CN109725051B - Stress detection method for ferromagnetic material - Google Patents
Stress detection method for ferromagnetic material Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for detecting the stress of a ferromagnetic material, which is used for solving the technical problem of complicated process caused by the need of preprocessing a detection component when equipment in the prior art detects the stress of the ferromagnetic material in service. The method comprises the following steps: s1: carrying out alternating current magnetization under different angles alpha on a workpiece to be measured and a basic test piece, and measuring magnetization curves under the angles alpha; s2: obtaining the range B1 of each angle alpha of the workpiece to be measuredα=Bαmax‑Bαmin(ii) a S3: obtaining a first magnetic characteristic parameter B2 of the workpiece to be measured under each angle alphaαOr a second magnetic characteristic parameter B3; wherein, B2α=B1α‑B0α,B3=B2135°‑B245°(ii) a According to previously calibrated B2αAnd obtaining the stress sigma of the workpiece to be measured according to the proportional relation of the stress sigma of the workpiece to be measured or the proportional relation of the stress sigma of the workpiece to be measured and B3. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages of simple and convenient process and improved detection sensitivity.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of nondestructive testing, and particularly relates to a stress detection method for a ferromagnetic material.
Background
Ferromagnetic steel is widely used for manufacturing key loaded parts in important equipment such as machinery, petroleum, chemical engineering, mines and the like due to excellent mechanical properties. In the in-service process of the equipment, under the action of working load or accidental load, stress concentration caused by microscopic defects in the structure of the key parts or stress overload caused by accidental load is an important reason for inducing structural failure and damage and causing safety accidents. Therefore, the real-time detection and evaluation of the state of the ferromagnetic material before stress overload are of great significance for guaranteeing the structural safety of key parts and even the whole equipment.
Currently, stress detection methods are mainly classified into destructive and nondestructive detection methods. The relatively mature destructive detection method is mainly a blind hole method, and the nondestructive detection method mainly comprises an X-ray diffraction method, an ultrasonic method, a neutron diffraction method, a magnetic detection method and the like. The blind hole method has high detection accuracy, but causes structural damage to the member. The X-ray diffraction method requires a stripping process for the structure during the measurement of internal stress due to its shallow penetration depth, which also damages the component. Therefore, the above two methods are not suitable for stress detection of in-service equipment. The ultrasonic method requires the surface quality of the workpiece to be measured, and requires surface treatment of the member, so that the measurement process is complicated. Neutron diffraction methods also have many limitations in practical stress testing because each measurement must first measure the crystal lattice atomic plane spacing or grazing angle (also known as bragg angle) in the free state. Therefore, a method for detecting stress suitable for in-service ferromagnetic material devices is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problem that the process is complicated because the detection component needs to be processed in advance in the stress detection method of the in-service ferromagnetic material equipment in the prior art, the invention provides the stress detection method of the ferromagnetic material, so as to detect the stress of the ferromagnetic material before the stress overload.
In order to solve the technical problem, the method for detecting the stress of the ferromagnetic material provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
s1: carrying out alternating-current magnetization on a workpiece to be measured at different angles alpha by using a magnetic field H with preset frequency and strength, and measuring magnetization curves at all angles alpha, namely Bα-HαH is the magnetic field intensity, B is the magnetic induction intensity, alpha is the included angle between the magnetization direction and the stress sigma direction of the workpiece to be measured, alpha is more than 0 degrees and less than 180 degrees, and the value is taken at intervals of 15 degrees;
s2: the base specimen was subjected to alternating-current magnetization at different angles α with the same frequency and intensity of the magnetic field H as in step S1, and the magnetization curves at the respective angles α, i.e., B0, were measuredα-H0αWherein the base test piece and the workpiece to be tested are made of the same material and are in an unstressed state; alpha is an included angle between the magnetization direction and the stress direction borne by the workpiece to be measured;
s3: b from each angle alpha of the workpiece to be measuredα-HαExtracting the maximum BαmaxAnd minimum value BαminAnd obtaining the range difference B1 of each angle alpha of the workpiece to be measuredα=Bαmax-Bαmin(ii) a B0 from each angle alpha of the base specimenα-H0αExtract maximum B0αmaxAnd minimum B0αminAnd obtaining the range B0 of each angle alpha of the basic test pieceα=B0αmax-B0αmin;
S4: according to the step S3, obtaining first magnetic characteristic parameters B2 of the workpiece to be detected under all angles alphaαOr a second magnetic characteristic parameter B3; wherein, B2α=B1α–B0α,B3=B2135°–B245°=(B1135°–B0135°)-(B145°–B045°) (ii) a B2 according to the material quality of the workpiece to be detected which is calibrated in advanceαQuantitative correlation with sigma, i.e. at different angles alpha, B2αProportional to the stress sigma to be applied to the workpiece to be measured, i.e. B2α=K2ασ, and according to B2 having the largest response obtained in step S3αObtaining the stress sigma borne by the workpiece to be measured; or obtaining the stress sigma of the workpiece to be measured according to the quantitative incidence relation between the B3 and the sigma of the material to which the member to be measured belongs, namely the proportional relation between the B3 and the stress sigma of the workpiece to be measured, namely B3-K3 sigma, which is calibrated in advance, and according to the B3 obtained in the step S3.
