CN109679732B

CN109679732B - Lubricating grease and preparation method thereof

Info

Publication number: CN109679732B
Application number: CN201710971726.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 郑会; 张耀; 魏克成; 孙洪伟; 何懿峰; 刘欣阳; 姜靓
Original assignee: Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing; China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
Current assignee: Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing; China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
Priority date: 2017-10-18
Filing date: 2017-10-18
Publication date: 2022-01-04
Anticipated expiration: 2037-10-18
Also published as: CN109679732A

Abstract

The invention provides lubricating grease and a preparation method thereof. The lubricating grease comprises the following components: gradient copolymer, thickener, antioxidant, antirust agent, extreme pressure agent and lubricating base oil. The lubricating grease can meet the lubricating requirement of minus 40 ℃ to 250 ℃, has excellent colloid stability, oxidation stability, water spray resistance, extreme pressure abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance and rust resistance, can be used for lubricating various mechanical equipment, and is particularly suitable for lubricating the mechanical equipment under the wide temperature condition.

Description

Lubricating grease and preparation method thereof

Technical Field

The invention relates to lubricating grease, in particular to wide-temperature lubricating grease.

Background

The lubricating grease has wide application fields, can be used for lubricating mechanical friction parts of rotation and lubrication, has the functions of protection and sealing, and almost covers the industrial field, the agricultural field, the transportation industry, the aerospace industry, the electronic information industry and national defense equipment. In petroleum products, the proportion of grease production is not large, but the grease is a great variety and is an important material indispensable to various departments of national economy.

With the rapid development of recent industries, increasingly higher demands are made on lubricating materials, and mechanical equipment which continuously operates under high load, high speed and high (low) temperature requires a wider temperature use range of lubricating grease.

CN 103525510a discloses a low-temperature grease using lithium 12-hydroxystearate and lithium stearate as thickening agents. CN 104371796 discloses a low temperature grease using lithium soap and bentonite as thickeners. CN 101649243A provides high and low temperature lubricating grease and a preparation method thereof, and the prepared polyurea lubricating grease is wide temperature lubricating grease. CN 105087108A discloses a high and low temperature resistant grease prepared by using additives such as PAO, glyceride, synthetic sulfonate, etc.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention provides lubricating grease and a preparation method thereof.

In particular, the present invention relates to at least the following aspects:

1. a grease comprising the following components: gradient copolymer, thickener, antioxidant, anti-rust agent, extreme pressure agent and lubricating base oil; the method for producing the gradient copolymer comprises: a step of adding at least two monomers to the polymerization reaction system to cause addition copolymerization (particularly, radical addition copolymerization) of the at least two monomers, wherein the at least two monomers each independently represent a compound represented by the formula (I) and/or a mixture thereof,

in the formula (I), the compound represented by the formula (I),

radical R₁Represents H or

Preferably represents a compound of formula (I) or (II),

radical R₂Represents H or C_1-4Straight-chain or branched alkyl, preferably represents H or methyl,

the symbol a represents 0 or 1, preferably 1,

the radical R' represents H or the radical R₃Preferably represents a group R₃，

Radical R₃Represents C₁-C₃₀Straight-chain or branched alkyl, preferably representing C₆-C₂₄Straight-chain or branched alkyl, more preferably C₆-C₂₀A straight chain alkyl group,

setting the initial time of adding the at least two monomers into the polymerization reaction system as t₀The end time is t_mThen the monomer addition time of the at least two monomers is t (t ═ t)_m-t₀) When the monomer addition time is divided into m equal parts, the symbol m represents a closed interval [5, ∞ ]]An integer within preferably represents a closed interval [8, ∞ ]]Preferably, the upper limit of the integer denoted by the symbol m is 20000, 10000, 5000, 1000, 500, 200, 100 or 50, and at any monomer addition time t_xThe relative proportions of the at least two monomers added to the polymerization system being such that the average number of carbon atoms in the side chain X is determined by NMR of a mixture of the at least two monomers in the relative proportions_xSatisfying the following relationship, the symbol x represents an arbitrary integer from 0 to m,

X₀<X₁<…<X_m-1<X_m (V)

preferably from X₀To X_mGradually increasing, more preferably from X₀To X_mThe linearity increases.

