CN1097738C - 具有大有效模表面面积的色散平化单模光波导 - Google Patents

具有大有效模表面面积的色散平化单模光波导 Download PDF

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CN1097738C
CN1097738C CN96108198A CN96108198A CN1097738C CN 1097738 C CN1097738 C CN 1097738C CN 96108198 A CN96108198 A CN 96108198A CN 96108198 A CN96108198 A CN 96108198A CN 1097738 C CN1097738 C CN 1097738C
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optical waveguide
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帕斯卡勒·诺奇
皮埃尔·桑索那提
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Alcatel Submarine Networks SAS
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03638—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only
    • G02B6/03644—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 3 layers only arranged - + -
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03605—Highest refractive index not on central axis
    • G02B6/03611—Highest index adjacent to central axis region, e.g. annular core, coaxial ring, centreline depression affecting waveguiding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02004—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by the core effective area or mode field radius
    • G02B6/02009—Large effective area or mode field radius, e.g. to reduce nonlinear effects in single mode fibres
    • G02B6/02014—Effective area greater than 60 square microns in the C band, i.e. 1530-1565 nm
    • G02B6/02019—Effective area greater than 90 square microns in the C band, i.e. 1530-1565 nm
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
    • G02B6/02219—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion properties in the silica low loss window around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
    • G02B6/02228—Dispersion flattened fibres, i.e. having a low dispersion variation over an extended wavelength range
    • G02B6/02238—Low dispersion slope fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • G02B6/0286—Combination of graded index in the central core segment and a graded index layer external to the central core segment

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Abstract

一种单模光波导包括一个光纤芯和一个环绕该光纤芯的具有预定折射率的包层。该纤芯包括，一个中心区，其折射率低于预定折射率，及环绕该中心区的其折射率高于预定折射率的环形区。在该外环形区和该包层之间是至少一个复合环形区，它是由其折射率分别低于和高于预定折射率的两个连续环形区构成。