First magnetic characteristic parameter B2α: extreme difference B1 for each stress stateαMinus the extreme difference B0 in the unstressed stateαDefined as a first magnetic characteristic parameter B2α(ii) a When the test piece is stressed, the first magnetic characteristic parameters under different magnetic field applying directions are different and are monotonically related, so that the first magnetic characteristic parameters are stress-induced magnetic characteristic parameters;
second magnetic characteristic parameter B3: due to the first magnetic characteristic parameter B2αThe rate of increase of the value at 135 ° linearly increasing with increasing stress is greatest; b2αThe rate of increase in linear increase with increasing stress is the smallest at 45 deg.. Therefore, the first magnetic characteristic parameter B2 is setαValue at 135 minus B2αThe value at 45 DEG is defined as the second magnetic characteristic parameterB3, the second magnetic characteristic parameter is a stress induced magnetic anisotropy characteristic parameter.
Preferably, in step S4, the pre-calibrated material B2 of the workpiece to be tested belongs toαThe quantitative association relation with the sigma and the quantitative association relation of the B3 and the sigma of the material to which the component to be detected belongs, which is calibrated in advance, are measured by the following steps:
s11: the method is characterized in that ferromagnetic materials with the same material as a workpiece to be tested are adopted to manufacture test pieces, and the test pieces are respectively subjected to different stresses sigmanStretching is carried out;
s12: respectively carrying out alternating current magnetization on the test piece in the step S11 under different stresses and different angles theta by adopting a magnetic field H with the same frequency and strength as those in the step S1, and measuring a magnetization curve of the test piece, wherein theta is an included angle between the magnetization direction and the stress direction borne by the test piece, and the value of theta is the same as that of alpha in the step S1;
s13: according to the specimen sigma under different stressesnB at each angle thetaθn-HθnAnd B0 at each angle theta for the test piece in an unstressed stateθ-H0θSeparately extracting the specimen sigmanMaximum B at different angles thetaθnmaxAnd minimum value BθnminAnd maximum values B0 at different angles theta when the test piece is in an unstressed stateθmaxAnd minimum B0θminAnd then obtaining a test piece sigmanThe difference of the values B1 at the respective angles thetaθn=Bθnmax-BθnminAnd the difference B0 of the test piece in the stress-free state at each angle thetaθ=B0θmax-B0θmin;
S14: according to the step S13, test pieces sigma under different stresses are obtainednFirst magnetic characteristic parameter B2 at each angle thetaθnAnd a second magnetic characteristic parameter B3n(ii) a Wherein B2θn=B1θn–B0θ,B3n=B2135°n–B245°n=(B1135°n–B0135°n)-(B145°n–B045°m);
S15: according to the stress sigma to which the test piece is subjectednAnd a first magnetic characteristic parameter B2 at each angle thetaθnCalibrating σnTheta and B2θnA model of quantitative relationship between them, i.e. B2θn=K2θnσn(ii) a According to the stress sigma to which the test piece is subjectednAnd a second magnetic characteristic parameter B3 at each angle thetanCalibration establishment σnTheta and B3nA model of quantitative relationship between them, i.e. B3n=K3σn。
The beneficial effects of the invention include:
compared with the prior art, the stress detection method is a novel stress detection method based on the force-magnetic effect, the workpiece to be detected does not need to be processed in advance, the process is simple and convenient, and the sensitivity of stress detection is improved.
Additional features and advantages of the application will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by the practice of the application. The objectives and other advantages of the application may be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
Drawings
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows a first magnetic characteristic parameter B2 at different angles θ according to an embodiment of the present inventionθnA quantitative relation model with stress sigma;
FIG. 2 shows a second magnetic characteristic parameter B3 according to an embodiment of the present inventionnModel of the quantitative relationship with stress sigma.
