CN109866655B - Control method of distributed battery pack balance control system - Google Patents

Control method of distributed battery pack balance control system Download PDF

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CN109866655B
CN109866655B CN201910238582.XA CN201910238582A CN109866655B CN 109866655 B CN109866655 B CN 109866655B CN 201910238582 A CN201910238582 A CN 201910238582A CN 109866655 B CN109866655 B CN 109866655B
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battery
voltage
battery pack
lithium battery
soc
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续丹
毛景禄
郑惠文
周佳辉
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Xian Jiaotong University
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility

Abstract

The invention discloses a control method of a distributed battery pack equalization control system, which adopts a battery pack structure with distributed energy storage of single battery power modules connected in series, converts equalization control of in-pack equalization and inter-pack equalization in a traditional battery pack into the uniform equalization control of the single battery power modules through the uniform control of the single battery power modules, reduces the complexity of the battery pack equalization system, designs a weight factor of the battery pack equalization according to terminal voltage, capacity and SOC (state of charge) parameters of single lithium batteries based on a power distribution concept, realizes the battery pack equalization by adjusting the charging/discharging rate of the single lithium battery terminals, eliminates power loss caused by the energy transfer process of the single batteries in the traditional battery pack equalization, and improves the battery energy utilization rate in the battery pack.

Description

Control method of distributed battery pack balance control system
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of battery energy storage, and particularly relates to a distributed battery pack balance control system and a control method thereof.
Background
Because the double crisis of environment and energy is continuously deepened, energy conservation and environmental protection become important topics for the development of human society, and the traditional fuel automobile is gradually replaced by a new energy automobile represented by a pure electric automobile. Because the lithium battery has the characteristics of high working voltage, high specific energy and long cycle life, the lithium battery is generally used as a main power energy source by a new energy automobile mainly comprising a pure electric automobile.
At present, in order to meet the requirement of large voltage and large power of an electric automobile, the electric automobile usually adopts a large number of single lithium batteries to carry out series-parallel connection in various forms to form a battery pack for supplying power, but due to the difference of the lithium batteries in the production process, the storage condition and the use process, the situation that the charging and discharging degrees of individual batteries in the battery pack are inconsistent can be caused. Such inconsistencies may result in overshoot/overdischarge of individual lithium cells within the battery pack, shortening the life of the battery. Therefore, the design of a battery pack balance control strategy reduces the inconsistency among the single batteries, and has very important significance for prolonging the service life of the batteries.
At present, the traditional battery pack balance mainly adopts a circuit which is formed by connecting single lithium batteries in series and parallel and is actively controlled in a balanced mode, and a battery management system monitors the single lithium batteries in real time to implement the balanced control of the battery pack. However, the conventional battery pack equalization control adopts a complex equalization control form of intra-pack equalization and inter-pack equalization, wherein the intra-pack equalization of the battery pack realizes the equalization in the battery pack through the battery energy transfer among the single batteries, inevitably causes power loss caused by a transfer path delay, and reduces the battery energy utilization rate of the battery pack. In order to eliminate the disadvantage of power loss in the conventional equalization control and reduce the complexity of the conventional equalization control system, a new battery pack structure and a simple and feasible equalization control scheme need to be designed.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the traditional battery pack balance control, the invention designs a distributed battery pack balance control system and a control method thereof. The invention realizes the equalization of the battery pack by adjusting the charging/discharging rate of the single lithium battery terminal, eliminates the power loss caused by the energy transfer process of the single battery in the equalization of the traditional battery pack, and improves the energy utilization rate of the battery in the battery pack.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a distributed battery pack balance control system is characterized by comprising N single battery power modules, N fault switches and a central controller, wherein the output ends of the battery power modules are connected in series to provide output voltage and output power for a direct current bus and a load end; each battery power supply module comprises a single lithium battery, a DC-DC converter and a microprocessor which are connected in sequence; the central processor sends control instructions to the microprocessors through load requirements and monitoring of the charging and discharging degrees of the battery pack, the input ends of the microprocessors receive the instructions of the central processor, the output ends of the microprocessors are connected with the input end of the PWM driver to provide duty ratios for the input end of the PWM driver, and the PWM output ends of the microprocessors are connected with the input end of the DC-DC converter to control the DC-DC converter.
