CN109709313A - A kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig and application method - Google Patents
A kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig and application method Download PDFInfo
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- CN109709313A CN109709313A CN201910109798.6A CN201910109798A CN109709313A CN 109709313 A CN109709313 A CN 109709313A CN 201910109798 A CN201910109798 A CN 201910109798A CN 109709313 A CN109709313 A CN 109709313A
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rigs, the side plate that the end plate and two being oppositely arranged including bottom plate, two are oppositely arranged, the end plate and the side plate are all set in the side of the bottom plate, the end plate and the side plate surround constraint space, the end plate is fixed on the bottom plate by fixing piece, the fixing piece is removably fixed on the bottom plate, by the distance between the position change two end plates for changing the fixing piece；The end plate that the side plate connection two is oppositely arranged, every side plate include the first connecting plate and the second connecting plate in angle setting.The strain gauge for detecting concrete strain amount is provided in the constraint space.The angle that the present invention passes through change side plate, the sensibility of concrete sample cracking can be changed, restrained condition of the thin wall concrete structure in construction time and runtime under the conditions of the truer some humidity of simulation change greatly, and the device has the characteristics that simple structure, low cost, strong operability.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of experimental rig more particularly to a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig and its uses
Method.
Background technique
Concrete material cracking resistance directly influences the applicability of concrete structure, durability and safety, but so far
Until the present, there are no the fingers of the method for more unified test crack-resistant performance of concrete and evaluation concrete anticracking grade both at home and abroad
Mark.
Used there are mainly four types of more extensive constrained test methods at present: annulus constrained test method, elliptical ring constrain
Test method(s), axial constraint test method(s), board-like constrained test method.
Toroidal confinement experimental provision is simple, easy to operate, but ring method there is the cracking time evening occurred and is produced from crack
Raw position is difficult the problems such as expecting；Although ellipse ring restrained test technique can efficiently and accurately evaluate glue sand or concrete early age
The sensibility in phase crack greatly facilitates observation, but actually effect is not obvious, in addition device production is difficult, cost is high
It is expensive, practicability is not high；Uniaxial test method has the characteristics that repeatability and accuracy are higher, test error is lesser, the disadvantage is that institute
Have component must accurate fabrication and installation, guarantee system linear it is not eccentric, without additional frictional force and torsional effect, template and frame
Between, suitable friction-reducing measures will be taken between test specimen and template and on slideway；Flat band method is easily operated for studying sand
The plasticity drying shrinkage of slurry and concrete can provide effective assessment rapidly, but the repeatability of test result is bad, during test not
Enough constraints can be provided to concrete slab, and be largely dependent upon material property, sample dimensions and care environments
Deng.
Major part constrained test device is mostly surface patch foil gauge or the mode counted using thousand points to obtain concrete at present
Drying shrinkage strain, and mostly limitation at room temperature, under the environmental condition that humidity changes greatly, have to measurement accuracy biggish
It influences.Secondly concrete sample be mostly rule cube or annulus specimen, such concrete sample morning age crack it is quick
Perception is poor, it is difficult to pact of the thin wall concrete structure in construction time and runtime under the conditions of the true some humidity of simulation change greatly
Pencil state, the poor operability of device, involve great expense, practicability it is not high.
Summary of the invention
Thin wall concrete structure is in the construction time under the conditions of goal of the invention changes greatly for some humidity of truer simulation
With the restrained condition of runtime, and it can be used for studying the relationship between concrete sample cracking sensitivity and angle, based on upper
State purpose, the present invention provides a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig, the device have simple structure, low cost,
The characteristics of strong operability.
