CN109794603B - Powder and binder for three-dimensional printing by 3DP method and forming process - Google Patents
Powder and binder for three-dimensional printing by 3DP method and forming process Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of powder materials and 3D printing, in particular to powder and a binder for 3DP method three-dimensional printing and a forming process, wherein the preparation steps of the powder are as follows: taking metal powder with the particle size of 15-45 mu m as a matrix, adding polyvinyl alcohol powder with the particle size of 120-300 meshes and starch with the particle size of 5-20 mu m, and uniformly mixing the powder by using a three-dimensional mixer to obtain powder; the preparation process of the adhesive is as follows: adding an ethanol solution and dissolved polyvinylpyrrolidone powder into distilled water serving as a matrix solution, wherein the volume ratio of the distilled water to the ethanol is 9:1, and the mass fraction of polyvinylpyrrolidone in the mixed solution of the distilled water and the ethanol is 0.1-0.3%; spraying a binder to the prepared powder by a 3DP method three-dimensional printing method to print the powder into a three-dimensional primary blank, and drying, removing powder, debonding and sintering to obtain a finished piece; the powder and the binder for three-dimensional printing by the 3DP method provided by the invention effectively make up for the defects of poor cohesiveness and poor fluidity of the powder and the binder for three-dimensional printing by the existing 3DP method to a certain extent.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of powder materials and 3D printing, in particular to powder and a binder for three-dimensional printing by a 3DP method and a forming process.
Background
At present, 3D printing technology is rapidly developing. Among them, the 3DP method three-dimensional printing technology has become one of the most active rapid forming technologies with the advantages of low equipment cost, low energy consumption, rapid forming speed, etc. However, the process of the 3DP method three-dimensional printing technology in the aspect of metal piece preparation is not mature, and the precision and the material compactness of the finished piece are not high.
The 3DP method three-dimensional printing is a rapid prototyping technique for stacking powder layer by layer into a desired three-dimensional solid by spraying a binder. The existing 3DP method three-dimensional printing forming methods mainly comprise two types, wherein the first type adopts a bonding agent with bonding effect to directly bond a powder material for forming, the process of the method is relatively simple, but the nozzle is easily blocked due to the high viscosity of the bonding agent; the second type is that some sticky powder which can produce binding effect is added into the forming material powder, and water-based binder is correspondingly sprayed on the mixed powder to make the sticky powder bind the forming material powder, in this way, because the viscosity of the binder is small, the fluidity and permeability are good, the nozzle is not easy to block, but the powder mixing step is added, the density, fluidity and other properties of the mixed powder are different from those of the original powder, and the purity of the final product can be influenced if the added components are not removed completely.
In addition, after the blank is obtained by three-dimensional printing through the process of the 3DP method, the blank is usually required to be debonded and sintered to obtain a product with certain density and strength, but voids are increased after debonding of the blank, and a considerable portion of voids still exist after sintering, so that the process is not favorable for obtaining a product with high density.
Therefore, the selection of the forming material and the binder of the 3DP method for three-dimensional printing and the difference of the post-treatment process influence the performance of the final product, and the success or failure of the forming technology is determined to a great extent.
The Chinese published patent application CN106077605A aims to obtain 3D printing powder and a 3D printing method. The 3D printing powder comprises stainless steel powder and ferric hydroxide powder dispersed in the stainless steel powder. A 3D printing method comprising the steps of: a. the 3D printing powder is used as molding powder, and binder micro-droplets are sprayed layer by a micro-droplet spraying and bonding method to mold and stack the 3D printing powder layer by layer, so that a 3D printing blank body is formed; b. and degreasing and sintering the 3D printing blank in a reducing atmosphere to obtain a 3D printing product. The invention can obviously reduce the manufacturing cost of the product on the premise of ensuring the compactness of the 3D printing product.