Preferably, each DC-DC converter is composed of two thyristor switches, an inductor and a capacitor, and the PWM output terminal is connected to the input terminal of the DC-DC converter to input two complementary PWM signals into the two thyristor switches respectively to control the DC-DC converter.
A control method of a distributed battery pack balance control system comprises the following steps:
step 1, estimating the SOC value of each single lithium battery in a battery pack on line by using an extended Kalman algorithm;
step 2, the central processor collects the SOC and terminal voltage of the single lithium battery and sends the SOC and terminal voltage to the microprocessor according to a designed weight factor based on a power distribution idea;
and 3, receiving the weight factor by the microprocessor, outputting the duty ratio to the DC-DC converter through voltage regulation control, and controlling the output voltage of the single battery power supply module, so that the charging/discharging rate of the single lithium battery is controlled, and the balance of the battery pack is realized.
Preferably, step 1 comprises the steps of:
step 11: establishing equivalent circuit battery model
Figure GDA0002471814290000031
Figure GDA0002471814290000032
Where T is the sampling time, η is the transfer efficiency, R0、RpAnd CpInternal resistance, polarization resistance and polarization capacitance, W, of the cell modelkAnd VkRespectively, process noise and measurement noise of the system;
step 12: collecting terminal voltage of a single lithium battery;
step 13: SOC of single lithium battery is estimated on line by adopting extended Kalman filtering method
Figure GDA0002471814290000033
Wherein
Figure GDA0002471814290000034
C＝(a1) D＝R0uk＝I(t) yk＝Vcell-b，
a. b is the coefficient in the battery open circuit voltage and SOC piecewise function, VcellIs the terminal voltage of the battery, I (t) isOutput current at battery terminal, R0、RPAnd CPRespectively the internal resistance, polarization resistance and polarization capacitance of the battery model, T is the sampling time, CnFor nominal capacity of the battery, Q, R are covariance matrices of process noise and measurement noise, respectively, I is an identity matrix, KkIs a kalman gain matrix.
Preferably, step 2 comprises the steps of:
step 21: collecting terminal voltage of a single lithium battery;
step 22: collecting SOC of the single lithium battery estimated on line;
step 23: terminal voltage, nominal capacity and SOC (System on chip) parameters of the single lithium battery are used as variables to design a weight factor relational expression:
ωi＝SOCi·Vcell,i·Qi·σi
wherein ω isiIs a weighting factor. SOCiIs the SOC estimated value, V, of each single lithium batterycell,iTerminal voltage sigma of each single lithium batteryiIs a safety parameter of a lithium battery cell, represents the health state of the lithium battery cell, has a value of 0 or 1, and has sigma in a safety stateiWhen 1, wheniAnd when the value is 0, the corresponding single lithium battery is disconnected in the battery pack.
Preferably, step 3 comprises the steps of:
step 31: load voltage VbusAssigning a weight factor omega by an output voltageiDeriving an output reference voltage V of the battery power supply moduledc,i-ref；
M＝ω1+ω2+…+ωN
Figure GDA0002471814290000041
Wherein, ω isiAssigning a weight factor, V, to the output voltagebusTo the terminal voltage of the load, Vdc,i-refIs the output reference voltage of the battery power module.
Step 32: adopting a voltage and current double closed loop control loop to obtain V according to calculationdc,i-refOutput voltage V to battery power moduledc,iAnd performing voltage stabilization control.