The present invention to achieve the goals above, a kind of technical solution taken are as follows: new concrete restrained shrinkage test
Device, it is characterised in that: the side plate that the end plate and two being oppositely arranged including bottom plate, two are oppositely arranged, the end plate and the side
Plate is all set in the side of the bottom plate, and the end plate and the side plate surround constraint space, and the end plate is solid by fixing piece
Due on the bottom plate, the fixing piece is removably fixed on the bottom plate, by the position change for changing the fixing piece
The distance between two end plates；The end plate that the side plate connection two is oppositely arranged, every side plate include first in angle setting
Connecting plate and the second connecting plate, first connecting plate and second connecting plate are adjustable in length plate；
The heating rod for adjusting environment temperature is externally provided in the constraint space；
The strain gauge for detecting concrete strain amount is provided in the constraint space.
Further, it is articulated and connected between the side plate and the end plate.
Further, two mutual first regulating tanks disposed in parallel are equipped on the bottom plate, first regulating tank exists
First party is set up, and described fixing piece one end is removably fixed in first regulating tank, by changing the fixing piece
Position of the end plate on the bottom plate described in the position change of first regulating tank.
Further, the end plate is equipped with the protrusion protruded to second direction, the second direction and second direction
Vertically, two fixing pieces for being set to same first regulating tank are set to the two sides of the protrusion, by the end plate in first party
It is fixed upwards, the fixing piece vertically bottom plate setting.
Further, the threaded hole for connection fixture is equipped on the end plate, the fixing piece is equipped with outer spiral shell
The screw rod of line, the screw rod are fixed on the bottom plate after passing through the threaded hole and the first regulating tank by nut.
Further, first connecting plate and the articulated connection of the second connecting plate, the vertical bottom plate of the hinge side.
Further, first connecting plate includes the first adjustable plate and the second adjustable plate, and second connecting plate includes
Third adjustable plate and the 4th adjustable plate, first adjustable plate and the articulated connection of third adjustable plate, second adjustable plate and the
End plate articulated connection, first adjustable plate and the second adjustable plate partly overlap setting；
4th adjustable plate and the second end plate are articulated and connected, and the third adjustable plate and the 4th adjustable plate partly overlap setting；
Overlap length by adjusting the first adjustable plate and the second adjustable plate or/and third adjustable plate and the 4th adjustable plate adjusts the side
The total length of plate.
Further, it is equipped with corresponding second regulating tank on first adjustable plate and the second adjustable plate, described
It is equipped with corresponding third regulating tank on three adjustable plates and the 4th adjustable plate, is equipped in second regulating tank for fixing the
The fastening bolt of one adjustable plate and the second adjustable plate relative position, the third regulating tank is interior to be equipped with for fixing third adjustable plate
With the fastening bolt of the 4th adjustable plate relative position.
Further, the heating rod is set in screwed pipe, and the screwed pipe is equipped with external screw thread, and the end plate is equipped with
For the threaded hole of connecting screwed tube, the screwed pipe is arranged in a first direction, and the screwed pipe passes through the spiral shell in two end plates
Pit connects two end plates.
The invention also discloses a kind of application methods of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig, it is characterised in that: packet
Include following steps
S01 adjusts the distance between two end plates；
S02 adjusts the length of the side plate according to the distance between two end plates；
S03 adjusts the angle between the first connecting plate and the second connecting plate；
S04 adjusts the position of the strain gauge in constraint space；
S05 casting concrete；
S06 adjusts the temperature of heating rod as needed.
(1) technical effect caused by the present invention includes: that the side plate in the present invention can change it always according to the length of test specimen
Length can change the sensibility of concrete sample cracking by changing the angle between the first connecting plate and the second connecting plate.