2. The production method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the termination time t of the monomer addition is set_mThe sum of the cumulative addition amounts of the at least two monomers to the polymerization reaction system within the monomer addition time is G, and is set at any monomer addition time t_xThe sum of the addition amounts of the at least two monomers to the polymerization reaction system is G_xThe symbol x represents an arbitrary integer from 0 to m, and the following relational expression holds,

G₀/G<G₁/G<…<G_j/G>…>G_m-1/G>G_m/G (VI)

in formula (VI), the symbol j represents a closed interval [ m/4, 3m/4 ]]An integer within, preferably representing a closed interval [ m/3, 2m/3]An integer within, more preferably representing a closed regionM 2m/5, 3m/5]An integer of (a), and G₀+G₁+…+G_j+…+G_m-1+G_m＝G，

Preferably from G₀G to G_jG is gradually increased, more preferably from G₀G to G_jLinear increase of/G, or from G_jG to G_mG is gradually decreased, more preferably from G_jG to G_mthe/G is reduced in a linear manner,

more preferably G_xG and X_xThe following relational expression is satisfied,

in formula (VII), the symbol μ represents any value within the open interval (12.5, 14.2), preferably any value within the open interval (12.6, 13.8), and the symbol σ represents any value within the open interval (0.5, 2).

3. The process according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the group R₃Represents C₁₀-C₁₈The proportion (on a molar basis) of the compounds of formula (I) in question, whether linear or branched, based on the total amount of monomers used, is from 40% to 95%, preferably from 55% to 95%.

4. The production method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein X is₀Represents a closed interval [6.5, 12.5 ]]Any value within, preferably representing a closed interval [7.8, 12.0 ]]Or said X is any one of the values in_mRepresents a closed interval [13.8, 19.5 ]]Any value within, preferably representing a closed interval [14.5, 18.2 ]]Any one of the values in (b).

5. The production method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ratio G_jG is from 20 to 75%, preferably from 25 to 65%, or the ratio G₀G or the ratio G_mthe/G is from 0.01 to 20%, preferably from 0.1 to 10%.

6. The production process of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the reaction temperature of the copolymerization reaction is from 50 ℃ to 180 ℃, preferably from 55 ℃ to 165 ℃, more preferably from 60 ℃ to 150 ℃, the reaction time of the copolymerization reaction is from 1 hour to 24 hours, preferably from 1.5 hours to 20 hours, and the monomer addition time t is from 0.5 hours to 12 hours, preferably from 1 hour to 10 hours.

7. The grease of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the gradient copolymer comprises 0.01% to 10% (preferably 0.5% to 2%) of the total weight of the grease; the thickening agent accounts for 1-30% (preferably 12-25%) of the total weight of the lubricating grease; the antioxidant accounts for 0.1-10% (preferably 0.5-2%) of the total mass of the lubricating grease; the antirust agent accounts for 0.1-10% (preferably 0.5-2%) of the total mass of the lubricating grease; the extreme pressure agent accounts for 0.1-10% (preferably 1-3%) of the total mass of the lubricating grease; the lubricating base oil constitutes the main component of the grease.

8. The grease of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the thickener is selected from one or more of a complex lithium-based thickener, a complex calcium-based thickener, a complex lithium-calcium-based thickener, a complex sodium-based thickener, a barium-based thickener, a complex aluminum-based thickener, a polyurea thickener, a bentonite thickener, a hydrocarbon-based thickener, an inorganic thickener, and an organic thickener; the antioxidant is an amine antioxidant; the antirust agent is one or more of an ester antirust agent, an organic amine antirust agent and a sulfur-containing heterocyclic or nitrogen-containing heterocyclic antirust agent; the extreme pressure agent is borate; the lubricating base oil is selected from one or more of API group I, II, III, IV and V base oils.

The amine antioxidant can be one or more of diphenylamine, diisooctyl diphenylamine, beta-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-beta-naphthylamine, N-isopropyl-N '-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-cyclohexyl-N' -phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N '-di-beta-naphthyl-p-phenylenediamine and N, N' -di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine. The antirust agent can be one or more of lanolin calcium, lanolin magnesium, barium soap of oxidized petroleum ester, benzene-80, octadecyl sarcosinate of N-oleoyl, 2-aminoethyl heptadecenyl imidazoline, dodecenyl succinic acid and benzotriazole. The extreme pressure agent can be one or more of sodium borate, potassium borate, sodium metaborate, potassium metaborate and potassium triborateAnd (4) a plurality of. The preferable kinematic viscosity of the lubricating base oil at 100 ℃ is 2-60mm²A base oil/s, more preferably having a kinematic viscosity at 100 ℃ of from 3 to 30mm²Lubricating base oil per second.

9. The preparation method of the lubricating grease in any one of the preceding aspects comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing the thickening agent and the lubricating base oil, refining at the constant temperature of 220 ℃ at 180-.

The lubricating grease can meet the lubricating requirement of minus 40 ℃ to 250 ℃, has excellent colloid stability, water spray resistance, oxidation stability, extreme pressure abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance and rust resistance, can be used for lubricating various mechanical equipment, and is particularly suitable for lubricating the mechanical equipment under the wide temperature condition.

Detailed Description

The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided, but it should be noted that the scope of the present invention is not limited by the embodiments, but is defined by the appended claims.

In the context of the present invention, the term "(meth) acrylic acid" refers to either acrylic acid or methacrylic acid.