Preferably, in step 3, voltage and current double closed loop control is adopted to output voltage V by the single battery power module capacitordc,iAs input signal to the voltage loop, its output value Ii-refAs current input signals, the duty ratio D of the corresponding boost converter is obtained through PI control of a double closed loopi。
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical effects:
the invention adopts a distributed energy storage battery pack structure with single battery power modules connected in series, converts the balance control of the in-pack balance and the inter-pack balance in the traditional battery pack into the uniform balance control of the single battery power modules through the uniform control of the single battery power modules, reduces the complexity of a battery pack balance system, designs a weight factor for battery pack balance according to terminal voltage, capacity and SOC parameters of single lithium batteries based on a power distribution idea, realizes the battery pack balance by adjusting the charging/discharging rate of the single lithium battery terminals, eliminates the power loss caused in the energy transfer process of the single batteries in the traditional battery pack in-pack balance, and improves the energy utilization rate of the batteries in the battery pack. The method has the following specific advantages:
1. the invention adopts a distributed structure of the series connection of the single battery power supply modules, changes the balance control form of the group internal balance and the group balance in the traditional battery pack by the uniform balance control of the single battery power supply modules, and reduces the complexity of the battery pack balance system;
2. according to the balance weight factor, the charging/discharging rate of each single lithium battery in the battery pack can be automatically adjusted, energy loss caused by energy transfer among the single lithium batteries in the balance in the traditional battery pack is eliminated, and the energy utilization rate of the battery pack is improved;
3. the concept of single battery modularization is adopted, so that the expansion of the battery pack and the replacement of damaged batteries in the battery pack are facilitated.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a structural view of a distributed battery pack according to the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic view illustrating the equalization control of the battery pack according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the CPU control of the present invention
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a microprocessor control according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of simulation results of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the object and technical solution of the present invention more clear and definite, the following describes the battery pack balancing control of the present invention in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings:
as shown in fig. 1, the distributed battery pack equalization control system of the present invention includes N single battery power modules, N fault switches, and a central controller, wherein output terminals of the battery power modules are connected in series; each battery power module adopts the concept of a modularized battery power and consists of 1 single lithium battery, 1 DC-DC converter and 1 microprocessor. Wherein each DC-DC converter consists of 2 thyristor switches 1 inductor and 1 inductor.
Specifically, a single lithium battery is used as a power battery unit and is connected with a fault switch, a DC-DC converter and a microprocessor to form a battery power supply module, and each DC-DC converter consists of 2 MOSFET switches, 1 inductor and 1 capacitor. The output ends of the single battery power supply modules are connected in series, so that higher output voltage and output power are provided for the direct current bus and the load end. The central processor sends control instructions to the microprocessors through load requirements and monitoring of the charging and discharging degrees of the battery pack, the input ends of the microprocessors receive the instructions of the central processor, the output ends of the microprocessors are connected with the input end of the PWM driver to provide duty ratios for the PWM driver, and the PWM output ends are connected with the input end of the DC-DC converter (two complementary PWM signals are respectively input into 2 MOSFETs) to control the DC-DC converter.
As shown in fig. 2, the present invention further provides a distributed battery pack balancing control method, which includes the following steps:
step 1, estimating SOC of a single lithium battery on line;
step 2, the central processor controls the design;
and 3, controlling and designing by the microprocessor.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the equalization control of the battery pack. The SOC value of each single lithium battery in the battery pack is estimated on line by using an extended Kalman algorithm, the central processor acquires the SOC and terminal voltage of each single lithium battery, sends the SOC and terminal voltage to the microprocessor according to a designed weight factor based on a power distribution idea, receives the weight factor, outputs a duty ratio to the DC-DC converter through voltage regulation control, and controls the output voltage of the power supply module of each single lithium battery, so that the charging/discharging rate of each single lithium battery is controlled, and the balance of the battery pack is realized. The preferable specific process of step 1 comprises:
step 11: establishing equivalent circuit battery model
Figure GDA0002471814290000061
Figure GDA0002471814290000071
Where T is the sampling time, η is the transfer efficiency, R0、RpAnd CpThe internal resistance, the polarization resistance and the polarization capacitance of the battery model are respectively. WkAnd VkRespectively process noise and measurement noise of the system.