(2) heating rod can be placed in screwed pipe as needed, to compensate or the temperature drift effect of correcting device.Heating rod
It is equipped with certain spacing between side plate, prevents and heats non-uniform phenomenon everywhere to concrete；
(3) present invention relatively reduces environmental change to strain using the strain gauge substitution foil gauge that inside concrete is arranged in
The influence of meter, can the non-rod-like structure of especially thin wall concrete in the area that changes greatly of the truer some humidity of simulation
Restrained condition under construction time and runtime.It relatively reduces humidity and changes greatly environmental condition to the shadow of strain measuring tool
It rings；
(4) entire restraint device uses the lower ordinary carbon steel of price, be just able to achieve to concrete sample humidity variation compared with
Constraint under the conditions of big, simple structure, low cost；
(5) present invention passes through the fixing piece fixed charge method end plate being arranged in the first regulating tank, it is ensured that two end plates are in a first direction
Adjustable range does not generate the offset in other directions；
(6) present invention connects two end plates with the threaded hole being arranged on end plate by screwed pipe, can be further ensured that first end plate
It is positive with the second end plate to setting, does not generate offset；
(7) it is all made of the mode of articulated connection between connecting plate and between connecting plate and end plate, facilitates the adjusting of angle.
To sum up, present invention improves current restraint device concrete samples mostly to paste foil gauge in surface at normal temperature
Acquisition mode realizes the mode that humidity changes greatly the acquisition strained under environmental condition, i.e., substitutes foil gauge using stress meter
Or thousand points of meters, strain gauge are located inside concrete sample, relatively reduce humidity and change greatly environmental condition to strain measurement
The influence of tool；By changing the angle of side plate, the sensibility of concrete sample cracking can be changed, and can be used for studying mixed
Relationship between solidifying soil test specimen cracking sensitivity and angle；The temperature of the heating rod placed in heating tube, compensation or correcting device
Float effect, can the truer some humidity of simulation change greatly under the conditions of thin wall concrete structure in construction time and runtime
Restrained condition.Apparatus of the present invention have the characteristics that simple structure, low cost, strong operability.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig overall schematic of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig fixing piece bottom schematic view of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig partial structural diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 4 is that a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig side plate of the present invention adjusts variation schematic diagram；
Fig. 5 is a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig top view of the present invention；
Fig. 6 is a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig side view of the present invention；
Fig. 7 is a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig bottom view of the present invention；
Fig. 8 is a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig left view of the present invention；
Fig. 9 is the lateral plan of the first regulating tank in the present invention；
Appended drawing reference: 1, bottom plate；101, the first regulating tank, 1011, wide notch, 1012, narrow slot mouth, 2, side plate；201, first connects
Fishplate bar, the 2011, first adjustable plate, the 2012, second adjustable plate, the 202, second connecting plate, 2021, third adjustable plate, the 2022, the 4th
Adjustable plate, the 203, second regulating tank, 204, third regulating tank, 3, end plate；301, the first face, the 302, second face, 4, screwed pipe, 5,
Fixing piece, 501, flange, 6, nut, 7, fastening bolt, 8, strain gauge, 9, iron wire, 10, hole, 11, hinge side.
Specific embodiment
Further details of explanation is done to the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description, it should be appreciated that
The protection scope of the present invention is not limited by the specific implementation manner.
As shown, one of present invention new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig includes bottom plate 1, side plate 2 and end
Plate 3, side plate 2 and end plate 3 surround circumferential constraint space, bottom of the bottom plate 1 as constraint space, there are two side plate 2 is set, end plate 3
If there are two, two end plates 3 are oppositely arranged in a first direction, and distance is adjustable between two end plates 3, and two end plates 3 pass through fixing piece 5
It is fixed on bottom plate 1, adjusts position of the end plate 3 on bottom plate 1 in the position on bottom plate 1 by adjusting fixing piece 5, and then realize
The adjusting of distance between two end plates 3.Both side plate 2 is oppositely arranged in a second direction, and first direction is mutually perpendicular to second direction,
Both side plate 2 includes the angle of adjustable-angle, i.e., is made of two pieces of connecting plates, is arranged between two connecting plates in angle, and
Included angle is adjustable.Side plate 2 connects the end plate 3 at both ends, and the total length of side plate 2 can be adjusted according to the distance between two end plates 3
Section.Strain gauge 8 is additionally provided in constraint space, strain gauge 8 is buried in inside concrete, and 8 both ends of strain gauge are respectively facing two
The end plate 3 at end, strain gauge 8 are arranged in a first direction, for detecting the dependent variable of concrete in a first direction.It is filled in test
The heating rod that the outside set is additionally provided with for changing concrete temperature adjusts temperature by heating rod according to actual needs.