Unless otherwise expressly indicated, all percentages, parts, ratios, etc. mentioned in this specification are by weight unless otherwise not in accordance with the conventional knowledge of those skilled in the art.

According to one aspect of the invention, the gradient copolymer has a side chain average carbon number X of generally from 5 to 20, preferably from 11.5 to 17, preferably from 11.5 to 16.2, more preferably from 12.2 to 15.7, more preferably from 12.2 to 15.5.

According to one aspect of the invention, the side chains of the n polymer components have an average carbon number X of from 5 to 20, preferably from 11.5 to 17, preferably from 11.5 to 16.2, more preferably from 12.2 to 15.7, more preferably from 12.2 to 15.5.

According to one aspect of the invention, the symbol n represents an integer within the closed interval [5, ∞ ], preferably an integer within the closed interval [8, ∞ ]. The symbol n represents an integer, the lower limit of which may be 5 or 8, or 10 or 20. The upper limit of the integer represented by the symbol n may be ∞, or 20000, 10000, 5000, 1000, 500, 200, 100, or 50.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the gradient copolymer may be manufactured by one or more manufacturing methods as follows. In the following of the present description, for the sake of simplicity, any matter not described in detail or specifically with respect to the manufacturing process, such as the type of reactor, the way of using the various additives, the pretreatment of the feed, the separation of the reaction products, etc., may be directly referred to the corresponding matter known in the art.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the production method comprises a step of adding at least two monomers to a polymerization reaction system to cause addition copolymerization of the at least two monomers.

According to one aspect of the present invention, in order to facilitate the implementation of the addition copolymerization reaction, the at least two monomers are sometimes added to the polymerization reaction system in the form of a feed mixture. Here, as the feed mixture, in addition to the at least two monomers, one or more additives conventionally used for addition copolymerization such as a solvent, a diluent, an initiator, a molecular weight modifier, a polymerization catalyst, and the like may be further generally contained as necessary. Furthermore, the type and amount of these additives can be determined by the requirements of the prior art, and the present invention is not particularly limited thereto.

According to one aspect of the present invention, in the polymerization system, the at least two monomers undergo an addition copolymerization reaction, in particular a free radical addition copolymerization reaction, of carbon-carbon double bonds, i.e. a gradient copolymer is obtained. The gradient copolymer includes the gradient copolymer of the present invention described in various aspects of the present specification.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the reaction temperature of the addition copolymerization reaction is generally from 50 ℃ to 180 ℃, preferably from 55 ℃ to 165 ℃, more preferably from 60 ℃ to 150 ℃.

According to an aspect of the present invention, the reaction time of the addition copolymerization reaction is generally from 1 hour to 24 hours, preferably from 1.5 hours to 20 hours.

According to an aspect of the present invention, the addition copolymerization reaction may be carried out in any manner of bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization, etc., and solution polymerization is preferred.

According to an aspect of the present invention, in order to facilitate the improvement of the monomer conversion, it is also possible to continue the addition copolymerization reaction for 0.5 to 2 hours after the completion of the addition of the monomer, or to raise the temperature of the polymerization reaction system to 100 ℃ and 150 ℃ and continue the reaction for 0.5 to 5 hours after further addition of an initiator, a polymerization catalyst, a diluent, or the like, as necessary. These reaction modes are known to those skilled in the art.

According to an aspect of the present invention, as the initiator, those conventionally used in the art, particularly, radical polymerization initiators can be used, without particular limitation. Specific examples of the initiator include azo initiators, peroxide initiators, and redox initiators. These initiators may be used singly or in combination in any ratio. In addition, the amount of the initiator used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and those conventionally known in the art can be applied, for example, as the total amount of the initiator used in the whole addition copolymerization reaction, generally 0.01 to 2.5 parts by weight, preferably 0.05 to 2 parts by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 1.5 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the monomers.

According to an aspect of the present invention, as the diluent, those conventionally used in the art, particularly diluent oil, may be used, without particular limitation.

According to one aspect of the present invention, as the molecular weight regulator, those conventionally used in the art can be used, and there is no particular limitation. Specific examples of the molecular weight modifier include dodecyl mercaptan and 2-mercaptoethanol. These molecular weight regulators may be used singly or in combination of two or more in any ratio. In addition, the amount of the molecular weight regulator used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and those conventionally known in the art can be applied.

According to one aspect of the present invention, as the polymerization catalyst, those conventionally used in the art can be used, and there is no particular limitation. Specific examples of the polymerization catalyst include radical polymerization catalysts, particularly ziegler-natta catalysts. These polymerization catalysts may be used singly or in combination in any ratio. In addition, the amount of the polymerization catalyst used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and those conventionally known in the art can be applied.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the addition copolymerization reaction is generally carried out in an inert atmosphere. Here, the inert gas atmosphere refers to an inert gas atmosphere that does not chemically react with the reactant and the product. Examples of the inert gas include nitrogen gas and an inert gas. The inert gas atmosphere may be maintained by, for example, continuously introducing the inert gas into the polymerization reaction system.