Step 12: collecting terminal voltage of a single lithium battery;
step 13: SOC of single lithium battery is estimated on line by adopting extended Kalman filtering method
Figure GDA0002471814290000072
Wherein
Figure GDA0002471814290000073
C＝(a 1) D＝R0uk＝I(t) yk＝Vcell-b；
a. b is battery open circuit voltage and SOC segmentationCoefficient in function, VcellIs the battery terminal voltage, I (t) is the battery terminal output current, R0、RPAnd CPRespectively the internal resistance, polarization resistance and polarization capacitance of the battery model, T is the sampling time, CnFor nominal capacity of the battery, Q, R are covariance matrices of process noise and measurement noise, respectively, I is an identity matrix, KkIs a kalman gain matrix.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of central processor control. The central processor generates terminal voltage V related to the single lithium battery according to the power distribution concept and in order to meet the battery pack balance targetcell,iWeighting factors for battery equalization of parameters such as capacity Q, SOC are shown in FIG. 3, ωi＝SOCi·Vcell,i·Qi·σi，SOCiIs the SOC estimated value, V, of each single lithium batterycell,iTerminal voltage sigma of each single lithium batteryiIs a safety parameter of a lithium battery cell, represents the health state of the lithium battery cell, has a value of 0 or 1, and has sigma in a safety stateiWhen 1, wheniWhen the value is 0, the corresponding single lithium battery is disconnected from the battery pack. The preferable step 2 of the control design specific process of the central processor comprises the following steps:
step 21: collecting terminal voltage of a single lithium battery;
step 22: collecting SOC of the single lithium battery estimated on line;
step 23: terminal voltage, nominal capacity and SOC (System on chip) parameters of the single lithium battery are used as variables to design a weight factor relational expression:
ωi＝SOCi·Vcell,i·Qi·σi
wherein ω isiIs a weighting factor. SOCiIs the SOC estimated value, V, of each single lithium batterycell,iTerminal voltage sigma of each single lithium batteryiIs a safety parameter of a lithium battery cell, represents the health state of the lithium battery cell, has a value of 0 or 1, and has sigma in a safety stateiWhen 1, wheniAnd when the value is 0, the corresponding single lithium battery is disconnected in the battery pack.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the microprocessor control, the microprocessor receivingWeight factor generation V of central processor through voltage distribution controldc,i-refThe output voltage V of the single battery power module is controlled by adopting current and voltage double closed loopsdc,iAnd (6) carrying out adjustment. Voltage and current double closed-loop control is adopted, and voltage V is output by a single battery power module capacitordc,iAs input signal to the voltage loop, its output value Ii-refAs current input signals, the duty ratio D of the corresponding boost converter is obtained through PI control of a double closed loopi. It should be noted that when a boost DC-DC converter is employed, due to DiGreater than or equal to 0, and limiting Vdc,i-ref≤Vcell,iAnd preventing overshoot control of the boost DC-DC converter, Vdc,i-ref≤5Vcell,i. When a step-down DC-DC converter is employed, the setting of the duty cycle range can be omitted.
The preferable step 3 microprocessor control design specific process comprises:
step 31: load voltage VbusAssigning a weight factor omega by a designed output voltageiDeriving an output reference voltage V of the battery power supply moduledc,i-ref。
M＝ω1+ω2+…+ωN
Figure GDA0002471814290000081
Wherein, ω isiAssigning a weight factor, V, to the output voltagebusTo the terminal voltage of the load, Vdc,i-refIs the output reference voltage of the battery power module.
Step 32: adopting a voltage and current double closed loop control loop to obtain V according to calculationdc,i-refOutput voltage V to battery power moduledc,iAnd performing voltage stabilization control.
Fig. 5 is a variation curve of each single lithium battery in the battery pack obtained according to the proposed battery pack balancing control scheme, and it can be found from the diagram that the SOC of each single lithium battery in the battery pack is continuously close in the balancing process, so that the SOC inconsistency of the single lithium batteries in the battery pack is effectively ensured, and the balancing of the battery pack is finally achieved.