Bottom plate 1 in the present invention is equipped with two the first regulating tanks 101 disposed in parallel, and the first regulating tank 101 runs through bottom
About 1 two sides of plate, the fixing piece 5 in the present invention is adjusting screw rod, and adjusting screw rod is fixed on the first regulating tank by fastening nut 6
In 101, when needing to change position of the fixing piece 5 on bottom plate 1, fastening nut 6 is loosened, moves tune along the first regulating tank 101
Save screw rod.First regulating tank 101 is arranged along first direction.In order to guarantee that bottom plate 1 lands or the side of other platforms is smooth,
The side that first regulating tank 101 lands is equipped with level-one step, including the biggish wide notch 1011 of width and the lesser narrow slot of width
Mouth 1012 is equipped with flange 501 in one end of adjusting screw rod, and flange 501 is placed in wide notch 1011, and 501 width of flange is less than width
Notch 1011 is greater than narrow slot mouth 1012, and the thickness of flange 501 is less than the thickness of wide notch 1011, thus screw rod will not protrude bottom
The bar portion of 1 bottom of plate, adjusting screw rod is less than or equal to narrow slot mouth 1012.Adjusting screw rod vertical base plate 1 is arranged.
End plate 3 in the present invention is stood on bottom plate 1, in a second direction be equipped with protrusion, the setting of protrusion be in order to
It is easy to use two parts 5 that are relatively fixed to fix end plate 3 in a first direction, specifically, the end plate 3 in the present invention is two sides
It is formed after carrying out right-angle bending twice, bending end plate 3 includes the first face 301 and the second face 302, the first face 301 and the second face
302 are oppositely arranged in parallel, and fixing piece 5 is placed in the first face 301 back to the side in the second face 302 and the second face 302 back to the first face
The mutual cooperation of fixing piece 5 of 301 side, two sides prevents end plate 3 mobile.On the first face 301 and the second face 302 of end plate 3
It is equipped with threaded hole, end plate 3 is fixed on after nut 6 by the specific nut 6 to be fixed on end plate 3 by fixing piece 5
On bottom plate 1.A nut 6 is additionally provided on fixing piece 5, the flange 501 on the nut 6 and fixing piece 5 is opposite, is arranged in bottom plate 1
Back to the side of flange 501, which is fastened on fixing piece 5 on bottom plate 1, prevents its movement.
Side plate 2 in the present invention includes hinged the first connecting plate 201 and the second connecting plate 202, the vertical bottom of hinge side 11
Plate 1, the first connecting plate 201 include the first adjustable plate 2011 and the second adjustable plate 2012, and the second connecting plate 202 is adjusted including third
Plate 2021 and the 4th adjustable plate 2022, the first adjustable plate 2011 and third adjustable plate 2021 are articulated and connected, the second adjustable plate 2012
It is articulated and connected with first end plate 3, the first adjustable plate 2011 and the second adjustable plate 2012 partly overlap setting；4th adjustable plate 2022
It is articulated and connected with the second end plate 3, third adjustable plate 2021 and the 4th adjustable plate 2022 partly overlap setting；It is adjusted by adjusting first
The overlap length for saving plate 2011 and the second adjustable plate 2012 or/and third adjustable plate 2021 and the 4th adjustable plate 2022 adjusts side plate
2 total length.Corresponding second regulating tank 203, third tune are equipped on first adjustable plate 2011 and the second adjustable plate 2012
It is equipped with corresponding third regulating tank 204 on section plate 2021 and the 4th adjustable plate 2022, is equipped with and is used in the second regulating tank 203
The fastening bolt 7 of 2012 relative position of the first adjustable plate 2011 and the second adjustable plate is fixed, is equipped with and is used in third regulating tank 204
The fastening bolt 7 of fixed third adjustable plate 2021 and 2022 relative position of the 4th adjustable plate.Third regulating tank 204 and the 4th is adjusted
The equal parallel mat 1 of slot.2 two sides of side plate and end plate 3 are articulated and connected.