According to one aspect of the invention, the at least two monomers each independently represent a compound of formula (I). One or more of the at least two monomers may sometimes also be present as a monomer mixture. In this case, according to this aspect of the present invention, the two or more monomer compounds contained in the monomer mixture each independently represent a compound represented by formula (I).

According to one aspect of the invention, in formula (I), the radical R₁Represents H or

Preferably represents H. Here, the radical R' represents H or the radical R₃Preferably represents the radical R₃。

According to one aspect of the invention, in formula (I), the radical R₂Represents H or C_1-4Straight-chain or branched alkyl, preferably represents H or methyl.

According to one aspect of the invention, in formula (I), the symbol a represents 0 or 1, preferably 1.

According to one aspect of the invention, in formula (I), the radical R₃Represents C₁-C₃₀Straight-chain or branched alkyl, preferably represents C₆-C₂₄Straight or branched alkyl, more preferably C₆-C₂₀Straight chain alkyl or C₈-C₂₄A linear alkyl group.

According to one aspect of the invention, it is preferred that the group R₃Represents C₁₀-C₁₈The proportion (in moles) of said compound of formula (I) having a linear or branched alkyl group to the total monomer amount (total amount of said at least two monomers) is generally from 40% to 95%, preferably from 55% to 95%.

According to one aspect of the present invention, as the compound represented by the formula (I), there may be mentioned, for example, fumaric acid monoc₁-C₃₀Straight or branched alkyl ester, fumaric acid di-C₁-C₃₀Straight-chain or branched alkyl ester, C₃-C₃₀Linear or branched alpha-olefins and (meth) acrylic acid C₁-C₃₀Straight or branched alkyl esters, more specific examples being fumaric acid mono C₈-C₂₄Straight or branched alkyl ester, fumaric acid di-C₈-C₂₄Straight or branched chain alkyl ester, C₆-C₂₀Linear or branched alpha-olefins and (meth) acrylic acid C₆-C₂₀Straight or branched alkyl esters, more specifically for example fumaric acid mono C₈-C₂₄Straight chain alkyl ester, fumaric acid di-C₈-C₂₄Straight chain alkyl ester, C₆-C₂₀Linear alpha-olefins and (meth) acrylic acid C₆-C₂₀A linear alkyl ester. These monomers may be used singly or in combination in any ratio.

According to an aspect of the present invention, as the fumaric acid mono C₈-C₂₄Straight or branched alkyl esters, such as fumaric acid monoc₈Linear alkyl ester, fumaric acid mono C₁₀Straight chain alkyl ester, fumaric acid mono C₁₂Linear alkyl ester, fumaric acid mono C₁₄Linear alkyl ester, fumaric acid mono C₁₆Linear alkyl ester, fumaric acid mono C₁₈Linear alkyl ester, fumaric acid mono C₂₀Linear alkyl ester, fumaric acid mono C₂₂Linear alkyl esters and fumaric acid mono C₂₄A linear alkyl ester. These fumaric acid monomers₈-C₂₄The linear or branched alkyl esters may be used singly or in combination in any ratio.

According to an aspect of the present invention, as the fumaric acid di-C₈-C₂₄Straight-chain or branched alkyl esters, such as fumaric acid di-C₈Linear alkyl ester, fumaric acid di-C₁₀Straight chain alkyl ester, fumaric acid di-C₁₂Linear alkyl ester, fumaric acid di-C₁₄Linear alkyl ester, fumaric acid di-C₁₆Linear alkyl ester, fumaric acid di-C₁₈Linear alkyl ester, fumaric acid di-C₂₀Linear alkyl ester, fumaric acid di-C₂₂Linear alkyl esters and fumaric acid di-C₂₄A linear alkyl ester. These fumaric acid di-C₈-C₂₄The linear or branched alkyl esters may be used singly or in combination in any ratio.

According to an aspect of the present invention, as said C₆-C₂₀Specific examples of the linear or branched alpha-olefin include 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene and 1-eicosene. These C₆-C₂₀The linear or branched alpha-olefin may be used singly or in combination of two or more kinds in an arbitrary ratio.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the compound of formula (I) is commercially available or can be prepared by various methods known in the art. Specific examples of the (meth) acrylic acid esterOlefine acid C₆-C₂₀The linear or branched alkyl ester may be prepared by reacting (meth) acrylic acid with C₆-C₂₀Obtained by esterification of a linear or branched alkanol, optionally with methyl (meth) acrylate and C₆-C₂₀The ester interchange reaction of the linear or branched alkyl alcohol is not particularly limited.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the addition of the at least two monomers to the polymerization system is initiated at time t₀The termination time is t_mThen the monomer addition time of the at least two monomers is t (t ═ t)_m-t₀). In order to increase the monomer conversion as much as possible, or depending on the manner of monomer addition of the at least two monomers, the monomer addition time is generally shorter than the reaction time of the copolymerization reaction. For example, the monomer addition time is generally from 0.5 to 12 hours, preferably from 1 to 10 hours.