Description

具有大有效模表面面积的色散平化单模光波导
本发明涉及像被典型用作为长距离通信链路的光纤那样的单模光波导。本发明的应用包括海底链路。更明确地说，本发明涉及具有大有效模表面面积的色散平化单模光纤。
在色散平化单模光纤中，以工作波长传输的光波实质上没有色散。可以证明，在石英中在而且只在等于1.27μm的波长λ处没有色散。可是对于用来作为长距离链路的光纤，以波长λ＝1.55μm传输更好，因为在这一波长处光传输有最小的衰减。另一方面，对于λ＝1.55μm，必须补偿石英的非零色散，尤其要通过利用光纤的纤芯和包层的适当的结构。术语“色散平化光纤”是指对于不是1.27μm的波长，在其中的色散通过补偿石英的固有色散实际上被消除了的光纤。
光纤的有效模表面面积Seff定义为： S eff = 2 π ( ∫ 0 ∞ ψ 2 ( r ) . r . dr ) 2 ∫ 0 ∞ ψ 4 ( r ) . r . dr
式中 (r)是光纤中场分布的标量函数及r表示在横向于光纤并且其中心在光纤中的参考坐标系中的一个点的极坐标距离。可以证明，光纤中的传输质量正比于有效模表面面积Seff。相应地，改善光纤传输质量其好处是能减少链路上中继器个数，因而减少安装成本，所以有最大可能的有效模表面面积是特别有利的。
有两种先有技术的折射率分布用于获得具有大有效模表面面积的色散平化单模光纤。这就是“梯形+环形分布”和“埋入(buried)中心区+环形分布”。分布图是在光纤的纤芯和包层中，折射率作为相对于光纤的中心点的极坐标距离的函数的曲线图。折射率只是该距离的函数，并不依赖于角度坐标，光纤的中心轴定义了纤芯和包层的每一层的旋转轴。
在1996年5月2日的美国专利申请号08/637784中描述的“梯形+环形”分布定义的一种光纤包括：
一个包层，具有一预定的折射率，及
一个纤芯，包括，首先是一个具有高于包层折射率并且自一个给定的极坐标距离值开始减小直到等于包层折射率的折射率的中心区，和其次是一个同心环形区，它具有高于包层折射率的折射率，并通过一个间隙与中心区分隔开，在该间隙中的折射率等于包层的折射率。
这个“梯形+环形”分布提供了高达85μm2的有效模表面面积Seff。可是，具有这种分布的光纤的最大缺点是要经受微弯损耗。
“埋入中心区+环形”分布，其描述在发表于1993年11月的《光波技术杂志》第11卷第11期的第1717-1720页的“一种同轴光纤线路的传输特性”中，它定义的光纤包括：
一个包层，具有一预定的折射率，及
一个纤芯，包括，一个中心区，具有低于包层折射率的折射率，及一个围绕中心区的环形区，其折射率高于包层折射率。
这种“埋入中心区+环形”分布提供了高达90μm2的有效模表面面积Seff。可是，具有这种分布的光纤并不是最佳的，因为高折射率差产生出很大的固有损耗。
于是，两种类型的先有技术的具有大有效模表面面积的色散平化光纤，由于有微弯损耗或固有损耗引起的衰减，不能完全令人满意。因此，本发明要通过提供一种具有大有效模表面面积的色散平化光纤来去除那些缺点，其在所有衰减参数方面具有完全满意的特性。
本发明是一种单模光波导，包括一个光纤芯和一个围绕所述光纤芯且有一预定折射率的包层，其中所述纤芯包括，一个中心区，其折射率低于所述预定折射率，一个围绕所述中心区的环形区，其折射率高于所述预定折射率，及至少一个介于所述外环形区和所述包层之间的复合层，它是由两个其折射率分别低于和高于所述预定折射率的连续环形区构成的。
折射率可以作为极坐标距离的函数而变化，该距离是定义为相对于在至少是中心区和环形区之一中的波导中心的距离。
本发明的其他特征和优点通过参照对应的附图阅读下面的描述会变得更加清楚。
图1是本发明的单模光波导的横截面图。
图2是图1所示的本发明的第一个实施例的波导的折射率分布曲线图。
图3是图1所示的本发明的第二个实施例的波导的折射率分布的曲线图。
参考图1，本发明的单模光波导或光纤有一个围绕光纤芯2的光纤包层1。该光纤芯2包括一个由三个连续的同心环形区22，23和24环绕着的圆形中心区21。该光纤是通过拉经过连续层沉积适当掺杂的石英而得到的母棒制成。在图2所示的本发明的一个实施例中，表示折射率n是自光纤中心的极坐标距离r的函数，中心区21有一个低于包层1的折射率的常数折射率，并且围绕该中心区的第一同心环形区22有一个高于包层1的折射率的常数折射率。在外环形区22和包层1之间是一个复合环形区，它包括内和外同心环形区23和24，其常数折射率分别低于和高于包层1的折射率。于是通过这一由两个其折射率分别低于和高于包层1的折射率的连续的内和外同心环形区23和24构成的复合环形层，本发明区别于在前面所述的文章“一种同轴光纤线路的传输特性”中描述的先有技术。在由本发明取得的可观的优点背后的物理特性如下。可以证明，光纤的色散M可以以很好的近似程度由等于一个平面波在具有给定折射率的均匀介质中所得到的色散的材料色散M1和等于忽略折射率对波长的依赖性得到的色散的波导色散M2之和给出。表示为：
M＝M1+M2
还可以证明：
    M1＝-λ/c(2n/λ2)，及
    M2＝-[Δn /λc].V(2(VB)/V2)，
式中λ是光波的波长，实质上等于1.55μm，c是光速，n是折射率值变量，Δn是纤芯的最大折射率和包层的折射率之差，及V(2(VB)/V2)是表示波导色散的特征项，V是归一化频率，B是归一化有效折射率，该有效折射率是由在纤芯中传播的光波“看到”的折射率。对于无色散光纤，和数(M1+M2)的值必须被使之等于0，这意味着值M1必须由符号相反的等值M2消掉。在前述的文章“一种同轴光纤线路的传输特性”中所描述的光纤使在方程：
M2＝-[Δn/λc]·V(2(VB)/V2)中的V(2(VB)/V2)的值是小的，这要求Δn要大，以便M2的值补偿M1的值。纤芯和光纤包层之间的高折射率差导致高固有损耗。
在本发明的范围中，V(2(VB)/V2)的值足够大，对于纤芯和光纤包层之间的折射率差Δn将是小的。其结果是使固有损耗大大降低。
根据本发明的光波导的一个实施例在下面通过举一个非受限制的例子进行描述。在本实施例中，如图2所示，Δni和ri分别表示相对于包层1的折射率的折射率变化及在形成纤芯2的每个区的边缘点处测得的半径，下标i表示每个区21，22，23和24。补充给出：
Δn21＝-5.5×10-3，Δn22＝11×10-3，Δn23＝-5.5×10-3，Δn24＝5.5×10-3，及
r21＝2.1μm，r22＝4.2μm，r23＝7.06μm，r24＝8.4μm
由本发明提出的折射率分布给出的光纤有效模表面面积实际上等于85μm2。
图3所示的折射率分布，是图2的变化，使在两个区22和24的每一个中，折射率n作为极坐标距离r的函数而变化，同时总是保持大于包层1的折射率，折射率n的分布是三角形。这一变化不是本发明的限制，可以至少在一个区21，22，23和24中使折射率按照像三角形、菱形、卵形等曲线随极坐标距离r变化。下面的特性仍然要遵守。在区21和23中，纤芯的折射率高于包层1的折射率。在区22和24中，纤芯的折射率低于包层1的折射率。
虽然前面的描述只限于一个由两个其折射率分别低于和高于包层1的折射率的连续同心环形区23和24构成的单个复合环形区，可以使用多个连续的复合环形区，其每一个是由其折射率分别低于和高于包层1的折射率的内和外同心环形区构成。
本发明的另一个重要优点是能得到低的色散光谱斜度，在上述实施例中等于0.065ps/nm2/km。这意味着色散M随使用的波长λ的起伏很小，这提供了波长复用的可能性，最典型的是用靠近λ＝1.55μm的波长。