Heating rod is set in screwed pipe 4, and screwed pipe 4 is equipped with external screw thread, and middle part is not empty, and in a tubular form, end plate 3, which is equipped with, to be used
In the threaded hole of connecting screwed tube 4, screwed pipe 4 is arranged in a first direction, and screwed pipe 4 passes through the threaded hole in two end plates 3 and connects
Connect two end plates 3.
A kind of specifically used process of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig in the present invention are as follows: firstly, setting as needed
The size for counting concrete sample, first loosens the nut 6 or nut above all fixing pieces 5 and fastening bolt 7, adjusts end plate 3
Position, then end plate 3 is fixed using fixing piece 5, tightens the nut 6 on fixing piece 5, fixing piece 5 is fastened on bottom plate 1
On.Further according to needing to adjust side plate 2, change the overall length of the angle and side plate 2 between connecting plate, as shown in Fig. 2, working as ipsilateral two
When angle between block connecting plate increases to β by α, the length and cracking sensitivity of concrete sample can also be changed correspondingly, then
Tighten the fastening bolt 7 between adjustable plate, the relative position between secured adjusted plate.On the screwed pipe 4 for finally tightening 3 side of end plate
Nuts, and by the binding of strain gauge 8 on thin wire 9, thin wire 9 passes through the hole 10 above both ends end plate 3, and fixes
Afterwards, start casting concrete test specimen.If device needs to be tested under high temperature environment, it can place and add inside heating tube in advance
Hot pin, to compensate or the temperature drift effect of correcting device.
1 part of bottom plate, having a size of 1000mm × 320mm × 30mm(length×width×height), the ruler of the first regulating tank
Very little is 960mm × 20mm × 30mm(length x width x depth), the distance of groove center line to bottom panel side is 40mm, wide notch
Depth is 5mm, and fixing piece flange is the circle that diameter is 40mm, thickness 5mm.
Every piece of adjustable plate is having a size of 200mm × 20mm × 200mm(length×width×height), every piece of adjustable plate interposition
The size for setting regulating tank is 150mm × 20mm × 20mm(length x width x depth), the second regulating tank and third regulating tank two
Side is step notch, and for the wide notch in outside with a thickness of 5mm, the nut for adjusting bolt and secured adjusted bolt is placed in wide notch
It is interior.
Contain 8 fixing pieces on end plate altogether, each constraining rod both passes through 3 threaded holes, the cross-sectional area of each threaded hole
It is overall diameter for 30mm, interior diameter is the concentric circles of 20mm, thickness 20mm.The two plate face centers of end plate along a first direction
Containing hole 10, thin wire 12 is passed through in hole 10, strain gauge 8 is banded among thin wire 12, prevents casting concrete test specimen process
Larger offset occurs for middle 8 position of strain gauge.
Heating tube 4 is located at non-telescoping 3 two sides of plate, and the cross-sectional area of each heating tube 4 is that overall diameter is 30mm, interior diameter
For the concentric circles of 20mm, length 1000mm, each heating rod both passes through 4 bolts hole 6, and the cross-sectional area of each bolt hole 6 is equal
It is overall diameter is 40mm, interior diameter is the concentric circles of 30mm, thickness 20mm, containing there are two nuts 7 around each bolt hole 6,
Heating tube 4 is fixed on above the bolt hole 6 of non-telescoping plate 3.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited in the content of embodiment.For in this field
Technical staff for, can have various change and change within the scope of technical solution of the present invention, made any variation and
Change, within that scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig, it is characterised in that: the end plate being oppositely arranged including bottom plate, two and two
The side plate being oppositely arranged, the end plate and the side plate are all set in the side of the bottom plate, and the end plate is enclosed with the side plate
At constraint space, the end plate is fixed on the bottom plate by fixing piece, and the fixing piece is removably fixed in the bottom plate
On, by the distance between the position change two end plates for changing the fixing piece；The end plate that the side plate connection two is oppositely arranged,
Every side plate includes in the first connecting plate and the second connecting plate of angle setting, first connecting plate and second connection
Plate is adjustable in length plate；
The heating rod for adjusting environment temperature is externally provided in the constraint space；
The strain gauge for detecting concrete strain amount is provided in the constraint space.