The above is a detailed description of the present invention with reference to specific preferred embodiments, and it should not be considered that the present invention is limited to the specific embodiments, but that the present invention can be easily derived or substituted by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and all of them should be considered as falling within the scope of the patent protection defined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims (2)

1. A control method of a distributed battery pack balance control system is characterized in that the system comprises N single battery power modules, N fault switches and a central controller, wherein output ends of the battery power modules are connected in series to provide output voltage and output power for a direct current bus and a load end; each battery power supply module comprises a single lithium battery, a DC-DC converter and a microprocessor which are connected in sequence; the central processor sends control instructions to the microprocessors through load requirements and monitoring of the charging and discharging degrees of the battery pack, the input end of each microprocessor receives the instructions of the central processor, the output end of each microprocessor is connected with the input end of the PWM driver to provide duty ratio for the input end of the PWM driver, and the PWM output end of each microprocessor is connected with the input end of the DC-DC converter to control the DC-DC converter;
the control method comprises the following steps:
step 1, estimating the SOC value of each single lithium battery in a battery pack on line by using an extended Kalman algorithm;
step 2, the central processor collects the SOC and terminal voltage of the single lithium battery and sends the SOC and terminal voltage to the microprocessor according to a designed weight factor based on a power distribution idea;
step 3, the microprocessor receives the weight factor, outputs duty ratio to the DC-DC converter through voltage regulation control, and controls the output voltage of the single battery power supply module, thereby controlling the charging/discharging rate of the single lithium battery and realizing the balance of the battery pack;
step 11: establishing equivalent circuit battery model
Figure FDA0002458164870000011
Figure FDA0002458164870000012
Where T is the sampling time, η is the transfer efficiency, R0、RpAnd CpInternal resistance, polarization resistance and polarization capacitance, W, of the cell modelkAnd VkRespectively, process noise and measurement noise of the system;
step 12: collecting terminal voltage of a single lithium battery;
step 13: SOC of single lithium battery is estimated on line by adopting extended Kalman filtering method
Figure FDA0002458164870000021
Wherein
Figure FDA0002458164870000022
C＝(a 1)D＝R0uk＝I(t) yk＝Vcell-b，
a. b is the coefficient in the battery open circuit voltage and SOC piecewise function, VcellIs the battery terminal voltage, I (t) is the battery terminal output current, R0、RPAnd CPRespectively the internal resistance, polarization resistance and polarization capacitance of the battery model, T is the sampling time, CnFor nominal capacity of the battery, Q, R are covariance matrices of process noise and measurement noise, respectively, I is an identity matrix, KkIs a Kalman gain matrix;
the step 2 comprises the following steps:
step 21: collecting terminal voltage of a single lithium battery;
step 22: collecting SOC of the single lithium battery estimated on line;
step 23: terminal voltage, nominal capacity and SOC (System on chip) parameters of the single lithium battery are used as variables to design a weight factor relational expression:
ωi＝SOCi·Vcell,i·Qi·σi
wherein ω isiIs a weight factor; SOCiIs the SOC estimated value, V, of each single lithium batterycell,iTerminal voltage sigma of each single lithium batteryiIs a safety parameter of a lithium battery cell, represents the health state of the lithium battery cell, has a value of 0 or 1, and has sigma in a safety stateiWhen 1, wheniWhen the battery pack is equal to 0, the corresponding single lithium battery is disconnected;
the step 3 comprises the following steps:
step 31: load voltage VbusAssigning a weight factor omega by an output voltageiDeriving an output reference voltage V of the battery power supply moduledc,i-ref；
M＝ω1+ω2+...+ωN
Figure FDA0002458164870000031
Wherein, ω isiAssigning a weight factor, V, to the output voltagebusTo the terminal voltage of the load, Vdc,i-refIs the output reference voltage of the battery power module;
step 32: adopting a voltage and current double closed loop control loop to obtain V according to calculationdc,i-refOutput voltage V to battery power moduledc,iCarrying out voltage stabilization control;
in step 3, voltage and current double closed loop control is adopted, and voltage V is output by a single battery power supply module capacitordc,iAs input signal to the voltage loop, its output value Ii-refAs current input signals, the duty ratio D of the corresponding boost converter is obtained through PI control of a double closed loopi。
2. The control method of claim 1, wherein each DC-DC converter comprises two thyristor switches, an inductor and a capacitor, and the PWM output terminal is connected to the input terminal of the DC-DC converter to input two complementary PWM signals into the two thyristor switches respectively for controlling the DC-DC converter.
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