h, in particular from 20min to 6h.
Time period P 1 The lower, upper or range specified must be considered in combination with the previous pair of temperatures T 1 Each specified lower limit, upper limit, or range is explicitly described.
Time period P 2
Time period P 2 It is also possible to vary considerably depending on the total amount of acid or acid derivative used and the temperature T2. In any case, period P 2 Is from 5min to 24h.
Time period P 2 Preferably at least 15min, more preferably at least 1h and still more preferably at least 2h.
In addition, period P 2 Preferably at most 18h and more preferably at most 16h.
When the time period P 2 From 1 to 18h, in particular from 2 to 15h, good results are obtainedAs a result of (a).
Time period P 2 Each specified lower, upper or range must be considered as a combination of temperatures T 2 Is explicitly described as each stated lower limit, upper limit or range of (c).
First step of method P
In the first step of the process P according to the invention, a simple metal (or mixture of simple metals) or a metal compound (or mixture of metal compounds) is mixed with a fatty acid, fatty acid derivative or mixture thereof in a molar ratio (metal: carboxylate group equivalent molar ratio) of from 1:0.8 to 1:3.5 and at a temperature T substantially without added solvent, preferably without added solvent 1 Lower reaction time period P 1 The mixture comprises at least 10mol% of fatty acids having 12 or less carbon atoms or derivatives of such fatty acids, based on the total amount of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives.
The number of carbon atoms always refers to the corresponding number in the free acid; if a derivative is used, the number of carbons may be higher.
Suitable metals for the process P according to the invention are selected from the group consisting of: mg, ca, al, ga, in, ge, sn, pb, as, sb, bi, cd and transition metals having atomic numbers from 21 to 30. Suitable metal compounds are oxides of the above metals, naphthenates of the above metals or acetates of the above metals. Magnesium and iron and their oxides, and in particular iron powder, are preferred.
The term "fatty acid" refers to a carboxylic acid containing at least 4 carbon atoms. Fatty acids are generally aliphatic. In addition, fatty acids generally contain up to 28 carbon atoms. The term "fatty acid derivative" refers to an anhydride made by condensation of 2 fatty acids or an ester made by condensation of a fatty acid with an alcohol.
Suitable fatty acid derivatives are esters and anhydrides of fatty acids, but the use of free fatty acids as such is generally preferred. The esters or anhydrides during the reaction are converted to acids, which are then reacted with the metal or metal compound. However, especially in the case of esters, the alcohol is formed as a by-product, which then has to be removed at a later point in time, which requires additional work and costs. However, if the esters are derived from lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol, these alcohols are gradually removed during the reaction by reactive distillation.
These fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives may be used in the form of so-called fatty acid or fatty acid derivative fractions, which may be obtained by hydrolysis or alcoholysis of different natural fats and oils. Thus, these fractions may contain different amounts of different linear fatty acids or linear fatty acid derivatives having different chain lengths. By way of example only, mention may be made herein of those obtained from coconut oil and comprising predominantly C 12 -C 18 Fatty acid fraction of fatty acids. Other fatty acid fractions available from various sources are well known to those skilled in the art and the most suitable starting materials will be selected based on the desired ketone.
Fatty acids having 12 or less carbon atoms, preferably from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, or derivatives (esters or anhydrides) of such acids constitute at least 10mol% and preferably at least 15mol% of the total molar amount of the fatty acid mixture or fatty acid derivative mixture used as starting material. These acids result in ketones having a total carbon number of 23 or less, which have proven advantageous in many applications. There is no specific upper limit on the amount of these fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives of acids having 12 or less carbon atoms, i.e. the starting material may also consist entirely of such fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives.
Following the above, preferred fatty acids for use in the process P of the present invention are caproic acid, isostearic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, cerotic acid or mixtures thereof, and preferred fatty acid derivatives are esters and anhydrides of these acids.
It will be appreciated that when one and only one fatty acid or fatty acid derivative is used as starting material, it must have 12 or fewer carbon atoms.
Fatty acids may contain one or more double bonds in their chain. Examples of such fatty acids are oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, erucic acid, palmitoleic acid, and mixtures thereof.
Fatty acids may contain one or more triple bonds in their chain. Examples of such fatty acids are taric acid, siemens acid and mixtures thereof.
When starting from a single fatty acid, a symmetrical ketone is obtained as reaction product; when starting from the fraction of fatty acids as described above, all the ketones formed by the combination of the different alkyl groups of the starting acids are obtained, and the distribution of the different mixed ketones generally follows the statistical two-law. The reaction equation can be summarized as follows:
R n -COOH+R m -COOH→R n -C(＝O)-R m +CO 2 +H 2 O
wherein R is n And R is m Representing the aliphatic groups of the fatty acids present in this fraction. It is clear that, for example, if three different acids are present, a total of six different ketones can be formed; three symmetrical ketones, wherein R n And R is m Is identical and three have different radicals R n And R is m Is a mixed ketone of (a) and (b). The aliphatic group of the fatty acid is generally selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkadienyl, alkatrienyl and alkynyl groups, preferably from alkyl and alkenyl groups, more preferably from alkyl groups.
According to a preferred embodiment, the metal is iron powder or the metal compound Is Iron (II) oxide, a mixed oxide of iron (II) and iron (III), such as for example magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) Or iron (III) oxide such as Fe 2 O 3 . Iron powder has some economic advantages because it is inexpensive and sufficiently available.
During the first step of the process P according to the invention, metal carboxylates are formed as intermediate species which in a subsequent step decompose into the desired ketone and metal oxides which are active catalytic species for the subsequent conversion of the acid or acid derivative added in a sequential or continuous manner in the second step into the desired ketone-containing mixture.
If a metal is used in the first step, the metal reacts with the fatty acid to form a carboxylate salt of the metal, while hydrogen is formed. If a metal oxide is used in the first step, the formation of the carboxylate is accompanied by the simultaneous formation of water. The total equation for carboxylate formation in the first step (for example, a metal having a valence of 2) can be expressed as follows:
M+2HCOOR→M(OOCR) 2 +H 2
MO+2HCOOR→M(OOCR) 2 +H 2 O
the molar ratio of metal or metal compound to the total amount of carboxylic acid groups in the starting material in the first step is in the range of 1:0.8 to 1:3.5, and it is generally preferred to use a molar ratio sufficient to form the corresponding metal carboxylate salt and to convert all acid or acid derivative present to metal carboxylate salt, i.e. substantially no free carboxylic acid groups remain after formation of the carboxylate salt after the first step. Thus, for divalent metals, the molar ratio of metal to carboxylic acid groups is preferably about 1:2, as two equivalents of acid groups are required to form the metal dicarboxylate of the divalent metal. If a metal oxide is used instead of the metal element, the molar ratio mentioned above is calculated from the amount of the metal element used in the oxide compound. The molar amount of carboxylic acid groups is calculated taking into account the number of these groups in the fatty acid or fatty acid derivative used as starting material. Thus, for example, an anhydride of an acid contains two carboxylate functionalities and can provide two carboxylic acid groups for forming a metal carboxylate.
The formation of metal carboxylates in the first step can be conveniently monitored by in situ infrared analysis. The carbonyl absorption band of the acid is red shifted in the metal carboxylate, which allows monitoring the progress of the reaction.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the method P according to the invention, iron powder is used as metal, since iron powder is inexpensive and sufficiently available.
Second step of method P
In a second step of the method P according to the invention, the temperature is raised to a temperature T 2 At this temperature, the metal carboxylate advantageously decomposes into the desired ketone, metalOxides and carbon dioxide.
In the second step, an additional fatty acid, fatty acid derivative or a mixture thereof is added in the substantial absence of added solvent, preferably in the absence of added solvent, the mixture comprising at least 10mol% of fatty acids having 12 or less carbon atoms or derivatives of such fatty acids, based on the total amount of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives. They may be added sequentially or continuously, and they are advantageously added at a rate that avoids the accumulation of significant amounts of free acid in the reaction system. Again, the progress of the reaction and the conversion of the starting material to carboxylate as intermediate and ketone as final product can be conveniently monitored by appropriate methods such as IR analysis.
During the second step, during a period of time P 2 Additional fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives or mixtures thereof are added in, the period of time notably depending on the total amount of acid or acid derivative used and the temperature.
For example, in embodiment E2, period P 2 Is in the range from 15min to 18h, preferably from 1h to 16h and particularly preferably from 2h to 15 h.
The total amount of fatty acid material (fatty acid or fatty acid derivative) added in the second step of the reaction is such that the total molar ratio of metal to amount of carboxylic acid groups reached at the end of the second step is in the range from 1:6 to 1:99, i.e. the amount of metal compound is about 1 to about 14mol% and preferably 2 to about 13mol% of the total amount of fatty acid or fatty acid derivative, i.e. the metal or metal compound is actually catalytically active and is not used up during the reaction. For most of the processes described in the prior art in the liquid phase, the metal or metal compound has been used in an amount of more than 50mol% and in many cases even in an amount exceeding an equimolar amount. Such high amounts of metal are not necessary in the process P according to the invention, which is a technical and economic advantage with respect to the prior art process P according to the invention.
The statements above for the composition of the starting fatty acid material in the first step of the process P according to the invention also apply to the second step.
The process P according to the invention is preferably carried out in an unpressurized system, i.e. without superatmospheric pressure being applied. The byproducts water and carbon dioxide can be continuously removed during the reaction. Suitable devices are known to the person skilled in the art and he will use the most suitable device settings for the specific situation. By way of example only, a so-called Dean-Stark trap (Dean-Stark trap) may be used to remove water formed during the reaction, and such removal represents a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
The process P according to the invention is carried out substantially without added solvent, preferably without added solvent. The desired ketone group formed during the reaction essentially acts as a solvent for the reaction. Since the ketones formed generally have a higher boiling point than the fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives or mixtures thereof used as starting materials, this allows the reaction to be carried out in the liquid phase as desired without the addition of external solvents which have to be removed at the end of the reaction and which are cost-and labor-intensive and therefore undesirable.
Time period P 12
Can be obtained after the temperature has risen to T 2 Then subjecting the additional fatty acid, fatty acid derivative or mixture thereof to the conditions specified above for a period of time P 2 Inner immediate addition (this embodiment corresponds to P 12 As defined below, equal to 0).
Alternatively, after the temperature has risen to T 2 After and after the additional fatty acid, fatty acid derivative or mixture thereof is added during period P 2 The temperature may be set at a time period P before the internal addition 12 (>0) During which the temperature T is maintained 2 。
Time period P 12 Preferably at least 30min and more preferably at least 1h.
In addition, period P 12 Preferably at most 5h and more preferably at most 3h.
When P 12 Good results are notably obtained in the range from 30min to 300min, in particular from 1h to 3hAs a result of (a).
Time period P 23
After additional fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives or mixtures thereof have been added during period P 2 Shortly after the internal addition, the temperature may be reduced, possibly to a temperature T 3 The temperature is preferably in the range of from about 5 ℃ to about 150 ℃ (this particular embodiment corresponds to P 23 As defined below, equal to 0). Temperature T 3 It may preferably be room temperature or a temperature slightly above room temperature.
Alternatively, the additional fatty acid, fatty acid derivative or mixture thereof is already present during period P 2 After the internal addition, the temperature can be set at a time period P 23 (>0) During which the temperature T is maintained 2 。
Time period P 23 Preferably at least 30min and more preferably at least 1h.
In addition, period P 23 Preferably at most 5h and more preferably at most 3h.