The powder and the binder for the existing 3DP method three-dimensional printing provided by the prior art can obviously reduce the manufacturing cost of products on the premise of ensuring the compactness of 3D printed products, but also have the defects of poor cohesiveness and poor flowability.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a powder material and a binder for three-dimensional printing by a 3DP method and a forming process. The technical scheme provided by the invention can make up for the defects of poor cohesiveness and poor fluidity existing in the existing preparation process of the powder and the binder for three-dimensional printing by the 3DP method to a certain extent.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
a3 DP method three-dimensional printing powder and adhesive and a forming process thereof comprise the following steps:
(1) the raw materials used by the 3DP method three-dimensional printing method comprise powder and a binder;
(2) spraying a binder to the powder by a 3DP method to print a three-dimensional primary blank;
(3) drying the printing primary blank in the powder bed in a drying oven at 60 ℃ for 2h, taking out and removing powder to obtain a printing blank;
(4) and (3) performing debonding and sintering on the printing blank, wherein the debonding temperature is 500 ℃, and the sintering temperature is more than or equal to 950, and finally obtaining the metal product.
Preferably, the technological specifications of the de-bonding and sintering in the step (4) are respectively set according to a TG-DTA curve of the binder and a melting point of the metal powder, the sintering atmosphere is selected according to the type of the metal powder, and the specific technological specifications are as follows: putting the printing blank into a sintering furnace, heating the printing blank from room temperature to 240 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 1 h; then heating to 320 ℃ at the speed of 1 ℃/min, and preserving the heat for 1 h; raising the temperature to 500 ℃ at the speed of 2 ℃/min, and preserving the temperature for 1h to finish the debonding process; and then the temperature is increased to the temperature close to the melting point of the used metal at the speed of 10 ℃/min, the temperature is kept for 1h, the sintering process is completed, and the printing part is obtained.
Preferably, the high-strength high-toughness 3DP method three-dimensional printing powder and the binder are composed of the following elements in percentage by weight: c: 2.7%, Si: 2.2%, Mn: 0.55%, Cr: 1.4%, Al: 0.07%, Be: 0.008%, Cu: 0.07%, B: 0.003%, Zn: 0.25%, Mg: 0.035%, P is less than or equal to 0.05%, S is less than or equal to 0.05%, and the balance is Fe.
Preferably, the preparation method of the powder comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of taking metal powder with the particle size of 15-45 mu m as a substrate, adding polyvinyl alcohol powder with the particle size of 120-300 meshes and starch with the particle size of 5-20 mu m into the substrate, and uniformly mixing the powder by using a three-dimensional mixer to obtain powder, wherein the mass ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol powder to the starch is 2.5: 1-12.5: 1, and the mass ratio of the sum of the polyvinyl alcohol powder and the starch to the metal powder is 1: 9-1: 6.
Preferably, the metal powder is metal powder with high sphericity such as stainless steel powder, titanium powder or nickel powder.
Preferably, the polyvinyl alcohol powder is in a flake shape, and the starch is in a spherical shape.
Preferably, the preparation method of the adhesive comprises the following steps: and (3) adding ethanol and dissolved polyvinylpyrrolidone powder into distilled water serving as a matrix solution, and uniformly mixing to obtain the binder.