According to one aspect of the invention, when dividing the monomer addition time t into m equal parts, at any monomer addition time t_xLet the average carbon number of the side chains of the at least two monomers be X_xThe following relational expression holds. In other words, at any monomer addition time t_xThe relative proportions of the at least two monomers added to the polymerization system being such that the average number of carbon atoms X in the NMR side chains of a (hypothetical) mixture of the at least two monomers in the said relative proportions_xThe following relational expression is satisfied. Here, the symbol x represents an arbitrary integer from 0 to m.

X₀<X₁<…<X_m-1<X_m (V)

According to one aspect of the invention, the average number of carbons X in the side chains of the at least two monomers_xAs previously described herein, refers to the average carbon number of the side chains of a (hypothetical) mixture of the at least two monomers in a predetermined ratio, where the predetermined ratio refers to the time t at which either monomer is added_xThe relative proportions of the at least two monomers added to the polymerization system.

According to one aspect of the invention, the at least two monomers are added at the monomer addition time t_xThe relative proportion to be added to the polymerization reaction system is not particularly limited, and may be any value as long as it enables the side chain average carbon number X of the hypothetical mixture_xThe formula (V) may be satisfied. For simplicity, it is assumed that the at least two monomers represent two monomers, monomer a and monomer B, wherein the average carbon number of the side chain of monomer a is greater than the average carbon number of the side chain of monomer B. In order to satisfy the regulation of the formula (V), the starting time t of the addition of the two monomers to the polymerization system₀To the end time t_mThe amount of the monomer A may be gradually increased while maintaining the amount of the monomer B, or the amount of the monomer B may be gradually decreased while maintaining the amount of the monomer A, or both may be changed so that the amount of the monomer B is relatively decreased as compared with the amount of the monomer A.

According to one aspect of the invention, the addition amounts of the monomer A and the monomer B can be manually regulated or automatically regulated by a program, so that the addition amount proportion of the monomer A and the monomer B is continuously changed, and the total addition amount is continuously changed. For example, the simple example: at the initial moment t of the polymerization₀To the end time t_mAnd keeping the addition amount of the monomer B unchanged, and manually and continuously regulating and controlling the addition rate of the monomer A in an intermittent manner by setting m control points, so that the relative reduction of the addition amount of the monomer B and the addition amount of the monomer A is realized discontinuously. It is also possible to set a control program which is easily developed and grasped by those skilled in the art, and by this control program, the addition rate of monomer A is continuously regulated and controlled so as to satisfy the regulation of formula (V).

According to one aspect of the invention, the symbol m represents an integer within the closed interval [5, ∞ ], preferably an integer within the closed interval [8, ∞ ]. Here, the symbol m represents an integer, and the lower limit thereof may be 5 or 8, or may be 10 or 20. The upper limit of the integer represented by the symbol m may be ∞, or 20000, 10000, 5000, 1000, 500, 200, 100, or 50.

According to an aspect of the present invention, a larger value of the integer represented by the symbol m indicates a more continuous change in the addition timing of two adjacent monomers, and also means a more continuous change in the average carbon number of the side chain at the addition timing of two adjacent monomers. When the value of the integer represented by the symbol m is sufficiently large, for example, the upper limit value thereof reaches ∞, this does not mean that the upper limit value actually reaches ∞ in terms of value, but means that the average carbon number of the side chain has reached the extent of continuous or stepless smooth change with continuous change in the monomer addition timing. For example, when m ∞, the number of average carbon numbers of the side chains is from X₀To X_mIt no longer appears as a finite incremental progression change, but as a continuous incremental change, in particular as a step-less or smooth incremental change.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the number of the average carbon number X of the side chain is from X as shown in the formula (V)₀To X_mPresent as an incremental change, such as a gradual incremental change or a linear incremental change. The increment amplitude (also called step length) between any two adjacent X in the incremental change is not particularly limited by the invention, as long as the effective increment is considered by the person skilled in the art. The incremental change may be an equal-step incremental change or an unequal-step incremental change, and is not particularly limited. The step size may be, for example, any value in the range of 0.01 to 4.00 or any value in the range of 0.05 to 1.5, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

According to an aspect of the present invention, as said X₀It represents the starting time t of the addition of the at least two monomers to the polymerization system₀Represents the starting point and the minimum value of the whole incremental change, such as any value in the range from 6.5 to 12.5 or any value in the range from 7.8 to 12.0, but the invention is not limited to the aboveThis is done. In addition, as the X_mIt represents the termination time t of the addition of said at least two monomers to said polymerization system_mThe average carbon number of the side chain represents the end point and the maximum value of the whole increment, and can be any value ranging from 13.8 to 19.5 or any value ranging from 14.5 to 18.2, for example, but the invention is not limited to the above.