When P 23 Good results are notably obtained in the range from 30min to 300min, in particular from 1h to 3h.
Recovery of fatty acid ketones and recycling of metal compounds
The endo-ketone synthesized by method P can be isolated. For this purpose, conventional separation means known to the skilled person can be used.
Thus, for example, once the fatty acid derivative or fatty acid added in the second step of the process P according to the invention has been converted, the desired ketone can be readily obtained, for example by distillation under reduced pressure. The ferromagnetic properties of metal compounds (e.g., iron oxide) formed during the reaction can also be utilized to separate the metal compounds from the ketone by application of a magnetic field. Another way to separate the product ketone from these metal compounds is by simple filtration, since these metal compounds are insoluble in the ketone obtained as reaction product. Representative techniques will be apparent to one skilled in the art and thus, no further details need be presented herein.
The entire process P can advantageously be carried out under an inert gas atmosphere, and suitable inert gases are, for example, nitrogen or argon, just to name a few.
According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, after isolation of the desired ketone, the remaining residue, which is mainly composed of metal compounds (e.g. the bottom material after distillation), can be reused directly for the second cycle of adding fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives to be converted into the desired fatty acid ketone. In general, amounts of metal or metal compound as low as 1 mole% relative to the amount of carboxylic acid equivalent are sufficient to obtain the desired ketone in good yields. It has been found that up to four cycles are possible without significant loss of catalytic activity of the metal or metal compound.
Thus, in another preferred embodiment of the process P according to the invention, at the end of step b), these metal compounds are separated from the product using conventional techniques and then recycled for conversion of another batch of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives or mixtures thereof, which mixtures comprise at least 10mol% of fatty acids having 12 or less carbon atoms or derivatives of such fatty acids, based on the total amount of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives.
The yield of the desired ketone after step two is normally more than 60%, more preferably 70% and may be up to more than 90%.
Process M for the manufacture of end products from endo-ketones
Endo-ketones are versatile starting materials for a wide variety of end products.
It is therefore another object of the present invention to establish a milder and easier to use process for preparing a wide variety of end products.
This further object is achieved by a process M for preparing at least one final compound from at least one endone, said process M comprising:
synthesis of endo-ketones by method P as described above, and
-reacting an endo-ketone according to a single or multiple chemical reaction scheme involving at least one reagent other than the endo-ketone, wherein at least one product of the chemical reaction scheme is a final compound that does not further cause chemical conversion to another compound.
The endo-ketones obtained by method P can be regarded as hydrophobic platform molecules that can be easily functionalized, typically with chain lengths that are not widely available in nature.
Starting from key intermediate internal ketones, downstream chemistry of high industrial interest can be achieved, especially for the design and development of new valuable compounds (e.g. compounds with double tail and Gemini structures), of particular interest for surfactants.
The chemical reaction scheme may be a single reaction scheme. The single reaction scheme can be represented as follows:
endo-ne + one or more reagents R→one or more end products
+optionally one or more by-products B
Alternatively, the chemical reaction scheme may be a multiple reaction scheme. The multiple reaction scheme can be represented as follows:
endo-ne + one or more reagents R 0 One or more intermediates I 1
+optionally one or more by-products B 1
Optionally N further reactions to convert the intermediates to other intermediates:
one or more intermediates I i +one or more reagents R i One or more intermediates I i+1
+optionally one or more by-products B i+1
Until one or more final intermediates I are obtained F Wherein N is a positive integer which may be equal to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or higher, and I N+1 ＝I F
One or more intermediates I F +one or more reagents R F One or more end products
All of the above reactions may optionally be carried out in the presence of one or more catalysts. One or more reagents R of the single reaction scheme and one or more reagents R of the multiple reaction scheme described above, whether or not a catalyst is present 0 For the purposes of the present invention, it is considered to react "directly" with the endo-ketone.
As will be discussed in detail later, possible reagents suitable for use in the direct reaction with the endo-ketone, in particular with the endo-ketone obtained by process P, in a single or multiple chemical reaction scheme include ammonia, primary or secondary amines, mixtures of at least one aldehyde (including possible formaldehyde) with ammonia or with at least one primary or secondary amine, and alkylating agents.
Possible intermediates obtained by reacting endo-ketones, in particular those obtained by process P, directly with the above-mentioned reagents include double-tailed primary, secondary or tertiary amines, which themselves are substituted with one or two primary, secondary or tertiary amino groups, endo-monoamines and endo-diamines such as amine Gemini compounds (typically having a central carbonyl group). All these intermediates can also be regarded as end products.
Possible end products obtained by further reacting the above intermediates with certain reagents include amphoteric compounds, such as (poly) aminocarboxylate biptail amines, biptail quaternary ammonium salts, endone mono-quaternary ammonium salts, endone di-quaternary ammonium salts, such as quaternary ammonium salt Gemini compounds (typically having a central carbonyl group), aminoxide biptail amines, aminoxide Gemini compounds (typically having a central carbonyl group), di-or disulfobetaine biptail amines and betaine or sulfobetaine Gemini compounds (typically having a central hydroxyl group). All of these end products can also potentially be used as intermediates for forming yet other end products.
Other specific reagents suitable for direct reaction with the endo-ketone, in particular with the endo-ketone obtained by process P, in a single or multiple chemical reaction scheme include diesters derived from tartaric acid, phenol and other aromatic mono-or polyols, formaldehyde, pentaerythritol, acrylate derivatives and hydrogen.
Possible end products obtained by reacting an endo-ketone, in particular obtained by process P, directly with the specific other reagents previously described and then, if desired, with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide include anionic surfactants such as dicarboxylic acid salt derivatives, nonionic surfactants (in particular nonionic surfactants having a Gemini structure) and ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
1-Amine production from endo-ketones
1.1 Reductive amination to provide a double tail amine
The final product may be a double tail amine.
Indeed, at least one endo-ketone (i.e., a single endo-ketone or a mixture of endo-ketones) advantageously synthesized by method P may be reacted with at least one amine under reductive amination conditions to provide at least one biptail amine.
The endo-ketone synthesized by method P is typically a compound having formula (I)
Figure BDA0002052754560000141
Wherein R is n And R is m Independently represent aliphatic groups, typically C 3 -C 27 Aliphatic groups, very often C 3 -C 19 Aliphatic groups, frequently aliphatic C 6 -C 17 A group.
Preferably, the aliphatic group R n And R is m Independently selected from alkyl and alkenyl groups, typically from C 3 -C 27 Alkyl and C 3 -C 27 Alkenyl groups, very often selected from C 3 -C 19 Alkyl and C 3 -C 19 Alkenyl groups, and are often selected from C 6 -C 17 Alkyl and C 6 -C 17 Alkenyl groups. More preferably, R n And R is m Independently represents alkyl, typically C 3 -C 27 Alkyl, very often C 3 -C 19 Alkyl, frequently C 6 -C 17 An alkyl group.
In particular, at least one endo-ketone of formula (I) may be reacted with at least one amine of formula (II) under reductive amination conditions to provide at least one biptail amine of formula (III)
Figure BDA0002052754560000142
This amination reaction is preferably carried out by reacting the ketone (I) with the amine (II) in an autoclave under hydrogen pressure (typically from 1 atmosphere to 200 bar) in the presence of a catalyst based on a transition metal (e.g. Ni, co, cu, fe, rh, ru, ir, pd, pt), typically Pd/C.
According to a possible embodiment, the reaction is carried out in a solvent. However, the presence of such solvents is not mandatory and, according to a specific embodiment, no solvents are used in this step. The exact nature of the solvent (if any) may be determined by the skilled artisan. Typical suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, t-butanol, THF, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1, 4-dioxane, dimethoxyethane, diglyme, and mixtures thereof.
Furthermore, this step is typically carried out at a temperature in the range from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃ and may be carried out batchwise, semi-continuously or continuously, and is typically carried out in batch mode or continuous mode using a fixed bed catalyst (gas-solid or gas-liquid-solid process).
In the amine formula (II), R 1 And R is 2 Independently represent:
hydrogen or a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, which may optionally be substituted and/or interrupted by one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups (e.g. R 1 And R is 2 Can be selected from H and CH 3 、-CH 2 CH 3 Propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl),
-having the formula-CH 2 -CH 2 Ethylamine of-NR 'R' wherein R 'and R' independently represent hydrogen or a short alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., such as CH 3 、CH 2 CH 3 Propyl, isopropyl),
-a [ poly (ethyleneimine) ] ethylamine having the formula:
-(-CH 2 -CH 2 -NH-) m -CH 2 -CH 2 -NR 'R ", wherein R' and R" independently represent hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g. like CH 3 、CH 2 CH 3 Propyl, isopropyl groupAnd m is an integer from 1 to 20,
-having the formula-CH 2 -CH 2 The hydroxyethyl group of the-OH group,
-poly (ethyleneimine) ] ethanol having the formula:
-(-CH 2 -CH 2 -NH-) m -CH 2 -CH 2 -OH, wherein m is an integer from 1 to 20,
having the formula- (CH) 2 ) m -N, N-dialkylaminoalkyl of NR ' R ' wherein m is an integer from 3 to 20, and R ' independently represent hydrogen or alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms (e.g. CH 3 、CH 2 CH 3 Propyl, isopropyl),
and wherein R is 1 And R is 2 May also be formed typically having the formula- (CH) 2 ) m -an alkanediyl group, wherein m ranges from 3 to 8, which may optionally be interrupted or substituted by one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups; in this case, (II) is a cyclic amine, such as pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine or piperazine.
As examples of amines (II), mention may be made of: ammonia, dimethylamine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine (EN), diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA) and 3,3' -iminobis (N, N-dimethylpropylamine).
1.2 Mannich reaction involving condensation with aldehydes and amines to provide amine Gemini compounds
The final product may be an amine Gemini compound. Typically, amine Gemini compounds contain a central carbonyl group that can form an axis of symmetry in a two-dimensional representation of the formula of the compound, provided that some conditions meet the nature of its substituents, as will be apparent immediately from the following.
Indeed, at least one endo-ketone advantageously synthesized by method P (i.e. a single endo-ketone or a mixture of endo-ketones) may be reacted with at least one aldehyde and at least one amine under mannich reaction conditions to provide at least one ketone having one and only one carbonyl adjacent carbon atom substituted with an amine-containing group and/or at least one ketone having two carbonyl adjacent carbon atoms substituted with an amine-containing group (Gemini amine).
In particular, endo-ketones of formula (I)
Figure BDA0002052754560000161
Wherein the methylene group is adjacent to the carbonyl group on both sides thereof as defined above, can be represented by the formula (I)
Figure BDA0002052754560000162
Wherein R 'is' n And R'. m Independently represent aliphatic groups, typically C 2 -C 26 Aliphatic groups, very often C 2 -C 18 Radicals, frequently C 5 -C 16 A group.
At least one endo-ketone (I') may be reacted with at least one aldehyde of formula (IV) and at least one amine of formula (II) under Mannich reaction conditions to provide at least one ketone (Va) having one and only one carbonyl adjacent carbon atom substituted with an amine-containing group and/or at least one ketone (Vb) having two carbonyl adjacent carbon atoms substituted with an amine-containing group (Gemine amine).
Figure BDA0002052754560000171
In the amine of formula (II), R 1 And R is 2 As defined previously in section 1.1.