The specific reaction of polyvinyl alcohol and starch in the 3D printing, debonding and sintering process generates superheated steam and carbon dioxide, and the reaction process is as follows:
(CH2CHOH)n+O2→CH3COOH+CH3CHO+CH3CH＝CHCHO+H2O
CH3COOH+O2→CO2+H2O
CH3CHO+O2→CO2+H2O
CH3CH＝CHCHO+O2→CO2+H2O
(C6H10O5)n+O2→CO2+H2O
by adopting the technical scheme, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention has the characteristics of low cost, simple operation, energy saving and environmental protection; the powder material takes metal powder such as stainless steel as a matrix, polyvinyl alcohol and starch are added, the additives are micro-nano powder with small size, the toxicity and the pollution are avoided, the dosage is strictly controlled, the pores of the metal powder can be filled, the influence on the overall fluidity of the metal powder can be reduced, the volume ratio of the added powder to the metal powder is close to 1:1 due to the strict control of the dosage, the powder can be fully mixed, the printing quality is improved, and the phenomena of insufficient bonding strength and the like caused by too much added powder and too little added powder due to printing warpage can be avoided. The binder is prepared by adding polyvinylpyrrolidone into a mixed solution of distilled water and ethanol, the addition of ethanol can improve the surface tension and viscosity of the solution, the polyvinylpyrrolidone can increase the fluidity of the solution, and the use amounts of ethanol and polyvinylpyrrolidone are strictly controlled, so that the spreading and permeation uniformity of the binder on the surface of a powder layer can be ensured, and the printing quality is improved; the binder solution can be well matched with polyvinyl alcohol powder in the powder to play a role of binding powder, so that the printing blank has the binding strength of shape keeping and powder removal supporting; the adhesive takes distilled water as a main solution, so that the problem that the nozzle is blocked due to high viscosity of the adhesive can be solved; the addition of the starch in the powder can improve the flowability of the powder, fill the pores of the matrix powder, increase the density of the powder, improve the powder laying quality, and can be matched with the binder to play a role in auxiliary bonding, so that the precision, density and bonding strength of a printing blank are improved. The polyvinyl alcohol and the starch have the same composition, and can be completely decomposed and volatilized during the de-bonding and sintering treatment, so that the purity of the final product is ensured.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present invention without any inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1:
the powder material contains the following components: 316L stainless steel powder, polyvinyl alcohol powder and starch. Wherein the particle size of 316L stainless steel powder is within 15-45 μm, and the shape is spherical; the granularity of the polyvinyl alcohol powder is 300 meshes, and the appearance is flaky; the particle size of the starch is within the range of 5-20 mu m, and the shape of the starch is spherical. The mass ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol powder to the starch is 10:1, and the mass ratio of the sum of the polyvinyl alcohol powder and the starch to the 316L stainless steel powder is 1: 9. And uniformly mixing the three kinds of powder by using a three-dimensional mixer to obtain the powder.
The binder comprises distilled water, ethanol and polyvinylpyrrolidone, the volume ratio of the distilled water to the ethanol is 9:1, and the mass fraction of the polyvinylpyrrolidone in the mixed solution of the distilled water and the ethanol is 0.1%.
The powder is placed in a powder storage tank and a forming tank by adopting a 3DP method three-dimensional printing technology, powder is spread into a powder layer by a powder spreading device, a binder sprayed by a printing head is dripped on the powder layer, the binder and the powder interact to partially dry the powder layer, and the powder spreading and printing process is repeated continuously until the printing is finished. The shaped blanks were standard rectangular cross-section tensile specimens.
And (3) putting the printed primary blank in the powder bed into a drying oven, drying for 2h at 60 ℃, taking out and removing powder, respectively formulating technological specifications of de-bonding and sintering by combining a TG-DTA curve of a binder and a melting point of 316L stainless steel, completing the de-bonding process at 500 ℃ in a vacuum sintering furnace, and completing the sintering process at 1375 ℃. The specific process specification is as follows: heating from room temperature to 240 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for 1 h; then heating to 320 ℃ at the speed of 1 ℃/min, and preserving the heat for 1 h; raising the temperature to 500 ℃ at the speed of 2 ℃/min, and preserving the temperature for 1h to finish the debonding process; and then raising the temperature to 1375 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min, and preserving the heat for 1h to finish the sintering process, thereby obtaining the three-dimensional printing workpiece made of the stainless steel material.