Claims (2)

1.单模光波导，包括：
一个光纤芯(2)；及
一个包层(1)，环绕所述光纤芯(2)并且具有一个预定折射率；
所述光纤芯(2)包括，一个中心区(21)，其折射率低于所述预定折射率，及环绕所述中心区(21)的外环形区(22)，其折射率高于所述预定折射率，
其特征在于，该光纤芯(2)进一步包括至少一个位于所述外环形区(22)和所述包层(1)之间的复合环形区，该复合环形区是由两个其折射率分别低于和高于所述折射率的连续环形区(23，24)构成，该光纤在波长基本等于1.55μm处具有零色散。
2.根据权利要求1的单模光波导，其特征在于至少在所述中心和环形区(21，22，23，24)的一个中，折射率(n)是作为相对于波导中心定义的极坐标距离的函数而变化。
CN96108198A 1995-07-07 1996-07-05 具有大有效模表面面积的色散平化单模光波导 Expired - Fee Related CN1097738C (zh)

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FR9508252A FR2736440B1 (fr) 1995-07-07 1995-07-07 Guide optique monomode a dispersion decalee et grande surface effective de mode

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EP0753771A3 (fr) 1997-01-22
EP0753771B1 (fr) 2007-01-03
FR2736440B1 (fr) 1997-08-01
JPH0933744A (ja) 1997-02-07
EP0753771A2 (fr) 1997-01-15
US5675690A (en) 1997-10-07
DE69636804D1 (de) 2007-02-15
FR2736440A1 (fr) 1997-01-10
CN1166603A (zh) 1997-12-03

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