Concerning aldehyde (IV), R 3 It can be expressed that:
hydrogen or a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, which may optionally be substituted and/or interrupted by one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups (e.g. R 3 Is selected from-H, -CH 3 、-CH 2 CH 3 Propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl), or
An aromatic or heterocyclic aromatic group,which may optionally be substituted with one or more branched or straight chain hydrocarbyl groups, which may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms (e.g., R 3 May be phenyl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, p-hydroxyphenyl, p-methoxyphenyl or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl).
As examples of aldehydes (IV), formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, vanillin and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde can be mentioned.
The amine Gemini compound (Vb) has a central carbonyl group. In the two-dimensional representation of formula (Vb), when the substituent R' m And R'. n When identical to each other, the central carbonyl group (c=o) may form an axis of symmetry.
When the amine (II) is in its protonated form (e.g., as the hydrochloride salt), the mannich reaction may be conducted under acidic conditions.
The reaction is generally carried out by contacting the ketone (I'), aldehyde (IV) and amine (II) (or protonated salt thereof, which may be generated in situ by the addition of a stoichiometric amount of acid), optionally in the presence of an added solvent, in a reaction zone at a temperature from 15 ℃ to 300 ℃. As examples of suitable solvents for carrying out the reaction, mention may be made of: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, toluene, xylene, diglyme, dioxane, THF, methyl-THF, DMSO, and the like.
The amine (II) or its protonated salt and the aldehyde (IV) may be used in molar excess and the excess reactants may be recovered and recycled at the end of the reaction.
The reaction may also be catalyzed by the addition of a suitable bronsted or lewis acid. For example, there may be mentioned: h 2 SO 4 HCl, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, perchloric acid, alCl 3 ，BF 3 Metal triflate compounds such as aluminum triflate, bismuth triflate, heterogeneous solid acids such as Amberlyst resins, zeolites, and the like.
The water produced during this reaction may optionally be captured by the dean-stark apparatus.
If the reaction is carried out under acidic conditions, the products (Va) and/or (Vb) are obtained in this way after subsequent work-upObtained in the form of protonated salts, which can be obtained in the second stage by reaction with a suitable base (e.g. NaOH, KOH, NH 4 OH、Na 2 CO 3 ) Is neutralized by the reaction of an aqueous solution of (a) and (b).
The desired ketones (Va) and/or (Vb) are obtained after suitable work-up. Representative techniques will be apparent to one skilled in the art and thus, no further details need be presented herein.
2-Quaternary ammonium production from endo-ketones
2.1 Quaternization of a double tail tertiary amine to provide a double tail quaternary ammonium compound
The final product may be a double tail quaternary ammonium compound.
Such a two-tailed quaternary ammonium compound may be obtained as a final product when at least one two-tailed amine obtained from at least one endo-ne according to the reaction described in section 1.1 is a tertiary amine. For example, when the binodal amine has formula (III), when R 1 And R is 2 This occurs when the hydrogen atom is not present.
Thus, at least one dual-tailed tertiary amine obtained from at least one endo-ketone according to the reaction described in section 1.1 may be reacted with at least one alkylating agent to obtain at least one dual-tailed quaternary ammonium salt.
In particular, at least one tertiary amine (III) obtained from at least one endo-ketone (I) according to part 1.1 may be combined with at least one tertiary amine of formula R 4 -the alkylating agent (VI) of X reacts to obtain at least one double tail quaternary ammonium salt (VII), as illustrated below:
Figure BDA0002052754560000191
as already indicated, the amines (III) which can be used according to the invention in part 2.1 are tertiary amines. Advantageously, the tertiary amines (III) which can be used according to the invention in part 2.1 are the tertiary amines in which R 1 And R is 2 Independently represents a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, which may optionally be substituted with one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups (e.g. R 1 And R is 2 Can be selected from-CH 3 、-CH 2 CH 3 Propyl, isopropylButyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl), and tertiary amines, wherein R 1 And R is 2 Forming an alkanediyl group, typically of the formula- (CH) 2 ) m -wherein m ranges from 3 to 8, which may optionally be interrupted and/or substituted by one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups.
The group X contained in the alkylating agent (VI) and constituting the counter anion of the salt (VII) is a leaving group, typically a halide, such as Cl, br or I, methyl sulphate (-SO) 4 Me), sulfate (-SO) 4 - ) Sulfonate derivatives such as methanesulfonate (-O) 3 S-CH 3 ) Para-toluenesulfonate (-O) 3 S-C 7 H 7 ) Or triflate (-O) 3 S-CF 3 )。
In reactant (VI), R 4 Represents a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, which may optionally be substituted and/or interrupted by substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups and/or heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups. For example, R 4 The method can be as follows:
-CH 3 、-CH 2 CH 3 benzyl, furfuryl.
As examples of alkylating agents (VI) mention may be made of dimethyl sulfate, methyl chloride, methyl bromide, methyl triflate, benzyl chloride and epichlorohydrin.
The reaction may be carried out by contacting the two reactants in a reaction zone at a temperature of from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃, optionally in the presence of an added solvent (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, toluene, xylene, diglyme, dioxane, THF, methyl-THF or DMSO). The alkylating agent may be used in stoichiometric amounts or in excess, and the excess reactants may be recovered and recycled after reaction after suitable work-up. The skilled person is aware of representative post-processing techniques and therefore no further details need be given here.
2.2 Quaternization of tertiary amine Gemini compounds to provide quaternary ammonium salt Gemini compounds
The final compound may be a quaternary ammonium salt Gemini compound. Typically, quaternary ammonium salt Gemini compounds contain a central carbonyl group that can form an axis of symmetry in a two-dimensional representation of the formula of the compound, provided that some conditions meet the nature of its substituents, as will be apparent immediately from the following.
Such quaternary ammonium salt Gemini compounds may be obtained as final products when the at least one tertiary amine Gemini compound obtained from the at least one endone according to the reaction described in section 1.2 is a tertiary amine Gemini compound. For example, when the amine Gemini compound has the formula (Vb), when R 1 And R is 2 This occurs when the hydrogen atom is not present.
The at least one tertiary amine Gemini compound obtained from the at least one endone according to the reaction described in section 1.2 may be reacted with at least one alkylating agent to obtain at least one quaternary ammonium salt Gemini compound.
For example, at least one ketone (Va) and/or at least one ketone (Vb) obtainable from at least one endo-ketone (I) according to part 1.2 can be combined with at least one compound of formula R 4 -the alkylating agent (VI) of X reacts to obtain at least one quaternary ammonium salt (VIIIa) and/or at least one quaternary ammonium salt Gemini compound (VIIIb), respectively, as illustrated below:
Figure BDA0002052754560000211
Substituent R 1 、R 2 、R 4 And the radical X satisfies the same definition as provided in section 2.1, while the substituent R 3 Has the same definition as in section 1.2.
The reaction may be carried out as described in section 2.1.
3-Production of amphiphiles from endo-ketones
The final compound may be a two-tailed (poly) aminocarboxylate.
3.1 First synthetic double-tailed (Poly) aminocarboxylate
The at least one dual-tailed tertiary amine prepared from the at least one internal ketone according to part 1.1 may be reacted with at least one alkylating agent to provide at least one amphoteric compound, especially when the dual-tailed tertiary amine itself is at least one, possibly two, andonly two amino groups (-NH) 2 ) When substituted.
Certain amines of formula (III) suitable for carrying out the reaction correspond to formula (III')
Figure BDA0002052754560000212
Wherein R is n And R is m Has the same meaning as in formula (I), and wherein o and p are integers from 1 to 20, preferably from 2 to 20, possibly from 4 to 20.
In particular, at least the bintail amine having formula (III') may be reacted with at least one alkylating agent (IX) to provide at least one amphoteric compound (X), as illustrated below:
Figure BDA0002052754560000221
the reaction is generally carried out by contacting the two reactants in a reaction zone at a temperature of from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃ and optionally in the presence of added solvent. As examples of suitable solvents, mention may be made of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, acetonitrile, water, THF, dioxane and mixtures thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the pH of the reaction mixture is maintained from 8.5 to 9.5 during the reaction. This adjustment can be accomplished by adding the desired amount of concentrated NaOH and/or aqueous HCl to the reaction medium.
Importantly, by adjusting the stoichiometry of the reaction (molar excess (IX) relative to (III '), the average degree of alkylation of the starting amine (III'), which means the average methylene carboxylate groups (-CH) contained in (X), can be adjusted 2 -CO 2 Na).
In the product (X), o ', o ", p ' and p ' are integers ranging from 0 to 20, provided that at least one of o ' and p ' is at least 1. Preferably, o ', o ", p' and p" are integers ranging from 1 to 20, possibly from 2 to 20, and the following equation must be obeyed:
o '+o "=o and p' +p" =p.
The substituents Y and Y' may independently be a hydrogen atom or a methylene carboxylate fragment (-CH) 2 -CO 2 Na)。
It must be understood that the values of o ', o ", p ' and p" reflect the degree of alkylation and that it is possible to obtain mixtures of compounds (X) having different values of o ', o ", p ' and p" and having different substituents Y and Y '. In general, it can be said that as the molar amount of alkylating agent (IX) increases, the values of o "and p" increase (and thus o 'and p' decrease).
The group X contained in the alkylating agent (IX) is a leaving group and has the same meaning as in section 2.1.
As an example, a reaction between ethylenediamine-derived amine of type (III') and 2 equivalents of sodium monochloroacetate ((IX) where x=cl) can be considered. In this case, the following mixture can be obtained:
Figure BDA0002052754560000231
3.2 Second Synthesis of (Poly) aminocarboxylates
The at least one two-tailed tertiary amine prepared from the at least one endo-ne according to part 1.1 may be combined with at least one acrylate derivative (in particular of formula CH 2 ＝CH-CO 2 Hydrocarbon acrylates of A, wherein A is hydrocarbon, preferably C 1 -C 7 Hydrocarbyl radicals, more preferably C 1 -C 4 Alkyl) to provide at least one amphoteric compound, in particular when the two-tailed tertiary amine itself is substituted with at least one, possibly two and only two amino groups (-NH) 2 ) When substituted.
Certain amines of formula (III) suitable for carrying out this reaction correspond to formula (III'), as described in section 3.1.
In particular, at least one double tail amine (III') obtained from at least one endo (I) according to part 1.1, wherein R n And R is m Has the same meaning as in formula (III) and wherein o and p are integers from 1 to 20, preferably from 2 to 20, possibly from 4 to 20, in a first step with to At least one acrylate derivative (e.g., the above-described hydrocarbyl acrylate) is reacted to perform a conjugated addition reaction that provides at least one ester, such as a hydrocarbyl ester of formula (XIa) —not shown-obtained by generalizing/replacing methyl (Me) with a hydrocarbyl (a substituent) in formula (XIa) below. The at least one obtained ester (XIa ') is then saponified in a second stage using an aqueous NaOH solution to provide at least one amphiphilic compound, for example an amphiphilic compound having formula (XIb') -not shown-again obtained via generalization/replacement of methyl (Me) by hydrocarbyl (a substituent) in the following formula (XIb).
The following reaction scheme corresponds to when the acrylate derivative is CH 2 ＝CH-CO 2 Case of Me (a is methyl Me):
Figure BDA0002052754560000241
Figure BDA0002052754560000242
typically, in intermediate (XIa') [ e.g. (XIa) ]]In which the substituents Y and Y' independently represent a hydrogen atom or a fragment of a hydrocarbylethylene carboxylate (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 A) In particular the methyl ethylene carboxylate segment (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 Me)。
In the final amphoteric derivatives (XIb') [ e.g. (XIb) ]]In which the substituents Z and Z' independently represent a hydrogen atom or an ethylene carboxylate (-CH) fragment 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 Na)。
O ', o ", p' and p" in intermediate (XIa ') [ e.g., (XIa) ] and q', q ", r 'and r" in final product (XIb') [ e.g., (XIb) ] are integers ranging from 0 to 20, provided that at least one of o "and p" is at least 1 and at least one of q "and r" is at least 1.