Through evaluation, the printing blank obtained by adopting the powder formula, the binder formula and the three-dimensional printing forming process has clear and smooth surface and better strength, and the density of the part after debonding and sintering is 7.70g/cm3。
Example 2:
the powder material contains the following components: 316L stainless steel powder, polyvinyl alcohol powder and starch. Wherein the particle size of 316L stainless steel powder is within 15-45 μm, and the shape is spherical; the granularity of the polyvinyl alcohol powder is 300 meshes, and the appearance is flaky; the particle size of the starch is within the range of 5-20 mu m, and the shape of the starch is spherical. The mass ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol powder to the starch is 6:1, and the mass ratio of the sum of the polyvinyl alcohol powder and the starch to the 316L stainless steel powder is 1: 7.5. And uniformly mixing the three kinds of powder by using a three-dimensional mixer to obtain the powder.
The binder comprises distilled water, ethanol and polyvinylpyrrolidone, the volume ratio of the distilled water to the ethanol is 9:1, and the mass fraction of the polyvinylpyrrolidone in the mixed solution of the distilled water and the ethanol is 0.1%.
The shape of the blank, the printing process and the parameters of the debonding and sintering process are the same as those of the embodiment 1 by adopting the 3DP method three-dimensional printing technology.
Through evaluation, the printing blank obtained by adopting the powder formula, the binder formula and the three-dimensional printing forming process has clear and smooth surface and better strength, and the density of the part after debonding and sintering is 7.71g/cm3。
Example 3:
the powder material contains the following components: 316L stainless steel powder, polyvinyl alcohol powder and starch. Wherein the particle size of 316L stainless steel powder is within 15-45 μm, and the shape is spherical; the granularity of the polyvinyl alcohol powder is 300 meshes, and the appearance is flaky; the particle size of the starch is within the range of 5-20 mu m, and the shape of the starch is spherical. The mass ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol powder to the starch is 4:1, and the mass ratio of the sum of the polyvinyl alcohol powder and the starch to the 316L stainless steel powder is 1: 6. And uniformly mixing the three kinds of powder by using a three-dimensional mixer to obtain the powder.
The binder comprises distilled water, ethanol and polyvinylpyrrolidone, the volume ratio of the distilled water to the ethanol is 9:1, and the mass fraction of the polyvinylpyrrolidone in the mixed solution of the distilled water and the ethanol is 0.1%.
The shape of the blank, the printing process and the parameters of the debonding and sintering process are the same as those of the embodiment 1 by adopting the 3DP method three-dimensional printing technology.
Through evaluation, the printing blank obtained by adopting the powder formula, the binder formula and the three-dimensional printing forming process has clear and smooth surface and better strength, and the density of the part after debonding and sintering is 7.62g/cm3。
Comparative example 1:
forming powder: 316L stainless steel powder with the grain diameter within the range of 15-45 mu m has better sphericity; adhesive: UV glue is the light-cured adhesive of the main component.
The powder is placed in a powder storage and forming groove by adopting a 3DP method three-dimensional printing technology, the powder is spread into a powder layer by a powder spreading device, a binder sprayed by a printing head drops on the powder layer, the binder and the powder interact to locally dry the powder layer through ultraviolet illumination, and the powder spreading and printing process is continuously repeated until the printing is finished. The formed blank shape was the same as in example 1.
And (3) placing the printing primary blank in the powder bed into a drying oven, preserving heat for 2h at 200 ℃, taking out and removing powder, formulating the technological specification of debonding and sintering by combining a TG-DSC curve of a light-cured binder and a melting point of 316L stainless steel, completing debonding at 500 ℃, and completing sintering at 1375 ℃ to obtain the printing part.
The density of the finished piece obtained by the forming process is 6.42g/cm through evaluation3。
Comparative example 2:
forming powder: 316L of stainless steel powder, iron oxide powder and carbon powder, wherein the particle size of the stainless steel powder is within the range of 20-50 mu m, the particle size of the iron oxide powder is within the range of 100-200 nm, the particle size of the carbon powder is within the range of 50-100 nm, and the shape of the carbon powder is spherical. The mass ratio of iron oxide to carbon powder was 4.4:1, and the mass ratio of the sum of iron oxide and carbon powder to stainless steel powder was 1: 300.
