CN109774101B - Low-temperature foam cracking extrusion mechanism - Google Patents
Low-temperature foam cracking extrusion mechanism Download PDFInfo
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- CN109774101B CN109774101B CN201910247252.7A CN201910247252A CN109774101B CN 109774101 B CN109774101 B CN 109774101B CN 201910247252 A CN201910247252 A CN 201910247252A CN 109774101 B CN109774101 B CN 109774101B
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- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 135
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 123
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 abstract description 18
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006261 foam material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a low-temperature foam cracking extrusion mechanism, and belongs to the field of extrusion devices. The invention discloses a low-temperature bubble cracking extrusion mechanism, which comprises a screw rod and a screw cylinder sleeved outside the screw rod, wherein a heating part is arranged on the screw cylinder, the screw rod comprises a connecting section, a feeding compression section for extruding and pushing materials, a crushing section for shearing and crushing the materials and a grinding section for grinding the materials, the connecting section, the feeding compression section, the crushing section and the grinding section are sequentially arranged along the extrusion direction, and the materials move in a gap between the screw rod and the screw cylinder under the action of the screw rod and are finally output after being ground by the grinding section. The extrusion mechanism realizes low-temperature plasticizing extrusion, is energy-saving and environment-friendly, has high recycling rate of foaming materials, and has high use reliability and good extrusion plasticizing effect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a material extruding mechanism, in particular to a low-temperature foam cracking extruding mechanism.
Background
Foaming materials such as rubber, plastic, rubber-plastic aggregate and the like can generate a large amount of waste materials, and waste material treatment is always difficult, if the waste materials are directly thrown away, a large amount of waste materials can be caused, and the waste materials are difficult to degrade by themselves and can cause great pollution, so that the waste materials are usually treated and reused at present. Since the foaming material forms a heat-insulating structure, the external temperature is difficult to penetrate into the foaming material, so that when the waste material of the foaming material is processed at present, the foaming material is always required to be crushed by an extruding mechanism formed by a screw rod and the like, and then extruded by the extruding mechanism, but the existing extruding mechanism is very simple in structure, single in function and capable of only crushing and extruding, and when the existing extruding mechanism is used for crushing the waste material, the crushing effect is poor, crushed particles are still large, the external temperature still cannot penetrate into the waste material particles, and the waste material particles are required to be plasticized by penetrating the external temperature into the waste material particles, so that the waste material particles are required to be heated by adopting high temperature of about 350 ℃. However, due to the adoption of a high-temperature treatment mode, a large amount of smoke is generated in the waste treatment process, the environment is greatly polluted, the performance of materials is destroyed by high-temperature treatment, the quality of the treated materials is just slightly better than that of the filling materials, and the treated materials cannot be used in a large amount, so that the cost of waste treatment is very high and the productivity is relatively low.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved by the invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of poor crushing effect and single function of the existing extrusion mechanism, and provides the low-temperature foam cracking extrusion mechanism, wherein the extrusion mechanism is provided with the grinding section, so that the temperature required by plasticizing a foaming material can be greatly reduced, high-temperature treatment is avoided, low-temperature plasticizing extrusion is realized, the energy is saved, the environment is protected, the effective components of the foaming material cannot be damaged, the recycling rate of the foaming material is high, and meanwhile, the use reliability of the extrusion mechanism is high, and the extrusion plasticizing effect is good.
Technical proposal
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
The invention discloses a low-temperature bubble cracking extrusion mechanism, which comprises a screw rod and a screw cylinder sleeved outside the screw rod, wherein a heating part is arranged on the screw cylinder, the screw rod comprises a connecting section, a feeding compression section for extruding and pushing materials, a crushing section for shearing and crushing the materials and a grinding section for grinding the materials, the connecting section, the feeding compression section, the crushing section and the grinding section are sequentially arranged along the extrusion direction, and the materials move in a gap between the screw rod and the screw cylinder under the action of the screw rod and are finally output after being ground by the grinding section.
Still further, the grinding section include be used for carrying out preliminary grinding and make the backward flow of material grind the broken hole section of backward flow and be used for carrying out the finish grinding section of fine grinding to the material, backward flow grind broken hole section be located near broken section one side position department, the finish grinding section be located the screw rod end.
Furthermore, a guiding pushing section is further arranged between the reflux grinding hole breaking section and the finish grinding section and used for pushing the preliminarily ground material to the finish grinding section.
Further, the screw is a reducing screw.