Preferably, q ', q ", r' and r" in intermediate (XIa ') [ e.g. o', o ", p 'and p" in (XIa) ] and in (XIb') [ e.g. (XIb) ] in the final product are integers ranging from 1 to 20, possibly from 2 to 20.
Furthermore, the following equation must be obeyed:
o’+o”＝q’+q”＝o
p’+p”＝r’+r”＝p
the first step of the reaction is carried out by contacting the two reactants in a reaction zone at a temperature of from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃. The entire amount of reactants may be introduced directly into the reaction mixture, but in a preferred embodiment the acrylate derivative is added progressively to the reaction mixture in order to limit polymerization side reactions. The reaction may optionally be carried out in the presence of added solvents such as: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, THF, dioxane, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile and the like.
The acrylate derivative may be used in excess with respect to the amine (III').
Intermediate esters (XIa') [ e.g. methyl esters (XIa) ] are advantageously isolated after removal of excess acrylate derivative and optional solvent using standard techniques well known to those skilled in the art. The second step is then carried out by contacting intermediate (XIa') with an appropriate amount of aqueous NaOH (molar amount of NaOH equal to or higher than the molar amount of the ester fragment to be saponified), optionally in the presence of an added solvent (e.g. methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, DMSO or THF) and at a temperature from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃.
During the first step, the acrylate derivative may be used in molar excess and typically the stoichiometric ratio between amine (III ') and acrylate will determine the average degree of alkylation of the starting amine (III '), meaning the hydrocarbyl ethylene carboxylate (-CH) contained in the intermediate (XIa ') or the like 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 A) Average number of fragments, and thus the ethylene carboxylate (-CH) contained in the final amphoteric product (XIb') 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 Na) average number of fragments.
It must be understood that when the molar excess of the acrylate derivative is increased during the first step, the hydrocarbylethylene carboxylate (-CH) contained in the intermediate (XIa') is 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 A) Average number of fragments and ethylene carboxylate (-CH) contained in the final amphoteric product (XIb') 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 Na) fragments increased in average number.
Typically, a mixture of intermediates (XIa ') [ e.g., (XIa) ] having different values of o', o ", p ', p", and different substituents Y and Y' is obtained at the end of the first step.
The same applies to the end product (XIb ') [ e.g. (XIb) ], wherein at the end of the second step a mixture of derivatives having different values of q', q ", r ', r" and different substituents Z and Z' is obtained.
As an example, a reaction between ethylenediamine-derived amine of type (III') and 2.5 equivalents of methyl acrylate, followed by hydrolysis, may be considered.
In this case, the following mixture can be obtained:
Figure BDA0002052754560000261
3.3 Third Synthesis of (Poly) aminocarboxylates
The reaction is carried out as described in section 3.1, except that at least one starting amine (III) prepared from at least one endo-ne (I) contains one or two terminal 2-hydroxyethyl segments (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -OH) (based on the nature of Y).
Figure BDA0002052754560000271
The same applies in section 3.1 as regards the degree of alkylation.
In the above reaction scheme:
-o and p in reactant (III ") are integers from 1 to 20, preferably from 2 to 20, possibly from 4 to 20;
-o ', o ", p' and p" in the product (XII) are integers ranging from 0 to 20, provided that at least one of o "and p" is at least 1; preferably, o ', o ", p' and p" in the product (XII) are integers ranging from 1 to 20, possibly from 2 to 20, and
the following equation must be obeyed:
o’+o”＝o
p’+p”＝p。
the substituent Y in the reactant (III') represents a hydrogen atom or a 2-hydroxyethyl fragment (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -OH)。
The substituent Z contained in the product (XII) represents:
hydrogen or methylene carboxylate (-CH) 2 -CO 2 Na) (when Y is hydrogen),
-2-hydroxyethyl (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -OH) or ether fragment-CH 2 -CH 2 -O-CH 2 -CO 2 Na (when Y is a 2-hydroxyethyl fragment (-CH) 2 CH 2 OH) at the time of manufacture).
The substituents Z' represent hydrogen or methylene carboxylate segments-CH 2 -CO 2 Na。
As described in section 3.1, compositions containing varying amounts of methylene carboxylate (-CH) fragments can be obtained 2 -CO 2 Na), which means different values of o ', o ", p ' and p", and different substituents Z and Z '.
As an example, a reaction between an aminoethylethanolamine derived amine of type (III ") and 1.5 equivalents of sodium monochloroacetate [ (IX) where x=cl ] can be considered. In this case, the following mixture can be obtained:
Figure BDA0002052754560000281
Figure BDA0002052754560000291
3.4 Fourth Synthesis of (Poly) aminocarboxylates
The reaction is carried out as described in section 3.2, except that at least one starting amine (III) prepared from at least one endo-ne (I) contains one or two terminal 2-hydroxyethyl groupsFragment (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -OH) (based on the nature of Y).
An exemplary reaction scheme is:
Figure BDA0002052754560000292
Figure BDA0002052754560000301
Figure BDA0002052754560000302
as in section 3.2, this exemplary reaction scheme may be carried out by passing a catalyst having the formula CH 2 ＝CH-CO 2 Hydrocarbylacrylates of A (wherein A is as defined in section 3.2) and more typically by substitution of CH by any acrylate derivative 2 ＝CH-CO 2 Me acrylate is used for generalization.
The substituent Y in the reactant (III') represents a hydrogen atom or a 2-hydroxyethyl fragment (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -OH)。
In the above reaction scheme:
-o and p in reactant (III ") are integers from 1 to 20, preferably from 2 to 20, possibly from 4 to 20;
-intermediate (XIIIa) [ or its not shown generalization (XIIIa '), wherein Me is replaced by substituent a ], o', o ", p 'and p", and final product (XIIIb) [ or its not shown generalization (XIIIb'), wherein Me is replaced by substituent a ] q ', q ", r' and r" are integers ranging from 0 to 20, provided that at least one of o "and p" is at least 1 and at least one of q "and r" is at least 1.
Preferably, o ', o ", p' and p" in intermediate (XIIIa) or (XIIIa '), and q', q ", r 'and r" in final product (XIIIb) or (XIIIb') are integers ranging from 1 to 20, possibly from 2 to 20.
Furthermore, the following equation must be obeyed:
o’+o”＝q’+q”＝o
and
p’+p”＝r’+r”＝p
The substituent Z in the intermediate (XIIIa') represents:
hydrogen or hydrocarbylethylene carboxylic acid esters (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 A) (when Y is hydrogen),
-2-hydroxyethyl fragment (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -OH) or ether fragment-CH 2 -CH 2 -O-CH 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 A (when Y is-CH) 2 CH 2 OH).
The substituent Z 'in the intermediate (XIIIa') represents hydrogen or a hydrocarbylethylene carboxylate (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 A) A. The invention relates to a method for producing a fibre-reinforced plastic composite Thus, for example, when (XIIIa ') is (XIIIa), Z' represents hydrogen or methyl ethylene carboxylate (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 Me)
The substituent X of [ e.g., in the final compound (XIIIb) ] in the final compound (XIIIb):
Hydrogen or ethylene carboxylates (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 Na) (if Y is hydrogen)
-2-hydroxyethyl fragment (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -OH) or ether fragment-CH 2 -CH 2 -O-CH 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 Na (if Y is-CH) 2 CH 2 OH)，
And the substituent X 'in the final compound (XIIIb') represents hydrogen or ethylene carboxylate (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -CO 2 Na)。
The same applies in section 3.2 as regards the influence of the molar ratio between the acrylate derivative and the substrate (III') used in the first reaction step on the degree of alkylation.
As described in section 3.2, mixtures of intermediates (XIIIa ') [ e.g. (XIIIa) ] and mixtures of end products (XIIIb') [ e.g. (XIIIb) ] are generally obtained.
4-Amino oxide
4.1 Synthesis of amino oxide double tail amine
The final compound may be an amino oxide double tail amine, i.e., a double tail amine substituted with at least one amino oxide moiety. The amino oxide double tail amine may be substituted with one and only one or two and only two moieties.
The at least one amino oxide double tail amine may be obtained from at least one double tail tertiary amino amine (i.e., an amine which itself is substituted with at least one tertiary amino group), which itself is previously obtained from at least one endo-ketone.
For this purpose, certain double tail amines of the formula (III) obtained from at least one endo of the formula (I) are advantageously used as reagents, i.e. of the formula (III) 3’ ) Double tail tertiary amino amines of (a):
Figure BDA0002052754560000331
the following reaction scheme may be followed:
Figure BDA0002052754560000332
in the above scheme, Y is hydrogen or a 3-dimethylaminopropyl fragment (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -N(CH 3 ) 2 ) The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the When Y is hydrogen, Z is hydrogen, and when Y is a 3-dimethylaminopropyl fragment (-CH) 2 CH 2 CH 2 -N(CH 3 ) 2 ) When Z is a 3-dimethylaminooxypropyl fragment (-CH) 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -N(CH 3 ) 2 O)。
The reaction can be carried out by reacting a two-tailed tertiary amino amine (III) obtained from an endo (I) 3’ ) And H is 2 O 2 Which may be used dissolved in an aqueous solution, is carried out in the reaction zone at a temperature ranging from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃ and optionally in the presence of added solvent. As examples of suitable solvents, mention may be made of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, acetonitrile, water, THF, dioxane or mixtures thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, willH 2 O 2 The solution is added progressively to the reaction medium and can be used in relation to the two-tailed tertiary amino amine (III) 3’ ) Is used in molar excess. The excess H can be decomposed at the end of the reaction using suitable techniques known to those skilled in the art 2 O 2 。
4.2 Synthesis of amino oxide Gemini Compounds
The final product may be an amino oxide Gemini compound. Typically, the amino oxide Gemini compounds contain a central hydroxyl group that can form an axis of symmetry in a two-dimensional representation of the formula of the compound, provided that some conditions are met for the nature of its substituents, as will be apparent immediately from the following.
In particular, using the ketone of formula (Vb) as intermediate, at least one amino oxide Gemini compound of formula (XVIb) can be obtained from at least one endone of formula (I).
It goes without saying that using a ketone of formula (Va) as intermediate, it is likewise possible to obtain at least one amino oxide derivative of formula (XVIa) from at least one endone of formula (I).
Suitable reaction schemes are described below:
Figure BDA0002052754560000341
in a first step, the ketone (Va) or (Vb) or mixture thereof is reduced to the alcohol derivative (XVa) or (XVb) or mixture thereof, respectively.
As examples of suitable reducing agents which can be used in this first step, mention may be made of H 2 . In this case, the reaction must be carried out in the presence of a suitable transition metal (e.g. Fe, ru, co, rh, ir, ni, pd, pt, cu) based catalyst (e.g. Pd/C). The reaction may be carried out under hydrogen pressure (typically from 1 atmosphere to 200 bar) and at temperatures ranging from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃. Optionally, the reaction is carried out in the presence of an added solvent such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, t-butanol, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, diglyme or mixtures thereof.