The powders were mixed by high-speed grinding, and the powder was bonded by spraying an aqueous solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a binder to form a green body having the same shape as in example 1. The printing blank is subjected to debonding at 600 ℃ and sintering is completed at 1375 ℃.
The density of the finished piece obtained by the forming process is 7.48g/cm through evaluation3。
Table 1 density test data of sintered articles obtained in examples and comparative examples
| Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | Comparative example 1 | Comparative example 2 | |
| Density (g/cm)3) | 7.70 | 7.71 | 7.62 | 6.42 | 7.48 |
As can be seen from table 1, the density of the articles obtained in the examples is greater than that obtained in the comparative example, and the density of the articles obtained in example 2 is the highest in the examples, 20.1% higher than that obtained in comparative example 1 and 3.1% higher than that obtained in comparative example 2; the density of the article obtained in example 3 was the lowest in the examples, but 18.7% higher than the article obtained in comparative example 1 and 1.9% higher than the article obtained in comparative example 2. In conclusion, it can be seen that the powder and binder formulations and processes of the present invention help to increase the density of the parts, thereby facilitating the achievement of high strength parts.
The above examples are intended only to illustrate the technical solution of the invention, and not to limit it; although the invention of the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions.
Claims (5)
1. A3 DP method three-dimensional printing powder and binder forming process is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) preparing raw materials used by a 3DP method three-dimensional printing method, wherein the raw materials comprise powder and a binder; the powder material is obtained by using metal powder with the particle size of 15-45 mu m as a substrate, adding polyvinyl alcohol powder with the particle size of 120-300 meshes and starch with the particle size of 5-20 mu m into the substrate, and uniformly mixing the powder by using a three-dimensional mixer, wherein the mass ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol powder to the starch is 2.5: 1-12.5: 1, and the mass ratio of the sum of the polyvinyl alcohol powder and the starch to the metal powder is 1: 9-1: 6; the binder is obtained by taking distilled water as a matrix solution, adding ethanol and dissolved polyvinylpyrrolidone powder into the matrix solution, and uniformly mixing;
(2) spraying a binder to the powder by a 3DP method to print a three-dimensional primary blank;
(3) drying the printing primary blank in the powder bed in a drying oven at 60 ℃ for 2h, taking out and removing powder to obtain a printing blank;
(4) and (3) performing debonding and sintering on the printing blank, wherein the debonding temperature is 500 ℃, the sintering temperature is higher than or equal to 950 ℃, and finally obtaining the metal product.
2. The process for forming 3DP method three-dimensional printing powder and binder according to claim 1, wherein in step (4), the de-binding and sintering specifications are established according to TG-DTA curve of the binder and the melting point of the metal powder, respectively, and the sintering atmosphere is selected according to the type of the metal powder, and the specific specifications are as follows: putting the printing blank into a sintering furnace, heating the printing blank from room temperature to 240 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 1 h; then heating to 320 ℃ at the speed of 1 ℃/min, and preserving the heat for 1 h; raising the temperature to 500 ℃ at the speed of 2 ℃/min, and preserving the temperature for 1h to finish the debonding process; and then the temperature is increased to the temperature close to the melting point of the used metal at the speed of 10 ℃/min, the temperature is kept for 1h, the sintering process is completed, and the printing part is obtained.
3. The process for forming 3DP method three-dimensional printing powder and binder according to claim 1, wherein the metal powder is stainless steel powder, titanium powder or nickel powder.
4. The process for forming 3DP method three-dimensional printing powder and binder according to claim 1, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol powder is in the form of flakes and the starch is in the form of spheres.
5. The process for forming 3DP method three-dimensional printing powder and binder according to claim 1, wherein the volume ratio of distilled water to ethanol is 9:1, and the mass fraction of polyvinylpyrrolidone in the mixed solution of distilled water and ethanol is 0.1-0.3%.
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