According to one aspect of the invention, the termination time t of the monomer addition is set_mThe sum of the cumulative addition amounts of the at least two monomers to the polymerization reaction system within the monomer addition time t is G, and is set at any one of the monomer addition times t_xThe sum of the addition amounts of the at least two monomers to the polymerization reaction system is G_xThe symbol x represents an arbitrary integer from 0 to m, and the following relational expression holds. The ratio G is sometimes described below_xThe term,/G is simply referred to as the addition amount ratio.

G₀/G<G₁/G<…<G_j/G>…>G_m-1/G>G_m/G (VI)

According to one aspect of the invention, in said formula (VI), the symbol j represents a closed interval [ m/4, 3m/4 ]]An integer within, preferably representing a closed interval [ m/3, 2m/3]An integer within, more preferably representing a closed interval [2m/5, 3m/5]An integer of (a), and G₀+G₁+…+G_j+…+G_m-1+G_m＝G。

According to one aspect of the invention, at any monomer addition time t_xAdding said at least two monomers, expressed as q monomers, to said polymerization system. Here, the symbol q represents the number of monomer species involved in the production method, and may be, for example, any integer from 2 to 100 or any integer from 2 to 20, particularly any integer from 2 to 5. Here, let us say that each monomer is added at the monomer addition time t_xThe amount (absolute value) added alone to the polymerization reaction system was g_sAnd the symbol s represents any integer from 1 to q, the sum of these individual addition amounts is equal to said G_xAnd these aloneThe ratio of the addition amounts is the time t of the addition of the at least two monomers_xRelative proportions added to the polymerization system. At any monomer addition time t, as described earlier in this specification_xThe relative proportions are required so that the side chain average carbon number X of the hypothetical mixture_xSatisfies the specification of the formula (V). This is a requirement set forth for the relative amounts of these separate additions of the at least two monomers. According to this aspect of the present invention, there is no particular limitation on the absolute value of each of these separately added amounts of the at least two monomers, as long as the sum thereof reaches the G_xAnd further causing said G_xOr the G_xThe term/G may satisfy the formula (VI). For simplicity, it is assumed that the at least two monomers represent two monomers, monomer a and monomer B, wherein the average carbon number of the side chain of monomer a is greater than the average carbon number of the side chain of monomer B. In order that the amounts of the two monomers added individually satisfy both the regulation of the formula (V) and the regulation of the formula (VI), the starting time t of the addition of the two monomers to the polymerization reaction system₀To the moment of monomer addition t_jGradually increasing the amount of the monomer A while maintaining the amount of the monomer B added, and then starting from the monomer addition time t_jTo the end of the monomer addition_mThe amount of the monomer B added was gradually decreased while the amount of the monomer A added was kept constant.

According to one aspect of the invention, the value of the addition ratio is from G, as shown in the formula (VI)₀G to G_jthe/G is presented as an incremental change, such as a gradual incremental change or a linear incremental change. The increment amplitude (also called step length) between any two adjacent numerical values in the incremental change is not particularly limited by the invention, as long as the effective increment is considered by the person skilled in the art. The incremental change may be an equal-step incremental change or an unequal-step incremental change, and is not particularly limited. The step size may be, for example, generally any value in the range of 0.05% to 20%, or may beAny value ranging from 0.1% to 5%, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

According to an aspect of the present invention, the addition amount ratio G is₀(iv)/G, which represents the starting time t at which the at least two monomers are added to the polymerization system₀The ratio of the (instantaneous) total addition amount of the at least two monomers with respect to the total addition amount G of the at least two monomers over the entire monomer addition time t also represents the starting point and the minimum value of the entire incremental change, and may be, for example, any value in the range from 0.01% to 20%, or any value in the range from 0.1% to 10%, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The addition amount ratio G is defined as_jG, which represents the time t at which the monomer is added_jThe ratio of the (instantaneous) total addition amount of the at least two monomers with respect to the total addition amount G also represents the end point and the maximum value of the entire incremental change, and may be, for example, any value in the range from 20% to 75%, or any value in the range from 25% to 65%, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

According to one aspect of the invention, the value of the addition ratio is from G, as shown in the formula (VI)_jG to G_mthe/G is presented as a decreasing change, such as a gradual decreasing change or a linear decreasing change. The present invention does not specifically limit the descending amplitude (also referred to as step length) between any two adjacent values in the descending change, as long as the person skilled in the art considers that effective descending is achieved. The decrement change may be an equal-step decrement change or an unequal-step decrement change, and is not particularly limited. The step size may be, for example, any value in the range of 0.05% to 20% or any value in the range of 0.1% to 5%, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