Another example of a suitable reducing agent for this first step is a secondary alcohol, preferably isopropanol, which is used as a sacrificial agent. In this case, the reaction requires a metal-based (e.g., ni, al, in, ru, zr) catalyst (e.g., al (OiPr) 3 ) And acetone is formed as a by-product. Importantly, due to distillation, acetone can be removed during the reaction to shift the equilibrium towards the formation of (XVa) and (Xvb).
The second step includes using H 2 O 2 Oxidizing the tertiary amine group of the compound having formula (XVa) and/or the compound having formula (Xvb) to form an amino oxide derivative having formula (XVIa) and/or an amino oxide Gemini compound having formula (XVIb), respectively.
This second step may be performed as described in section 4.1.
R 1 、R 2 And R is 3 Having the same definition as in section 2.2.
5-byProduction of betaines and sulfobetaines from endo-ketones
5.1 Synthesis of di-betaine di-tail amine and disulfo-betaine di-tail amine
The final compound may be a di-betaine di-tail amine, that is to say a di-tail amine substituted with two betaine moieties.
The final compound may also be a di-sulphobetaine di-tail amine, that is to say a di-tail amine comprising two sulphobetaine moieties.
The at least one di-betaine di-tail amine may be obtained from at least one di-tail di-tertiary amino amine (i.e. a di-tail amine which is itself substituted with two tertiary amino groups) -which is itself previously obtained from at least one endo-ne which is advantageously synthesized by method P-by reacting said di-tail di-tertiary amino amine with a compound having the formula
X-Alk-R 0
Wherein:
x is a leaving group and is a leaving group,
alk is an alkylene group, and
-R 0 is-CO 2 M, wherein M is an alkali metal.
Methylene is preferred as the alkylene Alk.
Na is preferred as alkali metal M.
The leaving group X is typically a halide such as Cl, br or I, methyl sulfate (-SO) 4 Me), sulfate (-SO) 4 - ) Sulfonate derivatives such as methanesulfonate (-O) 3 S-CH 3 ) Para-toluenesulfonate (-O) 3 S-C 7 H 7 ) Or triflate (-O) 3 S-CF 3 )。
The at least one disulfobetaine di-tail amine may similarly be obtained from at least one di-tail di-tertiary amino amine which itself was previously obtained from at least one endo-ne which is advantageously synthesized by method P-by reacting said di-tail di-tertiary amino amine with a compound having the formula
X-Alk-R 0
Wherein:
x is a leaving group and is a leaving group,
alk is an alkylene group, and
-R 0 is-CH (OH) -CH 2 -SO 3 M, wherein M is an alkali metal.
Preferred X, alk and M for the preparation of the disulfobetaine dieback amine are the same as the preferred X, alk and M for the preparation of the disulfobetaine dieback amine.
For the preparation of the di-and/or disulfobetaines, at least one defined di-tail amine of the formula (III), i.e. a di-tail amine of the formula (III 4'), is advantageously used as reactant:
Figure BDA0002052754560000371
wherein R is n And R is m R having a formula (I) with an endo-ketone n And R is m The same meaning.
The at least one di-betaine of the formula (XVIIa) and/or the at least one di-sulphobetaine of the formula (XVIIb) can then be prepared from at least one di-betaine of the formula (III) 4’ ) The double tail amine of (2) is prepared according to the following schemeThe preparation method comprises the following steps:
Figure BDA0002052754560000372
in the above reaction scheme, X is as previously defined.
The two-tailed amine (III) obtained from the endo (I) according to part 1.1 4’ ) With an alkylating compound (IX ') to provide betaine (XVIIa) or sulfobetaine (XVIb), depending on the nature of (IX').
When R is 0 is-CO 2 Betaine (XVIIa) is obtained when Na and when R 0 ＝-CH(OH)-CH 2 -SO 3 Sulfobetaine (XVIb) was obtained at Na. When a mixture of reagents (IX') is used (comprising at least one reagent, wherein R 0 is-CO 2 Na, and at least one reagent, wherein R 0 ＝-CH(OH)-CH 2 -SO 3 Na), a mixture of betaines and sulfobetaines is obtained.
The reaction is generally carried out by contacting the reactants in a reaction zone at a temperature of from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃ and optionally in the presence of added solvent. As examples of suitable solvents, mention may be made of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, acetonitrile, water, THF, dioxane and mixtures thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the pH of the reaction mixture is maintained at from 8.5 and 9.5 during the reaction. This adjustment can be accomplished by adding the desired amount of concentrated aqueous NaOH and/or HCl to the reaction medium during the course of the reaction.
5.2 Synthesis of betaine derivatives and sulfobetaine derivatives, in particular betaine Gemini derivatives and sulfobetaine Gemini derivatives
The final product may be a betaine Gemini compound or a sulfobetaine Gemini compound. Typically, betaine or sulfobetaine Gemini compounds contain a central hydroxyl group that can form an axis of symmetry in a two-dimensional representation of the formula of the compound, provided that some conditions are met for the nature of its substituents, as will be apparent immediately from the following.
The at least one di-betaine and/or at least one disulfobetaine may be obtained from at least one ketone having one or two of its carbonyl adjacent carbon atoms substituted with an amine-containing group, in particular from at least one ketone having formula (Va) and/or at least one ketone having formula (Vb), the preparation of which from an inner ketone having formula (I) has been described in section 1.2.
The at least one di-betaine and/or the at least one disulfobetaine may be obtained from at least one ketone having two adjacent carbon atoms of its carbonyl group substituted with tertiary amino groups, in particular from at least one ketone having formula (Vb), the preparation of which from an endo-ketone having formula (I) has been described in section 1.2.
The at least one mono-betaine and/or the at least one mono-sulfobetaine may be obtained from at least one ketone having one (and only one) of its carbonyl adjacent carbon atoms substituted with tertiary amino containing groups, in particular from at least one ketone having formula (Va), the preparation of which from an endo-ketone having formula (I) has been described in section 1.2.
For this purpose, the following reaction scheme may be followed:
Figure BDA0002052754560000391
the first step is the same as part 4.2.
The second step is carried out as in section 5.1.
Depending on R in the alkylating agent (IX') 0 Betaine (XVIII) or sulfobetaine (XIX) is obtained.
R 1 、R 2 And R is 3 Having the same definition as in section 2.2.
6-Production of anionic surfactants from endo-ketones
6.1 Synthesis of dicarboxylic acid salt derivatives
The final compound may be an anionic surfactant.
For example, it may be a dicarboxylic acid salt derivative having the formula:
Figure BDA0002052754560000401
wherein X is Li, na, K, cs, fr, NH 4 A monovalent or polyvalent metal or group of triethanolamine or other cationic counterions capable of forming salts. In particular, X is Li, na or K.
The following reaction scheme may be followed:
Figure BDA0002052754560000402
in a first step, at least one ketone (I) as defined previously is condensed with at least one diester (XX) derived from tartaric acid, wherein R represents a linear or branched alkyl group containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
The reaction is achieved by contacting the ketone and diester in a reaction zone at a temperature ranging from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃. The reaction may optionally be carried out in the presence of added solvents such as toluene, xylene, dioxane, diglyme, hexane, petroleum ether, DMSO or mixtures thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, an acid catalyst (bronsted or lewis acid) is used to accelerate the reaction. Mention may be made, for example, of H 2 SO 4 HCl, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, alCl 3 Metal triflate compounds such as aluminum triflate, bismuth triflate, heterogeneous solid acids such as Amberlyst resins and zeolites.
Due to the dean-stark apparatus, water generated during the reaction can be captured to shift the reaction equilibrium towards the formation of intermediate (XXI).
At the end of the reaction, the intermediate (XXI) may be isolated after solvent and catalyst removal using standard post-treatment techniques well known to those skilled in the art, so that no further details need be given here.
In the second step, by reacting at XOH or X (OH) 2 Hydrolysis of ketal diester (XXI) by reaction in aqueous alkaline solution (X is as defined above, in particular x= Li, na, K, cs, mg, ca) at a temperature ranging from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃ to give For the final ketal carboxylate product (XXII) and R-OH as a by-product.
7-Production of nonionic surfactants from endo-ketones
The final compound may be a nonionic surfactant.
7.1 First synthetic nonionic surfactant
The final compound may be a compound of formula (XXV)
Figure BDA0002052754560000421
Wherein:
-m ', m ", n' and n" are integers ranging from 0 to 40, with the proviso that at least one of m ', m ", n' and n" is at least 1, and that m '+m "+n' +n" preferably ranges from 2 to 40, possibly from 4 to 20,
-R m and R is n As defined in section 1.1,
r is zero (meaning no substituents on the benzene ring) or R is at least one C 1 -C 24 Alkoxy or straight or branched C 1 -C 24 A hydrocarbyl group, the alkoxy group or the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be interrupted and/or substituted with one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups.
By specifying that R may be "at least one straight or branched hydrocarbon group", it is intended to mean that the benzene ring of compound (XXV) may be substituted not only with one substituent but also with several straight or branched hydrocarbon substituents.
Two examples of possible R substituents are methyl and methoxy.
The following reaction scheme may be followed:
Figure BDA0002052754560000431
Figure BDA0002052754560000432
m '+m' propylene oxide
n '+n' ethylene oxide
Thus, in a first step, at least one ketone (I) is first condensed with 2 equivalents of a substituted or unsubstituted phenolic compound (XXIII) (e.g. when R is zero, (XXIII) is phenol and when R is methyl or methoxy, (XXIII) is cresol or guaiacol, respectively) to provide bisphenol derivative (XXIV).
The reaction may be carried out by contacting the two reactants in a reaction zone at a temperature ranging from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃, optionally in the presence of an added solvent. Excess phenol derivative (XXIII) can be used in this reaction and excess reactant can be removed later in the subsequent work-up process and recycled.
An acid catalyst (bronsted or lewis acid) may be used to accelerate the reaction. Mention may be made, for example, of H 2 SO 4 HCl, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, alCl 3 Metal triflate compounds such as aluminum triflate and bismuth triflate, heterogeneous solid acids (e.g., amberlyst resins, zeolites, etc.
Due to the dean-stark apparatus, water produced during this step can be captured to drive the reaction equilibrium towards the desired product (XXIV).
The intermediate product (XXIV) may be isolated using standard post-treatment techniques well known to those skilled in the art, so that further details need not be given herein.
In the second step, diphenol derivative (XXIV) is condensed with m '+m' equivalents of propylene oxide and/or with the possible subsequent n '+n' equivalents of ethylene oxide using standard conditions for alkoxylating diphenol derivatives to provide nonionic surfactants (XXV).
Other nonionic surfactants than (XXV) can be prepared according to the same reaction scheme, but using another aromatic alcohol than (XXIII) as a reagent.
As examples of other aromatic alcohols, naphthols and aromatic diols, such as catechol and resorcinol, may be mentioned.
7.2 Second synthetic nonionic surfactant
The final compound may be a nonionic surfactant having the formula (XXVIIa)
Figure BDA0002052754560000441
Or a nonionic surfactant having the formula (XXVIIb)
Figure BDA0002052754560000451
Wherein:
-R’ m and R'. n Represents aliphatic radicals, typically C 2 -C 26 Aliphatic groups, very often C 2 -C 18 Radicals, frequently C 5 -C 16 The group(s) is (are) a radical,
-o, o ', o ", p' and p" are as defined below.
Figure BDA0002052754560000452
Figure BDA0002052754560000461
In the above schemes, "1) m propylene oxide |2) n ethylene oxide" should be understood broadly and does not mean that both propoxylation and ethoxylation must be performed (in other words, either m or n may be equal to 0), let alone that the propoxylation must be performed prior to the ethoxylation, although this may be a preferred embodiment.