Further, the diameter of the screw rod is gradually increased along the extrusion direction, and the distance between the finish grinding section and the inner side wall of the screw cylinder is smaller than the distance between the reflux grinding hole breaking section and the inner side wall of the screw cylinder.
Further, the feeding compression section is provided with a spiral protrusion, the reflux grinding hole breaking section is provided with a spiral groove, and the spiral protrusion and the spiral groove are opposite in rotation direction.
Furthermore, the fine grinding section is composed of a grinding sleeve detachably connected to the screw rod, and the grinding sleeve is also provided with a spiral groove.
Further, the spiral direction of the spiral groove on the grinding sleeve is the same as the spiral direction of the spiral groove on the reflux grinding hole section.
Further, a sealing section is arranged between the connecting section and the feeding compression section.
Further, the maximum end diameter of the screw rod ranges from 150 mm to 300mm.
Advantageous effects
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) The invention relates to a low-temperature burst foam extrusion mechanism, which comprises a screw and a screw barrel sleeved outside the screw, wherein a heating part is arranged on the screw barrel, the screw comprises a connecting section, a material compression section, a crushing section and a grinding section, the heating part can heat materials to plasticize the materials, the screw is provided with the grinding section to further grind the crushed materials, the materials are made into finer particles, so that heat emitted by the heating part can better permeate into the materials, the materials such as foaming materials can be prevented from being influenced by a self heat insulation structure, and the temperature required by plasticizing the materials can be greatly reduced.
(2) The grinding section of the low-temperature foam cracking extrusion mechanism comprises a reflux grinding hole breaking section and a fine grinding section for finely grinding materials, wherein the reflux grinding hole breaking section can perform primary grinding on the materials and enable the materials to reflux, the materials can be better mixed and further sheared and crushed, and the fine grinding section can regrind the primarily ground materials to enable the materials to be in powder form, so that a better grinding effect can be achieved.
(3) According to the low-temperature bubble cracking extrusion mechanism, the guiding pushing section is further arranged between the reflux grinding hole breaking section and the finish grinding section, and the guiding pushing section can better push the preliminarily ground materials to the finish grinding section, so that the materials can move from the reflux grinding hole breaking section to the finish grinding section more smoothly.
(4) According to the low-temperature foam cracking extrusion mechanism, the screw rod of the extrusion mechanism is a different-diameter screw rod, the diameter of the screw rod is gradually increased along the extrusion direction, and a gap from large to small is formed between the screw rod and the screw cylinder, so that different compression ratios are generated at different positions of the extrusion mechanism, feeding is facilitated, shearing, plasticizing and mixing effects are improved, materials are uniformly distributed, the material grinding effect is better, and meanwhile, the advancing speed of materials in a feeding compression section is not influenced.
(5) According to the low-temperature bubble cracking extrusion mechanism, the grinding sleeve is arranged on the finish grinding section of the extrusion mechanism and is detachably connected with the screw rod, so that the grinding sleeve can be conveniently maintained and replaced in detachable connection, the finish grinding section can always keep a good grinding effect, and the use reliability of the whole extrusion mechanism is guaranteed.
(6) According to the low-temperature burst extrusion mechanism, the sealing section is arranged between the connecting section and the feeding compression section of the extrusion mechanism, the sealing section can seal materials, the materials are prevented from flowing or scattering on the connecting section and other peripheral components, the waste of the materials is avoided, the damage to the peripheral components is avoided, and the materials can be ensured to move forwards along the extrusion direction.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a low-temperature burst extrusion mechanism according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the screw of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the screw of the present invention after removal of the grinding sleeve.
Reference numerals in the schematic drawings illustrate:
1. A screw cylinder; 2. a screw; 21. a connection section; 22. a sealing section; 23. a feed compression section; 24. a crushing section; 25. reflux grinding the broken hole section; 26. guiding the pushing section; 27. a fine grinding section; 28. a spiral groove; 29. spiral bulges; 3. a heating member.
Detailed Description
For a further understanding of the present invention, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings and examples.