According to an aspect of the present invention, the addition amount ratio G is_jG, which represents the time t at which the monomer is added_jThe ratio of the (instantaneous) total addition of the at least two monomers to the total addition G of the monomers, alsoRepresents the starting point and the maximum value of the overall decreasing variation, and may be any value ranging from 20% to 75%, or any value ranging from 25% to 65%, for example, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The addition amount ratio G is defined as_m(iv)/G, which represents the end time t at which the addition of the at least two monomers to the polymerization system is terminated_mThe ratio of the (instantaneous) total addition amount of the at least two monomers with respect to the total addition amount G also represents the endpoint and the minimum value of the whole decreasing variation, and may be, for example, any value in the range from 0.01% to 20%, or any value in the range from 0.1% to 10%, but the invention is not limited thereto.

According to an aspect of the invention, the addition amount ratio G_mThe ratio G of the amount of addition to the amount of₀The groups represented by the formula are not particularly limited.

According to one aspect of the invention, the value of the addition ratio is from G, as shown in the formula (VI)₀G to G_mthe/G shows a distribution state with two sides low and the middle high, and is very similar to a Gaussian distribution. Therefore, according to one embodiment of the present invention, in a desirable state, the numerical value of the addition amount ratio is taken as the ordinate, the numerical value of the average carbon number X of the side chain is taken as the abscissa, and the starting time t at which the addition from the at least two monomers to the polymerization reaction system is started is taken as₀To the termination time t of the addition of said at least two monomers to said polymerization system_mThe relationship is, or substantially corresponds to, a gaussian distribution, such as shown in formula (VII). By "substantially coincident" it is meant that the relationship between the two deviates slightly from the gaussian distribution shown in said formula (VII), but within a range acceptable to a person skilled in the art.

According to one aspect of the invention, in said formula (VII), the symbol x represents any integer from 0 to m, the symbol μ represents any value within the open interval (12.5, 14.2), preferably any value within the open interval (12.6, 13.8), and the symbol σ represents any value within the open interval (0.5, 2). Pi is a circumferential ratio, which can be generally 3.141592654 or 3.14, and e is a natural constant, which can be generally 2.718281828 or 2.72.

Examples

The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

In the following examples and comparative examples, the respective contents of the copolymer and the diluent oil and the respective monomer contents in the copolymer were calculated in terms of the charged amounts.

In the context of the present invention, including in the following examples and comparative examples, the respective measuring methods and calculation methods were carried out as follows.

1. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) resolution method

Operating the instrument: model 1515 gel permeation chromatograph manufactured by Waters corporation, usa. The detector was a Waters 2414 refractive index detector. The solvent used for preparing the standard was chromatographically pure tetrahydrofuran manufactured by Acros corporation. The chromatographic column is provided by Waters company and is formed by connecting 3 silica gel columns with different pore diameters in series, and the specific specifications are as follows:

(1)Waters

HR 0.5THF, a relative molecular weight measurement ranging from 1 to 1000 (7.8X 300mm),

(2)Waters

HR 1THF, a relative molecular weight measurement range of 100-,

(3)Waters

HR 3THF, relative molecular weight measurement range 5000-.

The operating conditions are as follows: the mobile phase is tetrahydrofuran, the flow rate of the mobile phase is 1.0mL/min, the column temperature is 35 ℃, the detector temperature is 35 ℃, and the sample injection amount is 200 mu L.

Splitting: 0.02 to 0.2g of the sample was dissolved in 10mL of tetrahydrofuran and shaken up to obtain a homogeneous solution. The solution was then subjected to GPC analysis on the operating instrument under the operating conditions. From the appearance of a chromatographic peak on a gel chromatographic spectrum until the end of the chromatographic peak, a volumetric flask is adopted and the effluent liquid of the outflow port of the detector is respectively collected by being equally divided into n sections on the basis of the accumulated peak appearance time of the chromatographic peak. Labeling the n-stage effluents with L respectively₁、L₂、…、L_n. The above operation was repeated 10 times, and the effluent from each fraction collected was combined. Then, tetrahydrofuran was removed from the effluent of each stage by distillation at 80 ℃ to obtain n stages of resolved components, which were weighed separately. The number average molecular weight Mn and molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of each stage of the split components are measured, and the weight percentage of each stage of the split components to the total weight of all the n stages of the split components, i.e., the component ratio Y, is calculated.

2. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis method

Operating the instrument: INOVA 500MHz NMR spectrometer manufactured by Varian corporation of America (¹H-NMR), solid dual resonance probe (5 mm).

The operating conditions are as follows: the operating temperature is room temperature, the number of scans nt is 1000, the chemical shift calibration δ tetramethylsilane is 0, the decoupling mode dm is nny (inverse gated decoupling), and the water lock field is heavy.