In a first step, at least one ketone (I') is reacted with formaldehyde (CH 2 O) condensation. The condensation is advantageously carried out in the reaction zone at a temperature ranging from-20 ℃ to 400 ℃. The reaction may be carried out in the presence of basic catalysts, such as NaOH, KOH, mgO, na for example 2 CO 3 NaOMe, naOEt, tBuOK or NEt 3 . The reaction may optionally be carried out in a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, THF, methyltetrahydrofuran, toluene, xylene, water, dioxane or mixtures thereof.
For this first reaction step, formaldehyde may be used in excess and the excess reactants may be recovered and recycled.
The aldol products (XXVIa), (XXVIb), or mixtures thereof, can be isolated using standard post-treatment techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
In the second step, at least one product (XXVIa) and/or (XXVIb) is condensed with m+n equivalents of alkylene oxide (m equivalents of propylene oxide and/or n equivalents of ethylene oxide, e.g. m equivalents of propylene oxide followed by n equivalents of ethylene oxide) using standard conditions of alkoxylated alcohol to provide the nonionic surfactant (XXVIIa) and/or (XXVIIb).
In the above equation scheme, m and n are integers ranging from 0 to 40, but m and n cannot both be equal to 0.
o, p, o ', p', o ", and p" are integers ranging from 0 to 40, and the following equation must be obeyed:
o+o’+o”＝m
p+p’+p”＝n。
7.3 Third synthetic nonionic surfactant
The final compound may be a compound of formula (XXIX)
Figure BDA0002052754560000471
Wherein:
-R n and R is m As defined in section 1.1,
-m ', m ", n' and n" are as defined below.
For this purpose, in a first step, at least one endo-ketone (I) is condensed with pentaerythritol to provide at least one intermediate (XXVIII).
Figure BDA0002052754560000481
The reaction is advantageously carried out by contacting the two reactants in a reaction zone at a temperature ranging from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃. The reaction may optionally be carried out in the presence of added solvents such as toluene, xylene, dioxane, diglyme, hexane, petroleum ether, DMSO or mixtures thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, an acid catalyst (bronsted or lewis acid) is used to accelerate the reaction. For example, there may be mentioned: h 2 SO 4 HCl, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, alCl 3 Metal triflate compounds such as aluminum triflate, bismuth triflate, heterogeneous solid acids such as Amberlyst resins, zeolites, and the like.
Due to the dean-stark apparatus, water generated during the reaction can be captured to shift the reaction equilibrium towards the formation of at least one intermediate (XXVIII).
At the end of the reaction, the intermediate (XXVIII) may be isolated after solvent and catalyst removal using standard post-treatment techniques well known to those skilled in the art, so that no further details need be given herein.
In the second step, at least one intermediate (XXVIII) is condensed with m+n equivalents of alkylene oxide (m equivalents of propylene oxide and/or n equivalents of ethylene oxide, e.g. m equivalents of propylene oxide followed by n equivalents of ethylene oxide) using standard conditions of alkoxylated alcohols to provide the nonionic surfactant (XXIX)
The reaction that occurs in the second step can be expressed as follows:
Figure BDA0002052754560000491
in the above reaction scheme, "1) m propylene oxide |2) n ethylene oxide" should be understood broadly and does not mean that both propoxylation and ethoxylation must be performed (in other words, m or n may be equal to 0), let alone that the propoxylation must be performed prior to the ethoxylation, although this may be a preferred embodiment.
In fact, in the above reaction scheme, m and n are integers ranging from 0 to 40, provided that at least one of m and n is at least 1.
m ', m ", n' and n" are integers ranging from 0 to 40 and must obey the following equation:
m’+m”＝m
n’+n”＝n
8-by Internally ketone manufacturing intermediates and monomers
8.1 Synthesis of beta diketones
The at least one final compound may be a beta-diketone of formula (XXXIa) and/or a beta-diketone of formula (XXXIb), such as the reaction product of the following reaction involving at least one endo-ketone of formula (I'):
Figure BDA0002052754560000501
Figure BDA0002052754560000502
thus, at least one ketone (I') (wherein R m And R is n As defined previously) with at least one acrylate derivative (XXX) to obtain at least one diketone (XXXIa) and/or at least one diketone (XXXIb).
In the above reaction scheme, the substituent R is selected from linear or branched hydrocarbon groups having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, which may optionally be substituted and/or interrupted by one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups. For example, R may be selected from-CH 3 、-CH 2 CH 3 Propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl.
Substituent R 1 Selected from hydrogen and straight or branched hydrocarbon groups having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, which may optionally be substituted and/or interrupted by one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups. For example, R 1 Can be H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, isobutylOr tert-butyl.
The reaction zone advantageously occurs at a temperature ranging from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃.
At least one equivalent of base may be required to allow the reaction to occur relative to ketone (I'). As examples of suitable bases for carrying out the reaction, mention may be made of NaOMe, tert-BuOK, naOEt, KOH or NaOH.
During the course of the reaction, the alcohol R-OH is produced, which can optionally be distilled off from the reaction mixture.
In addition, suitable solvents may be used for the reaction, such as, for example, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, THF, DMSO, methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane or diglyme.
At the end of the reaction, at least one diketone compound (XXXIa) and/or at least one diketone compound (XXXIb) may be obtained in its deprotonated form, such that an acidic quench is required to recover the neutral derivative (XXXIa) and/or (XXXIb).
8.2 Synthesis of the first monomer
The at least one final compound may be a compound having formula (XXXIII). Such compounds containing an ethylenic carbon-carbon double bond are suitable for free radical polymerization.
Figure BDA0002052754560000511
R m And R is n As defined in section 1.1, and m and n are integers ranging from 0 to 40, but m and n cannot both be equal to 0.
R and R 1 Has the same meaning as in section 8.1.
According to the above reaction scheme, at least one ketone (I) is hydrogenated using standard hydrogenation conditions and then condensed with m equivalents of propylene oxide and/or n equivalents of ethylene oxide (e.g. with m equivalents of propylene oxide followed by n equivalents of ethylene oxide).
Standard conditions for alkoxylation of secondary alcohols are typically used to provide at least one intermediate (XXXII).
Intermediate (XXXII) is then reacted with at least one acrylate derivative (XXX) according to a transesterification reaction to provide at least one other acrylate derivative (XXXIII).
This final reaction is advantageously carried out by contacting the two reactants in the reaction zone at a temperature ranging from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃.
The reaction may be catalyzed by an acid or by a base. As examples of suitable acids, mention may be made of H 2 SO 4 HCl, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, alCl 3 Metal triflate compounds such as aluminum triflate, bismuth triflate, heterogeneous solid acids such as Amberlyst resins, zeolites, and the like.
As examples of suitable bases, mention may be made of NaOH, KOH, mgO, na 2 CO 3 NaOMe, naOEt, tBuOK or NEt 3 。
The reaction may be carried out in a suitable solvent, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, THF, methyltetrahydrofuran, toluene, xylene, water, dioxane or mixtures thereof.
The acrylate derivative (XXX) may be added progressively in the reaction medium in order to avoid side polymerization.
8.3 Synthesis of the second monomer
The at least one final compound may be a compound of formula (XXXIV)
Figure BDA0002052754560000521
Such compounds, which also contain ethylenic carbon-carbon double bonds, are likewise suitable for free-radical polymerization.
It can be prepared from certain double tail amines of formula (III), i.e. of formula (III) 5’ ) Primary or Zhong Shuangwei amines
Figure BDA0002052754560000531
Wherein:
-R m and R is n Is as defined in section 1.1;
-R 2 selected from hydrogen or a linear or branched hydrocarbon group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, optionally substituted and/or interrupted by one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups; for example, R 2 Can be selected from H and CH 3 、-CH 2 CH 3 Propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl.
At least one amine (III) prepared according to section 1.1 5 ') with at least one acrylate derivative (XXX) under suitable conditions that prevent conjugated addition to provide at least one acrylamide (XXXIV).
The reaction scheme is as follows:
Figure BDA0002052754560000532
in the compounds (XXX) and (XXXIV), R and R 1 Has the same meaning as in section 8.1.
The reaction is advantageously carried out by contacting the two reactants in a reaction zone at a temperature ranging from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃.
The reaction may be catalyzed by an acid or a base. As examples of suitable acids, mention may be made of H 2 SO 4 HCl, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, alCl 3 Metal triflate compounds (e.g., aluminum triflate, bismuth triflate), heterogeneous solid acids such as Amberlyst resins, zeolites, and the like. As examples of suitable bases, mention may be made of NaOH, KOH, mgO, na 2 CO 3 、NaOMe、NaOEt、tBuOK、NEt 3 Etc.
The reaction may be carried out in a suitable solvent, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, THF, methyltetrahydrofuran, toluene, xylene, water, dioxane or mixtures thereof.
Since alcohol ROH is produced as a by-product during the reaction, it can be removed by distillation to drive the reaction toward the desired product (XXXIV).
The acrylate derivative (XXX) may be added progressively in the reaction medium in order to avoid side polymerization.
8.4 Synthesis of branched fatty acids
The final compound may be a branched fatty acid having the formula (XXXV), as obtainable by the reaction:
Figure BDA0002052754560000541
in the first stage, at least one ketone (I) (wherein R m And R is n As defined in section 1.1) to provide the corresponding secondary alcohol. Standard hydrogenation conditions may be used.
The alcohol is then subjected to a carbonylation reaction to provide at least one final product (XXXV).
The carbonylation reaction is advantageously carried out by reacting a secondary alcohol at a CO pressure (typically from 1 atmosphere to 200 bar) in a reaction zone at a temperature typically ranging from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃.
The reaction may optionally be carried out in the presence of a suitable solvent, and the person skilled in the art will select the most suitable solvent. Importantly, the reaction can be catalyzed by transition metal based catalysts (e.g., co, rh, ir, and Pd based homogeneous catalysts).
Typically, a halide-based promoter is necessary for the reaction to occur. Preferably, the promoter is an iodide, such as HI.
Importantly, significant isomerization can occur during the reaction and the alkyl substituents R 'with them can be obtained' m And R'. n (different from the initial alkyl substituent R present in the starting ketone (I) m And R is n ) A mixture of the isomer products (XXXV). Thus, in formula (XXXV), exactly R' m And R'. n Belonging to R m And R is n Although it is possible to vary exactly from the initial R of the starting ketone (I) m And R is n 。
8.5 Polyamine synthesis
The final compound may be a polyamine, in particular a polyamine having the formula (XXXVII):
Figure BDA0002052754560000551
such polyamines can be prepared according to the following reaction scheme using at least one endo-ketone (I ') as starting material, wherein R' m And R'. n Is as defined in section 1.2:
Figure BDA0002052754560000552
Figure BDA0002052754560000553
X 1 、X 2 、X 3 and X 4 Independently represent a hydrogen atom or
-CH 2 -CH 2 CN, but not all hydrogen, meaning X 1 、X 2 、X 3 And X 4 At least one of them is-CH 2 -CH 2 -CN。
Y 1 、Y 2 、Y 3 And Y 4 Independently represents a hydrogen atom or-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -NH 2 But not all hydrogen, which means Y 1 、Y 2 、Y 3 And Y 4 At least one of them is-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -NH 2 。
Z may be a carbonyl (c=o) or methanolic (CH-OH) group or mixtures thereof.
Thus, at least one ketone (I') is first condensed with acrylonitrile to provide at least one intermediate having formula (XXXVI).