Examples
Referring to fig. 1 to 3, a low-temperature burst foam extrusion mechanism of the present embodiment includes a screw 2 and a screw barrel 1 sleeved outside the screw 2, wherein the screw barrel 1 is provided with a heating element 3, the screw 2 includes a connection section 21, a feed compression section 23 for extruding and pushing materials, a crushing section 24 for shearing and crushing the materials, and a grinding section for grinding the materials, the connection section 21, the feed compression section 23, the crushing section 24, and the grinding section are sequentially arranged along the extrusion direction, and the materials move in a gap between the screw 2 and the screw barrel 1 under the action of the screw 2 and are finally output after being ground by the grinding section. In the case of waste foam materials, since the foam materials have gas inside and air bubbles exist inside, the air bubbles inside the materials need to be crushed during plasticizing, and the plasticizing is realized by exhausting the gas. When plasticizing the waste foaming material through this extrusion device, firstly preheat screw shell 1 through heating element 3, make screw shell 1 reach certain temperature, then screw rod 2 operation, screw rod 2 promotes material (waste foaming material) and gos forward, when material passes through crushing section 24 of screw rod 2, rectangular form or massive material is sheared granular or little cubic, the material that cuts moves the grinding section again and grinds, the grinding section can make screw rod 2 carry out further grinding to the material after the breakage, make the material become finer granule or powder, because the material granule is comparatively tiny even directly become into the powder, therefore make the heat that heating element 3 sent out can permeate inside the material better, can avoid foaming material class material to receive self insulation construction's influence, can greatly reduced the required temperature of this class material plasticization. When the extruding mechanism of the embodiment is used, the screw cylinder 1 is preheated to about 200 ℃ in advance, then the material is cracked and plasticized within the temperature range of 165-190 ℃, and the extruding mechanism in the prior art needs about 350 ℃ in high temperature, so that the extruding mechanism of the embodiment greatly reduces the temperature required by material plasticizing compared with the prior art. The extrusion mechanism of this embodiment can realize low temperature plasticization extrusion, has avoided high temperature to handle, and the active ingredient in the material of foaming material class can not be destroyed by the high temperature, and its active ingredient can be kept, and material recycle rate is high, simultaneously, low temperature treatment can not produce waste gas, can not pollute the environment to provide the required energy that consumes of low temperature less, energy-concerving and environment-protective. The waste is treated to form regenerated material, and the regenerated material is not damaged by high temperature, so that the treated material can be used as new material without affecting the product performance, and the problems of difficult waste treatment, pollution and low waste recycling rate in the traditional foaming industry are solved.
Further, the grinding section of the present embodiment includes a back flow grinding hole section 25 for primarily grinding the material and refluxing the material, and a finish grinding section 27 for finely grinding the material, the back flow grinding hole section 25 being located at a position near one side of the crushing section 24, the finish grinding section 27 being located at the end of the screw. After passing through the crushing section 24, the material is first moved to the return grinding and crushing section 25 for preliminary grinding, and then moved to the finish grinding section 27 for further fine grinding. Specifically, as a preferred solution, the feeding compression section 23 of the present embodiment is provided with a spiral protrusion 29, and the reflux grinding hole section 25 is provided with a spiral groove 28, and the spiral protrusion 29 is opposite to the spiral direction of the spiral groove 28, and more preferably, the spiral protrusion 29 of the present embodiment is a left-handed protrusion, and the spiral groove 28 is a right-handed spiral groove with a width of 5mm and a depth of 2 mm. The spiral protrusion 29 of the feed compression section 23 pushes the material forward when the screw 2 rotates, and the spiral groove 28 of the backflow grinding and breaking hole section 25 and the spiral protrusion 29 are opposite in rotation direction, so that the backflow grinding and breaking hole section 25 can drive the material to flow back, and the material can flow back along the spiral groove 28. The reflux grinding broken hole section 25 can carry out preliminary grinding on materials, and enables the materials to flow back, so that the materials can be better mixed and sheared and crushed further, and the finish grinding section 27 can regrind the materials subjected to preliminary grinding, so that better grinding effect can be achieved.
In this embodiment, the screw 2 is a different diameter screw, the gaps between the different sections of the screw 2 and the screw cylinder 1 are different, the extrusion forces of the different sections of the screw 2 to the materials are also different, the distance between the back grinding breaking hole section 25 and the inner side wall of the screw cylinder 1 and the distance between the finish grinding section 27 and the inner side wall of the screw cylinder 1 are different, and different compression ratios are generated at different positions of the extrusion mechanism. Of course, in this embodiment, the screw barrel 1 may be of different diameters, and the gap between the different sections of the screw 2 and the screw barrel 1 may be different. Preferably, the diameter of the screw rod 2 in this embodiment gradually increases along the extrusion direction, the distance between the finish grinding section 27 and the inner side wall of the screw cylinder 1 is smaller than the distance between the back grinding hole breaking section 25 and the inner side wall of the screw cylinder 1, the distance between the finish grinding section 27 and the screw cylinder 1 only allows smaller particles or powdery materials to pass through, and gaps from large to small are formed between the screw rod 2 and the screw cylinder 1, so that different compression ratios are generated at different positions of the extrusion mechanism, feeding is facilitated, shearing, plasticizing and mixing effects are improved, material distribution is uniform, material grinding effects are better, and meanwhile the advancing speed of the feeding compression section 23 is not influenced. In this embodiment, the maximum end diameter range of the screw 2 is preferably 150-300 mm, and the screw 2 with the size range can adapt to the foam cracking and plasticizing requirements of most foaming materials.