Detailed Description
The method provided by the invention is described in detail with specific embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The specific embodiment of the invention comprises the following two stages:
the stage 1, the relation model establishment and quantitative calibration stage, comprises the following steps:
s11: the test piece is made of ferromagnetic material the same as the material of the workpiece to be tested, in the embodiment, the Q195 type carbon structural steel is adopted, and the test piece is tested under the conditions that the tensile stress is 0 for testing requirements, namely the test piece is not stressed, and the tensile stress is 0MPa, 20MPa, 40MPa and the like,Stretching by 60Mpa, 80Mpa, 100Mpa and 120Mpa, and subjecting the test piece to stress sigma0~σ6Respectively 0MPa, 20MPa, 40MPa, 60MPa, 80MPa, 100MPa and 120 MPa;
s12: respectively carrying out alternating current magnetization of theta (0 degrees < theta < 180 degrees and values at intervals of 15 degrees) at different angles on the test piece by adopting an alternating current magnetic field with the frequency of 300Hz and the strength of 0.3V, and measuring the magnetization curve; wherein θ is an angle between the direction of the applied magnetic field and the direction of the stress applied to the test piece (the test direction of the test piece when the test piece is not under stress is the same as the test direction of the test piece when the test piece is under stress, and corresponds to each other), and thus the magnetization curves of the test piece under the stress of 0MPa are respectively B0°0-H0°0~B180°0-H180°0(ii) a The magnetization curves of the test pieces under the stress of 20MPa are respectively B0°20-H0°20~B180°20-H180°20(ii) a The magnetization curves of the test pieces under the stress of 40MPa are respectively B0°40-H0°40~B180°40-H180°40(ii) a The magnetization curves of the test pieces under the stress of 60MPa are respectively B0°60-H0°60~B180°60-H180°60(ii) a The magnetization curves of the test pieces under the stress of 80MPa are respectively B0°80-H0°80~B180°80-H180°80(ii) a The magnetization curves of the test pieces under the stress of 100MPa are respectively B0°100-H0°100~B180°100-H180°100(ii) a The magnetization curves of the test pieces under the stress of 120MPa theta are respectively B0°120-H0°120~B180°120-H180°120;
S13: respectively extracting maximum values B of the test piece under different stresses and different angles according to the magnetization curves of the test piece under different stresses and different anglesθn maxAnd minimum value Bθn minFurther obtaining the difference value B1 of the test piece under different stresses and different anglesθn=Bθn max-Bθn minAnd the difference value B0 of the test piece at each angle when the stress is 0MPaθ=B0θmax-B0θmin;
S14: according to the stepsStep S13, obtaining first magnetic characteristic parameters B2 of the test piece under different stresses and anglesθnAnd a second magnetic characteristic parameter B3n(ii) a Wherein, B2θn=B1θn–B0θ,B3n=B2135°n–B245°n=(B1135°n–B0135°n)-(B145°n–B045°n);
S15: referring to FIG. 1, the stress σ is shown according to the test piece0~σ120And a first magnetic characteristic parameter B2 at each angleθnCalibrating σnTheta and B2θnA model of quantitative relationship between them, i.e. B2θn=K2θnσn(ii) a Referring to FIG. 2, the stress σ is shown at different levels according to the test piece0~σ120And a second magnetic characteristic parameter B3 at each anglenCalibrating σnθ and B3nA model of quantitative relationship between them, i.e. B3n=K3σn。
s1: respectively carrying out alternating-current magnetization under the angle alpha on the workpiece to be measured by adopting an alternating-current magnetic field H with the same frequency and intensity as those in the phase 1, and measuring magnetization curves under the angle alpha, namely Bα-HαWherein alpha is an included angle between the magnetization direction and the stress direction of the workpiece to be measured, and the value of alpha is the same as that of theta in the step S11;
s2: b from each angle alpha of the workpiece to be measuredα-HαExtracting the maximum BαmaxAnd minimum value BαminAnd obtaining the range difference B1 of each angle alpha of the workpiece to be measuredα=Bαmax-Bαmin;
S3: according to the step S2, obtaining first magnetic characteristic parameters B2 of the workpiece to be detected under all angles alphaαOr a second magnetic characteristic parameter B3; wherein, B2α=B1α–B0α,B3=B2135°–B245°=(B1135°–B0135°)-(B145°–B045°);
S4: according to stage 1 stepThe quantitative relationship between the first magnetic characteristic parameter calibrated in advance in the step S15 and the stress borne by the workpiece to be tested, and the first secondary characteristic parameter B2 with the maximum response obtained in the step S3αObtaining the stress borne by the workpiece to be tested; or obtaining the stress applied to the workpiece to be measured according to the quantitative relation between the second magnetic characteristic parameter calibrated in advance in the step S15 and the stress applied to the workpiece to be measured, and the B3 obtained in the step S3.
In summary, compared with the prior art, the stress detection method is a novel stress detection method based on the force-magnetic effect, the workpiece to be detected does not need to be processed in advance, the process is simple and convenient, and the sensitivity of stress detection is improved.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.