The reaction is advantageously carried out by contacting the two reactants in a reaction zone at a temperature typically ranging from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃ and in the presence of an optional solvent such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, THF, methyltetrahydrofuran, toluene, xylene, water, dioxane or mixtures thereof.
The reaction may be catalysed by a suitable base, such as NaOH, KOH, mgO, na for example 2 CO 3 NaOMe, naOEt, tBuOK or NEt 3 。
Optionally and possibly preferably, the reaction is carried out by progressive addition of acrylonitrile in the reaction medium in order to avoid side polymerization, and acrylonitrile may be used in stoichiometric excess. Excess acrylonitrile can be recovered and recycled.
Can obtain X with different substituents n (n=1 to 4) and the product (XXXVI).
In a second step, at least one (poly) nitrile derivative (XXXVI) is hydrogenated to provide at least one corresponding (poly) amine (XXXVII). Typically, standard conditions for nitrile hydrogenation are used, for example at hydrogen pressures ranging from 1 atmosphere to 200 bar, at temperatures ranging from 15 ℃ to 400 ℃, in the presence of an optional solvent and advantageously transition metal based catalysts (e.g. raney nickel) are used.
Can obtain a product with different Y n (n=1 to 4) and the Z group (XXXVII).
9-Production of secondary fatty alcohols, internal olefins and internal olefin sulfonates from internal ketones
9.1 Use of fatty acid ketones for the synthesis of secondary fatty alcohols
The fatty acid ketones obtained according to process P are advantageously used for the manufacture of the corresponding secondary fatty alcohols. To obtain these alcohols, the fatty acid ketones obtained in process P are subjected to hydrogenation. The reaction is generally carried out in an autoclave with hydrogen as hydrogenating agent using a heterogeneous transition metal catalyst on a support.
By way of example only, a palladium catalyst supported on a carbon material may be mentioned as the catalyst. The hydrogenation reaction is typically carried out at a hydrogen pressure of from 500kPa to 5000kPa and at a temperature in the range from 120 ℃ to 200 ℃ without the use of added solvents.
9.2 Use of secondary aliphatic alcohols for the synthesis of internal olefins
The secondary alcohols obtained as described above may be further converted into internal olefins by dehydration reactions.
Preferably, the dehydration is performed using alumina, preferably eta-Al, in the substantial absence of added solvent, preferably in the absence of added solvent 2 O 3 As catalyst at a temperature in the range from 250 ℃ to 350 ℃ and for a time of 30min to 6 h.
The internal olefins obtained after the dehydration described above show a very low degree of double bond isomerization. The double bond is formed alongside the alcohol groups that are removed, and these olefins are therefore internal olefins having a double bond predominantly in the chain middle. It is evident that the structure of the olefin obtained is mainly determined by the structure of the starting alcohol. The dehydration reaction is usually carried out in an inert atmosphere.
9.3 Sulfonation of internal olefins
The internal olefin obtained after the dehydration described above may be sulfonated, followed by alkali hydrolysis to obtain an internal olefin sulfonate which can be used as a surfactant.
According to a first alternative, the sulfonation can be carried out using a falling-film reactor (possibly a laboratory-scale film reactor). This reactor may be equipped with a cooling jacket supplied with cold water in order to prevent a temperature increase in the reactor due to the high exothermicity of the reaction. For this reaction, the temperature of the cooling jacket is generally set at about 0 ℃ to 8 ℃.
By dilution with carefully dried inert gas (e.g. nitrogen or air) at a concentration typically of from 0.5 to 10, preferably from 1 to 5% v/v (particularly preferably about 2.5% v/v), of the sulphonating agent (e.g. anhydrous SO 3 ) A gas stream consisting of a mixture of (a) is contacted with a falling film of liquid olefin. The flow rates of the gas and liquid phases are set to ensure a residence time in the reactor from 10sec to 10min, preferably from 1min to 6min (e.g. 3 min) and a SO in the range from 0.7:1 to 1.5:1, preferably from 0.8:1 to 1.2:1, most preferably from 0.9:1 to 1.1:1 (e.g. most preferably 1.05:1) 3 Internal olefin molar ratio.
When mixtures of internal olefins having different chain lengths (and thus different molecular weights) are used, the average molecular weight of the olefin mixture can be used to calculate the total molar flow of the internal olefins.
After the sulfonation reaction, the mixture exiting the reactor (consisting essentially of beta-sultone) may be aged to allow for trans-sulfonation to occur and to increase the conversion of the starting olefin.
The mixture obtained can then be neutralized using an aqueous solution of a base (e.g. NaOH) in a reactor preferably equipped with mechanical stirring. Hydrolysis is then carried out by heating the mixture under mechanical agitation. During this stage of the process, the beta-sulfone is converted to the desired internal olefin sulfonate by a ring opening reaction.
Sulfonation, digestion, and hydrolysis reactions can be tracked using NMR analysis. At the end of the process, the amount of water in the medium may be adjusted so as to achieve an aqueous solution of the internal olefin sulfonate having the desired concentration of active.
According to a second embodiment, sulfonation may use in situ prepared sulfonating agents such as "SO 3 Dioxane "is carried out in the liquid phase in a (batch) reactor equipped with mechanical stirring. This embodiment will now be described by way of example.
In a round-bottomed flask, anhydrous dioxane and anhydrous chloroform (mixing ratio of 1:2 to 1:5 v/v) are mixed and cooled to a temperature in the range from-5 ℃ to 10 ℃, preferably to about 0 ℃. The liquid SO was then slowly added with stirring over a period of 10 minutes 3 (2 molar equivalents) to give complex SO precipitated as white crystals from the mixture 3 -dioxane.
These internal olefins (1 equivalent) are then slowly added to the reaction medium with stirring at a temperature from-5 ℃ to 10 ℃, preferably about 0 ℃ over a period of from 0.3h to 3h, preferably over a period of about 1 hour, and the mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature. During this time, the color of the mixture changed from pale yellow to dark brown, and NMR analysis indicated that the internal olefins had been almost completely completed (about 94% of the olefins were converted to sultone). All volatiles (CHCl) were then removed under vacuum 3 And dioxane).
Then 2.4 equivalents of aqueous NaOH (10 wt%) was added to the residue and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for about 1 hour in order to ensure complete neutralization.
The hydrolysis was then carried out by stirring the resulting reaction mixture overnight at 95 ℃. NMR analysis indicated complete conversion of the sultone to internal olefin sulfonate.
At the end of the process, the amount of water is adjusted so as to achieve an aqueous solution of internal olefin sulfonate having a suitable concentration (e.g. 30 wt%) of active substance.
10-Specific examples of method M
In a first embodiment of the process M according to the invention, when the endo-ketone is reacted by being subjected to a hydrogenation reaction to obtain a secondary alcohol (as in section 9.1), the secondary alcohol thus obtained may be an intermediate, which is then reacted according to a single or multiple reaction scheme which does not involve a dehydration reaction (as in section 9.2) of said internal secondary alcohol into an internal olefin as intermediate or as final compound.
In another embodiment of the process M according to the invention, the final compound is different from the α -sulfocarbonyl compound C1 having formula (1)
Figure BDA0002052754560000591
Alpha-sulfocarbonyl compounds C2 having formula (2)
Figure BDA0002052754560000592
As well as mixtures thereof,
wherein in the above formulae (1) and (2)
■R 1 、R 3 And R is 5 Which may be the same or different at each occurrence, are hydrogen or a straight or branched alkyl chain having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms,
■R 2 and R is 4 Which may be the same or different at each occurrence, are straight or branched alkyl groups having 4 to 24 carbon atoms, and wherein the alkyl chain may contain one or more cycloaliphatic groups, and
■ X is H or a cation forming a salt with a sulfonate group;
valuable compounds preparable by process M
It is a final object of the present invention to provide new valuable compounds which are of particular interest for surfactants.
This last object of the invention is achieved by various compounds, in particular surfactants, which are easy to prepare by the process M described above.
Many of these compounds may be characterized by their double tail or Gemini structure.
Thus, the invention also relates to:
-a compound of formula (III) as described above, in particular a compound of formula (III ') as described above, a compound of formula (III "), a compound of formula (III 3'), a compound of formula (III 4 ') or a compound of formula (III 5');
-a compound of formula (Va) as described previously, a compound of formula (Vb) as described previously, or a mixture thereof;
-a compound of formula (VII) as previously described;
-a compound of formula (VIIIa) as described previously, a compound of formula (VIIIb) as described previously, or a mixture thereof;
-a compound of formula (X) as previously described;
-a compound or mixture of compounds having the general formula (XIa) as described hereinbefore;
-a compound or mixture of compounds having the general formula (XIb) as described previously;
-a compound or mixture of compounds having the general formula (XII) as described previously;
-a compound or mixture of compounds having the general formula (XIIIa) as described hereinbefore;
-a compound or mixture of compounds having the general formula (XIIIb) as described hereinbefore;
-a compound of formula (XIV) as previously described;
-a compound of formula (XVa) as described previously, a compound of formula (XVb) as described previously, or a mixture thereof;
-a compound of formula (XVIa) as described above, a compound of formula (XVIb) as described above, or a mixture thereof;
-a compound of formula (XVIIa) as hereinbefore described;
-a compound of formula (XVIIb) as hereinbefore described;
-a compound of formula (xviia) as described above, a compound of formula (xviib) as described above, or a mixture thereof;
-a compound of formula (XIXa) as described previously, a compound of formula (XIXb) as described previously, or a mixture thereof;
-a compound of formula (XXI) as previously described;
-a compound of formula (XXII) as previously described;
-a compound of formula (XXIV) as previously described;
-a compound of formula (XXV) as previously described;
-a compound of formula (XXVIa) as described previously, a compound of formula (XXVIb) as described previously, or a mixture thereof;
-a compound of formula (XXVIIa) as described previously, a compound of formula (XXVIIb) as described previously, or a mixture thereof;
-a compound of formula (XXVIII) as previously described;
-a compound of formula (XXIX) as previously described;
-a compound of formula (XXXIa) as described above, a compound of formula (XXXIb) as described above, or a mixture thereof;
-a compound of formula (XXXII) as hereinbefore described;
-a compound of formula (XXXIII) as hereinbefore described;
-a compound of formula (XXXIV) as previously described;
-a compound or mixture of compounds having the general formula (XXXV) as described hereinbefore;
-a compound or mixture of compounds having the general formula (XXXVI) as described hereinbefore; and
-a compound or mixture of compounds having the general formula (XXXVII) as described hereinbefore.
Summary of the advantages of the invention
Thus, the process P of the present invention provides for easy availability of endo-ketones. The process P produces the desired ketones in high yields and only small amounts, if any, of undesired by-products are obtained and these ketones can be easily separated from the reaction mixture.
The endo-ketones can be separated from the reaction mixture by a convenient and economical process and the catalytic material can be used for several catalytic cycles without significant deterioration of the catalytic activity.
As fully shown, endo-ketones are versatile starting materials that can be easily converted into a variety of valuable final compounds by method M.
Since the process M of the invention is based on process P, it likewise provides for easier availability of these compounds.
Many of the final compounds obtainable by method M are useful as surfactants.
Many other compounds obtainable by process M can be used as intermediates which can in turn be converted into valuable final compounds such as surfactants.
Examples
Example 1-use of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) From C as catalyst (12.5 mol% Fe) 8 -C 18 Starting synthesis of C from coconut saturated fatty acid fraction 15 -C 35 Ketone fraction.