More preferably, the finish grinding section 27 of the present embodiment is formed by a grinding sleeve detachably connected to the screw 2, the grinding sleeve of the present embodiment is sleeved on the screw 2 and assembled on the screw 2 by adopting pin connection, the grinding sleeve is also provided with a spiral groove 28, and the rotation direction of the spiral groove 28 on the grinding sleeve is preferably the same as the rotation direction of the spiral groove 28 on the reflux grinding hole breaking section 25. The detachable connection is convenient for maintenance and replacement of the grinding sleeve, so that the finish grinding section 27 can always keep a good grinding effect, and the use reliability of the whole extrusion mechanism is guaranteed. As a preferable scheme, the grinding sleeve of the embodiment is a taper sleeve with the diameter increasing from 290 to 294mm, so that the compression ratio can be improved.
Still further, still be equipped with direction push section 26 between the back flow grinding broken hole section 25 and the finish grinding section 27 of this embodiment for with the material through preliminary grinding to finish grinding section 27, direction push section 26 also comprises bellied screw thread, and the direction of turning of this screw thread is opposite with the direction of turning of back flow grinding broken hole section 25, and direction push section 26 can be better with the material through preliminary grinding push to finish grinding section 27, makes the material more smoothly follow back flow grinding broken hole section 25 and moves to finish grinding section 27, and the material is advanced convenient and reliable. The grinding sleeve of the finish grinding section 27 can also enable the material to flow back when the material is subjected to finish grinding, but due to the action of the guiding pushing section 26, the material positioned at the finish grinding section 27 can only repeatedly move back and forth in the finish grinding section 27 to repeatedly perform finish grinding, and after the material is ground to a certain degree, the material can be extruded from the extrusion mechanism under the pushing of the rear material. In addition, still be equipped with seal section 22 between the linkage segment 21 of screw rod 2 and the feeding compression section 23 of this embodiment, seal section 22 can realize the sealed of material, prevents the material backward flow, can prevent that the material from flowing or scattering to on linkage segment 21 and other peripheral parts, has avoided the waste of material and can avoid producing the damage to peripheral parts, can ensure that the material is along the forward motion of extrusion direction.
In addition, as a preferable scheme, the bottom diameter of the screw rod 2 at the feeding compression section 23 of the embodiment is gradually increased from 200mm to 260mm, and the compression ratio at the feeding compression section 23 is continuously enhanced, so that the forward pushing of materials is facilitated. Meanwhile, the crushing section 214 of the present embodiment is formed by a thread with a left-handed 3-head lead of 160mm and a thread with a right-handed 4-head lead of 248mm, which form diamond-shaped crushing blades for crushing materials. In addition, the heating element 3 is a conventional heating device, and the heating element 3 is very common in the extrusion mechanism, and the details of the heating element 3 will not be described here.
When the extrusion mechanism of the embodiment is used, materials firstly move forward to the crushing section 24 for shearing and crushing under the action of the feeding compression section 23, then move to the reflux grinding hole breaking section 25 for preliminary grinding, foam breaking is realized, the preliminarily ground materials firstly reflux under the action of the reflux grinding hole breaking section 25 for further shearing and preliminary grinding, and the materials subjected to further shearing grinding move to the finish grinding section 27 for fine grinding under the pushing of the follow-up materials, so that complete foam breaking plasticization is realized.
The low-temperature foam cracking extrusion mechanism can greatly reduce the temperature required by plasticizing a foaming material, avoid high-temperature treatment, realize low-temperature plasticizing extrusion, save energy and protect environment, and has high recycling rate of the foaming material, high use reliability and good extrusion plasticizing effect.