2. a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the side plate with
It is articulated and connected between the end plate.
3. a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in the bottom plate
Two mutual first regulating tanks disposed in parallel are equipped with, first regulating tank is arranged in a first direction, the fixing piece one
End is removably fixed in first regulating tank, by changing the fixing piece in the position change institute of first regulating tank
State position of the end plate on the bottom plate.
4. a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig according to claim 1 or 3, it is characterised in that: the end
Plate is equipped with the protrusion protruded to second direction, and the second direction is vertical with second direction, is set to same first and adjusts
Two fixing pieces of slot are set to the two sides of the protrusion, the end plate are fixed in a first direction, the fixing piece is vertical
The bottom plate setting.
5. a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: in the end plate
It is equipped with the threaded hole for connection fixture, the fixing piece is equipped with externally threaded screw rod, and the screw rod passes through the spiral shell
It is fixed on the bottom plate after pit and the first regulating tank by nut.
6. a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described first connects
Fishplate bar and the articulated connection of the second connecting plate, the vertical bottom plate of hinge side.
7. a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described first connects
Fishplate bar includes the first adjustable plate and the second adjustable plate, and second connecting plate includes third adjustable plate and the 4th adjustable plate, described
First adjustable plate and the articulated connection of third adjustable plate, second adjustable plate and first end plate are articulated and connected, and described first is adjusted
Plate and the second adjustable plate partly overlap setting；
4th adjustable plate and the second end plate are articulated and connected, and the third adjustable plate and the 4th adjustable plate partly overlap setting；
Overlap length by adjusting the first adjustable plate and the second adjustable plate or/and third adjustable plate and the 4th adjustable plate adjusts the side
The total length of plate.
8. a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig according to claim 7, it is characterised in that: described first adjusts
It is equipped with corresponding second regulating tank on section plate and the second adjustable plate, is equipped on the third adjustable plate and the 4th adjustable plate
Corresponding third regulating tank, second regulating tank is interior to be equipped with for fixing the first adjustable plate and the second adjustable plate relative position
Fastening bolt, the fastening spiral shell for fixing third adjustable plate and the 4th adjustable plate relative position is equipped in the third regulating tank
Bolt.
9. a kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the heating rod
It is set in screwed pipe, the screwed pipe is equipped with external screw thread, and the end plate is equipped with the threaded hole for connecting screwed tube, described
Screwed pipe is arranged in a first direction, and the screwed pipe passes through the threaded hole in two end plates and connects two end plates.
10. a kind of application method of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig according to claim 1, feature exist
In: include the following steps
S01 adjusts the distance between two end plates；
S02 adjusts the length of the side plate according to the distance between two end plates；
S03 adjusts the angle between the first connecting plate and the second connecting plate；
S04 adjusts the position of the strain gauge in constraint space；
S05 casting concrete；
S06 adjusts the temperature of heating rod as needed.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910109798.6A CN109709313A (en) | 2019-02-11 | 2019-02-11 | A kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig and application method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910109798.6A CN109709313A (en) | 2019-02-11 | 2019-02-11 | A kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig and application method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN109709313A true CN109709313A (en) | 2019-05-03 |
Family
ID=66264384
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910109798.6A Pending CN109709313A (en) | 2019-02-11 | 2019-02-11 | A kind of new concrete restrained shrinkage experimental rig and application method |
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Application publication date: 20190503 |
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