The reaction was carried out under argon in a 750mL reactor equipped with mechanical stirring, dean-stark apparatus and addition funnel. In this reactor, 9.3g (0.04 mol) of magnetite Fe was distributed 3 O 4 And 200g (0.97 mol) of a coconut saturated fatty acid fraction (having the following distribution: C8:7wt%, C10:8wt%, C12:48wt%, C14:17wt%, C16:10wt%, C18:10 wt%) was introduced into the addition funnel.
A first partial quantity of 50g of fatty acid is added to the reactor and the temperature is brought to T 1 =290℃. The mixture was stirred at this temperature over a period of 4 hours. During this time, the color of the medium turns black and H is formed 2 O. FTIR analysis of the crude mixture showed complete formation of the intermediate iron carboxylate complex.
Then the temperature is increased to T 2 =330 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at this temperature during 2 hours. During this time, these intermediate iron carboxylate complexes decompose into fatty ketones, iron oxide and CO 2 . The remaining fatty acid (150 g) was slowly introduced into the reactor at a flow rate that allowed the concentration of fatty acid in the reaction medium to remain very low (e.g., where the addition rate was about 25g fatty acid/hr) so that the temperature of the reaction medium did not drop below 320 ℃.
In practice, this is done by continuously slowly adding (1 hour per addition) 3 parts of 50g of molten fatty acid, with stirring at 330 ℃ for 1 hour between each addition.
At the end of the last addition, the crude medium was stirred at 330 ℃ during 2 hours and the progress of the reaction was monitored by FTIR. When the reaction was complete (no iron complex was detected by FTIR anymore), the mixture was allowed to cool at room temperature and 400mL of CHCl was added to the crude medium 3 . The mixture was stirred at 40 ℃ to dissolve the product. The obtained suspension was filtered on a silica gel plug (400 g), and eluted with 3L chloroform. Evaporation of the solvent provided 160g (0.456 mol) of product C as analytically pure white wax 15 -C 35 Ketone (94% isolated yield).
Example 2-use of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) As catalyst (iron metal: carboxylic acid equivalent molar ratio, 1.2:22.1 or 5.4 mol%) from C 8 -C 18 Starting synthesis of C from coconut saturated fatty acid fraction 15 -C 35 Ketone fraction.
Under an inert atmosphere, in a reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer and designed to remove the gases (H) 2 O and CO 2 ) The reaction was carried out in a 7.5L INOX 316L jacketed reactor. The reactor was connected via insulated tubing to a heated glass vessel containing 4093g (19.7 moles) of coconut saturated fatAcid fraction C 8 -C 18 (having the following composition: C8:7.7wt%, C10:6.2wt%, C12:48.4wt%, C14:18.2wt%, C16:9.1wt%, C18:9.9wt%).
93g of magnetite Fe 3 O 4 (0.4 mol) followed by 503g (2.4 mol) of saturated fatty acid C 8 -C 18 Is added directly to the reactor. The temperature of the medium in the reactor was progressively increased to t1=290 ℃, and the mixture was allowed to stir (140 rpm) during 4 hours 00 minutes until complete disappearance of the fatty acid was observed by FTIR and an intermediate iron carboxylate complex was formed. Water production was observed during this step. The temperature in the reactor was then progressively increased to t2=310 ℃, and stirred at this temperature during 2 hours 00 minutes, in order to decompose the intermediate iron carboxylate complex into ketone, CO 2 And iron oxide. The remaining molten fatty acid (4093 g) contained in the bottle was then slowly added to the reactor (due to the slight overpressure maintained in the bottle) at a flow rate that allowed the reaction medium temperature to remain slightly above 310 ℃ (310 ℃ -315 ℃) and avoided accumulation of fatty acid within the reactor (which could be easily checked by regular FTIR analysis). In practice, this has been achieved with a total addition duration of 14 hours and 30 minutes.
At the end of the addition, the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 310 ℃ during an additional 5 hours 00 minutes until complete disappearance of the intermediate iron carboxylate complex was observed by FTIR.
When the reaction was complete, the mixture was allowed to cool at 80 ℃ and the crude product was removed from the reactor, cooled at room temperature and crushed into a powder.
The product obtained was dissolved in 25L of CH 2 Cl 2 And the resulting suspension is filtered to remove insoluble iron oxide.
Using H 2 SO 4 The filtrate is washed several times in order to remove soluble iron species from the product. The organic phase was dried, filtered, and the solvent evaporated under vacuum to provide 3750g (10.6 moles) of analytically pure product fatty ketone as dark brown wax (95%) Isolated yield).
The description should take precedence if the disclosure of any patent, patent application, or publication incorporated by reference into this application conflicts with the description of the application to the extent that the term "unclear".

Claims (34)

1. A process P for decarboxylated ketonization of fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives or mixtures thereof in the liquid phase using a metal compound as catalyst, characterized in that,
a) In a first step, elemental metal or metal compound and at least one fatty acid, at least one fatty acid derivative or a mixture thereof are combined as a metal: the molar ratio of carboxyl equivalents is from 1:0.8 to 1:3.5 and is mixed substantially without added solvent at a temperature T strictly above 270℃and strictly below 300 ℃ 1 The reaction is carried out for a period of time P ranging from 5min to 24h 1 The mixture comprising at least 10mol% of fatty acids having 12 or less carbon atoms or derivatives of fatty acids having 12 or less carbon atoms, based on the total amount of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives, and
b) Thereafter, the temperature is raised to a temperature T ranging from 300 ℃ to 400 DEG C 2 And in a period of time P from 5min to 24h substantially without added solvent 2 Adding additional fatty acid, fatty acid derivative or mixture thereof until the molar ratio of fatty acid, fatty acid derivative or mixture thereof to metal is in the range of from 6:1 to 99:1, the mixture comprising at least 10 mole% of fatty acid having 12 or less carbon atoms or derivative of such fatty acid, based on the total amount of fatty acid or fatty acid derivative, wherein said fatty acid refers to carboxylic acid having at least 4 carbon atoms,
wherein the catalyst is selected from iron oxide or magnesium oxide.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the iron oxide is selected from the group consisting of iron (II) oxide, iron (III) oxide, or mixtures thereof.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the iron oxide is selected from the group consisting of Fe 3 O 4 、Fe 2 O 3 Or a mixture thereof.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the iron oxide is selected from magnetite.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature T 1 From 272℃to 298 ℃.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature T 1 From 275℃to 295 ℃.
7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein,
temperature T 1 Is from 275 ℃ to 295 ℃,
-period of time P 1 Is from 5min to 360min, and
-period of time P 2 Is from 15min to 18h.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the temperature T 1 From 280℃to 295 ℃.
9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the temperature T 2 Is in the range from 305 ℃ and up to 380 ℃.
10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the difference in temperature T2-T1 is in the range from 15 ℃ to 50 ℃.
11. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein water formed during the reaction is continuously removed from the reaction mixture.
12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein step a) is inA temperature T of from 280℃to 295 DEG C 1 The duration of time is from 15min to 360min, and the fatty acid, fatty acid derivative or mixture thereof in step b) is carried out for a period of time P from 2 hours to 16 hours 2 And (5) adding internally.
13. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein fatty acid derivatives selected from esters and anhydrides are used as starting materials.
14. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein one and only one fatty acid is used as starting material.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein one and only one decanoic acid or lauric acid is used as starting material.
16. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein a fatty acid fraction is used as starting material.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the acid fraction is a coconut oil fatty acid fraction.
18. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the temperature has been raised to T 2 After and after the additional fatty acid, fatty acid derivative or mixture thereof is added during period P 2 Before internal addition, the temperature is maintained for a period of time P ranging from 30min to 300min 12 During which the temperature T is maintained 2 。
19. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the additional fatty acid, fatty acid derivative or mixture thereof has been added during period P 2 After the internal addition, the temperature is maintained for a period of time P ranging from 30min to 300min 23 During which the temperature T is maintained 2 。
20. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein at the end of step b) the metal compounds are separated from the products using conventional techniques and then recycled for conversion of another batch of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives or mixtures thereof comprising at least 10mol% of fatty acids having 12 or less carbon atoms or derivatives of such fatty acids, based on the total amount of fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives.
21. A process M for preparing at least one final compound from at least one endo-ne, said process M comprising:
synthesis of the endo-ketone by the method P according to any one of claims 1 to 20, and
reacting the endo-ketone according to a single or multiple chemical reaction scheme involving at least one reagent other than the endo-ketone, wherein at least one product of the chemical reaction scheme is a final compound that does not further cause chemical conversion to another compound,
wherein the endo-ketone is reacted directly with at least one reagent selected from ammonia, primary or secondary amines, at least one aldehyde with ammonia or with a mixture of at least one primary or secondary amine and an alkylating agent,
wherein the final compound is selected from the group consisting of a two-tailed primary, secondary or tertiary amine, the two-tailed tertiary amine itself being substituted with one or two primary, secondary or tertiary amino groups, an endo-monoamine and an endo-diamine.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the endo-monoamine and endo-diamine are selected from amine Gemini compounds.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the endo-monoamine and endo-diamine have a central carbonyl group.
24. The method of claim 21, wherein the final compound is selected from the group consisting of (poly) aminocarboxylate biptail amines, biptail quaternary ammonium salts, endone mono-quaternary ammonium salts, endone di-quaternary ammonium salts, amino oxide biptail amines, amino oxide Gemini compounds, di-or disulfobetaine biptail amines, and betaine or sulfobetaine Gemini compounds.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the endo-di-quaternary ammonium salt is selected from quaternary ammonium salt Gemini compounds.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the endo-di-quaternary ammonium salt has a central carbonyl group.
27. The method of claim 24, wherein the amino oxide Gemini compound has a central carbonyl group.
28. A method according to claim 24, wherein the di-or disulfo-betaine di-tail amine and betaine or sulfobetaine Gemini compound have a central hydroxyl group.
29. A process M for preparing at least one final compound from at least one endo-ne, said process M comprising:
synthesis of the endo-ketone by the method P according to any one of claims 1 to 20, and
reacting the endo-ketone according to a single or multiple chemical reaction scheme involving at least one reagent other than the endo-ketone, wherein at least one product of the chemical reaction scheme is a final compound that does not further cause chemical conversion to another compound, wherein the endo-ketone is reacted directly with at least one reagent selected from the group consisting of diesters derived from tartaric acid, phenol and other aromatic mono-or polyols, formaldehyde, pentaerythritol, acrylate derivatives and hydrogen,
Wherein the final compound is selected from dicarboxylic acid salt derivatives, nonionic surfactants having a Gemini structure and ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein the final compound has a two-tailed structure.
31. The method of claim 29, wherein the final compound has a Gemini structure.
32. A process M for preparing at least one final compound from at least one endo-ne, said process M comprising:
synthesis of the endo-ketone by the method P according to any one of claims 1 to 20, and
reacting the endo-ketone according to a single or multiple chemical reaction scheme involving at least one reagent other than the endo-ketone, wherein at least one product of the chemical reaction scheme is a final compound that does not further cause chemical conversion to another compound,
wherein the endo-ketone is subjected to a hydrogenation reaction to produce a secondary fatty alcohol.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the secondary fatty alcohol is further converted to an internal olefin by a dehydration reaction.
34. The process according to claim 33, wherein the internal olefin obtained after the dehydration is sulphonated, followed by a base hydrolysis to obtain an internal olefin sulphonate.
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R. Klimkiewicz."Oil Industry Waste as a Basis for Synthesis of New Type Surfactants".《Polish Journal of Environmental Studies》.2001,第337页摘要. *

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