Claims (2)
1. A stress detection method for ferromagnetic materials is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: carrying out alternating-current magnetization on a workpiece to be measured at different angles alpha by using a magnetic field H with preset frequency and strength, and measuring magnetization curves at all angles alpha, namely Bα-HαH is the magnetic field intensity, B is the magnetic induction intensity, alpha is the included angle between the magnetization direction and the stress sigma direction of the workpiece to be measured, alpha is more than 0 degrees and less than 180 degrees, and the value is taken at intervals of 15 degrees;
s2: the base specimen was subjected to alternating-current magnetization at different angles α with the same frequency and intensity of the magnetic field H as in step S1, and the magnetization curves at the respective angles α, i.e., B0, were measuredα-H0αWherein the base test piece and the workpiece to be tested are made of the same material and are in an unstressed state; alpha is an included angle between the magnetization direction and the stress direction borne by the workpiece to be measured;
s3: from angles alpha B of the workpiece to be measuredα-HαExtracting the maximum BαmaxAnd minimum value BαminAnd obtaining each angle of the workpiece to be measuredExtreme difference B1 of degree alphaα=Bαmax-Bαmin(ii) a B0 from each angle alpha of the base specimenα-H0αExtract maximum B0αmaxAnd minimum B0αminAnd obtaining the extreme difference value B0 of each angle alpha of the basic test pieceα=B0αmax-B0αmin;
S4: according to the step S3, first magnetic characteristic parameters B2 of the workpiece to be detected under all angles alpha are obtainedαOr a second magnetic characteristic parameter B3; wherein, B2α=B1α-B0α,B3=B2135°-B245°=(B1135°-B0135°)-(B145°-B045°) (ii) a B2 according to the material quality of the workpiece to be detected which is calibrated in advanceαQuantitative correlation with σ, i.e. B2 at different angles ααProportional relation with stress sigma to be measured, B2α=K2ασ, and according to B2 having the largest response obtained in step S3αObtaining the stress sigma borne by the workpiece to be measured; or obtaining the stress sigma of the workpiece to be measured according to the quantitative incidence relation between B3 and sigma of the material to which the member to be measured belongs, namely the proportional relation between B3 and the stress sigma of the workpiece to be measured, and the proportional relation between B3 and K3 sigma, which are calibrated in advance, and the stress sigma of the workpiece to be measured is obtained according to B3 obtained in the step S3.
2. The detecting method according to claim 1, wherein in step S4, the pre-calibrated material B2 of the workpiece to be detected belongs toαThe quantitative association relation with the sigma and the quantitative association relation of the B3 and the sigma of the material to which the component to be detected belongs, which is calibrated in advance, are measured by the following steps:
s11: the method comprises the steps of manufacturing test pieces by using ferromagnetic materials with the same material as a workpiece to be tested, and respectively carrying out different stress sigma on the test piecesnStretching is carried out, n is an integer and is not less than 0;
s12: using the AC magnetic field H with the same frequency and intensity as those in the step S1, the stress sigma of the test piece in the step S11 is differentnCarrying out alternating current magnetization at different angles theta and measuring a magnetization curve B thereofθn-HθnTheta is the magnetization direction and the specimen sigmanAngle between directions of applied stressTheta is the same as the value of alpha in the step S1;
s13: according to the specimen sigma under different stressesnB at each angle thetaθn-HθnAnd B0 at each angle theta for the test piece in an unstressed stateθ-H0θSeparately extracting the specimen sigmanMaximum B at different angles thetaθnmaxAnd minimum value BθnminAnd maximum values B0 at different angles theta of the specimen in the unstressed stateθmaxAnd minimum B0θminAnd then obtaining a test piece sigmanThe difference of the values B1 at the respective angles thetaθn=Bθnmax-BθnminAnd the difference B0 of the test piece in the stress-free state at each angle thetaθ=B0θmax-B0θmin;
S14: according to the step S13, test pieces sigma under different stresses are obtainednFirst magnetic characteristic parameter B2 at each angle thetaθnAnd a second magnetic characteristic parameter B3n(ii) a Wherein B2θn=B1θn-B0θ,B3n=B2135°n-B245°n=(B1135°n-B0135°n)-(B145°n-B045°n);
S15: according to the stress sigma to which the test piece is subjectednAnd a first magnetic characteristic parameter B2 at each angle thetaθnCalibrating σnTheta and B2θnA model of quantitative relationship between them, i.e. B2θn=K2θnσn(ii) a According to the stress sigma to which the test piece is subjectednAnd a second magnetic characteristic parameter B3 at each angle thetanCalibrating σnTheta and B3nA model of quantitative relationship between them, i.e. B3n=K3σn。
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