The invention and its embodiments have been described above schematically, without limitation, and the actual construction is not limited to this, as it is shown in the drawings, which are only one of the embodiments of the invention. Therefore, if one of ordinary skill in the art is informed by this disclosure, a structural manner and an embodiment similar to the technical scheme are not creatively devised without departing from the gist of the present invention, and all the structural manners and the embodiments belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. The utility model provides a low temperature splits bubble extrusion mechanism which characterized in that: the device comprises a screw (2) and a screw cylinder (1) sleeved outside the screw (2), wherein a heating component (3) is arranged on the screw cylinder (1), the screw (2) comprises a connecting section (21), a feeding compression section (23) for extruding and pushing materials, a crushing section (24) for shearing and crushing the materials and a grinding section for grinding the materials, the connecting section (21), the feeding compression section (23), the crushing section (24) and the grinding section are sequentially arranged along the extrusion direction, and the materials move in a gap between the screw (2) and the screw cylinder (1) under the action of the screw (2) and are finally output after being ground by the grinding section; the grinding section comprises a reflux grinding hole breaking section (25) for primarily grinding materials and enabling the materials to flow back and a finish grinding section (27) for finely grinding the materials, the reflux grinding hole breaking section (25) is positioned at a position close to one side of the crushing section (24), and the finish grinding section (27) is positioned at the tail end of the screw (2); a guiding pushing section (26) is arranged between the reflux grinding hole breaking section (25) and the finish grinding section (27) and is used for pushing the preliminarily ground material to the finish grinding section (27); the feeding compression section (23) is provided with a spiral protrusion (29), the reflux grinding hole breaking section (25) is provided with a spiral groove (28), and the spiral protrusion (29) and the spiral groove (28) are opposite in rotation direction.
2. The low temperature burst extrusion mechanism of claim 1, wherein: the screw (2) is a reducing screw.
3. A low temperature burst extrusion mechanism as defined in claim 2, wherein: the diameter of the screw (2) is gradually increased along the extrusion direction, and the distance between the finish grinding section (27) and the inner side wall of the screw cylinder (1) is smaller than the distance between the reflux grinding hole breaking section (25) and the inner side wall of the screw cylinder (1).
4. The low temperature burst extrusion mechanism of claim 1, wherein: the fine grinding section (27) is composed of a grinding sleeve detachably connected to the screw (2), and a spiral groove (28) is also formed in the grinding sleeve.
5. The low temperature burst extrusion mechanism of claim 4, wherein: the spiral direction of the spiral groove (28) on the grinding sleeve is the same as the spiral direction of the spiral groove (28) on the reflux grinding broken hole section (25).
6. The low temperature burst extrusion mechanism of claim 1, wherein: a sealing section (22) is arranged between the connecting section (21) and the feeding compression section (23).
7. A low temperature burst extrusion mechanism as defined in claim 2, wherein: the diameter range of the maximum end of the screw (2) is 150-300 mm.
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CN201910247252.7A CN109774101B (en) | 2019-03-29 | 2019-03-29 | Low-temperature foam cracking extrusion mechanism |
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CN201910247252.7A CN109774101B (en) | 2019-03-29 | 2019-03-29 | Low-temperature foam cracking extrusion mechanism |
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CN109774101A CN109774101A (en) | 2019-05-21 |
CN109774101B true CN109774101B (en) | 2024-07-23 |
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CN110901016B (en) * | 2019-11-04 | 2021-09-03 | 大维塑料技术(南京)有限公司 | Screw rod of plastic extruding machine |
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CN204207027U (en) * | 2014-09-29 | 2015-03-18 | 九阳股份有限公司 | A kind of family expenses rice-flour noodles machine |
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CN209775495U (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2019-12-13 | 常州工程职业技术学院 | Low-temperature cracking bubble extrusion mechanism |
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CN2232838Y (en) * | 1995-12-12 | 1996-08-14 | 高大吉 | Plastic foaming extruder utilizing threaded rod |
KR100530609B1 (en) * | 2004-02-26 | 2005-11-22 | 주식회사 폴리원 | The micro pulverization device for vulcanized rubber matter & using method of reclaimed rubber above |
CN201792480U (en) * | 2010-09-30 | 2011-04-13 | 北京化工大学 | Tapered single screw extruder with parallel screw head section |
JP5553370B2 (en) * | 2013-01-11 | 2014-07-16 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Polyurethane volume reduction treatment equipment |
CN205651636U (en) * | 2016-05-28 | 2016-10-19 | 焦作恒荣科技有限公司 | Rubber tube shaping all -in -one |
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- 2019-03-29 CN CN201910247252.7A patent/CN109774101B/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN204207027U (en) * | 2014-09-29 | 2015-03-18 | 九阳股份有限公司 | A kind of family expenses rice-flour noodles machine |
CN204278309U (en) * | 2014-12-03 | 2015-04-22 | 任宝永 | With no pressure without adding environment-friendly type regeneration glue production system without tank |
CN209775495U (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2019-12-13 | 常州工程职业技术学院 | Low-temperature cracking bubble extrusion mechanism |
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