And (3) analyzing: subjecting the sample to¹H-NMR characterization, and calculating the average carbon number X of the side chain of the sample by analyzing the corresponding obtained nuclear magnetic spectrum.

The following will specifically describe the procedure of analyzing the nuclear magnetic spectrum and the method of calculating the average carbon number X of the side chain, taking a methacrylate polymer, an acrylate polymer, a fumarate polymer, and an α -olefin polymer as examples, respectively, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and other polymers may be similarly analyzed and calculated with reference to the contents.

By way of example only, the methacrylate polymer or the acrylate polymer generally comprises structural units as shown below.

According to¹Significant variability of H-NMR spectra, with respect to methacrylate polymers, the hydrogen atoms in the structural units can be roughly classified as H as shown in the structural unit (S) above_A、H_B、H_C、H_DFour regions, and these regions have the relationship shown in formula (1). Due to H_CIs in chemical shift by H_BIs covered with and H_DWhere it is more difficult to integrate, H can be_B、H_CAnd H_DAnd (6) combining and calculating. Therefore, the formula (1) can be transformed into the formula (2) and further derived as the formula (3).

In these formulas, X represents the side chain average carbon number of the methacrylate polymer.

Similar to the analysis of the methacrylate ester polymer, the hydrogen atom in the structural unit thereof can be roughly classified into H as shown in the above structural unit (S)_A、H_B、H_DThe average number of carbons X in the side chain of the acrylate polymer can be calculated similarly in the three regions, as shown in formula (4).

By way of example only, the fumarate polymers generally comprise structural units as shown below.

Similarly to the analysis of the methacrylate ester polymer, the average carbon number X of the side chain of the fumarate ester polymer can be calculated as shown in formula (5).

By way of example only, the α -olefin polymers generally comprise structural units as shown below.

Similarly to the analysis of the methacrylate polymer, the average carbon number X of the side chain of the α -olefin polymer can be calculated as shown in formula (6).

Specifically, for example, if a certain methacrylate ester polymer has a structural unit as shown in the structural unit (S) above, the average carbon number X of the side chain of the methacrylate ester polymer is 14.86 as calculated by the formula (3).

In the following examples and comparative examples, properties of lubricant base oils a to F are shown in table a.

TABLE A

Base oil numbering	A	B	C
				Rank of	API-Ⅱ6	API-Ⅲ6	150SN
Viscosity at 100 deg.C	5.67	5.54	5.46
				Viscosity index	112	121	90
Pour point/. degree.C	-18	-15	-15

Example A

113kg of a diluent oil (from Doxolone, 100N, same below) was charged into a mechanically stirred reactor under nitrogen, heated to 83-91 deg.C, and 270kg of a first monomer (decyl methacrylate/dodecyl methacrylate/tetradecyl methacrylate/hexadecyl methacrylate/octadecyl methacrylate mixture, where C is C, C₁₀＝61％，C₁₂＝20％， C₁₄＝12％，C₁₆＝5％，C₁₈2%, X11.1), 1.35kg benzoyl peroxide and 1.08kg dodecyl mercaptanThe mixture A of (a) was added dropwise to the reaction vessel while 150kg of a second monomer (a mixture of tetradecyl methacrylate/hexadecyl methacrylate/octadecyl methacrylate/eicosyl methacrylate, wherein C is₁₄27% by weight, C₁₆＝42％，C₁₈＝24％，C₂₀7% by weight of mixture B, X16.0), 0.75kg of benzoyl peroxide and 0.6kg of dodecylmercaptan are added dropwise to the reactor. At the initial moment of the dropwise addition, the ratio A/B of the amount (kg/hr) of the mixture A to the amount (kg/hr) of the mixture B was 4:1, and the sum of the two was 20 kg/hr, and then A/B was gradually decreased and the sum of the two was gradually increased until the moment of the dropwise addition for 3 hours, A/B reached 5:3, and the sum of the two reached 80 kg/hr. Then, the A/B is gradually reduced, the sum of the A/B and the B is gradually reduced until the dripping time is 6 hours, the A/B ratio reaches 1:2, the sum of the A/B and the B reaches 15 kg/hour, and the dripping is finished. Then, the reaction kettle is kept for 1 hour at 95 ℃, then 0.3kg of benzoyl peroxide and 113kg of diluent oil are added, the temperature is raised to 103 ℃ and kept for 2 hours, and then the polymerization reaction is finished, so that the gradient copolymer J1 is obtained. Here, the monomer conversion of the polymerization reaction was 99.1%, the number average molecular weight Mn of the gradient copolymer J1 was 47120, and the average carbon number X of the side chain was 12.5. The gradient copolymer J1 was used as a sample, and subjected to GPC resolution to obtain a 5-stage resolved fraction. The 5-stage split fractions were measured separately and the results are shown in table 1.

TABLE 1

Item	1	2	3	4	5
						Component ratio Y/%)	7.1	16.7	50	16.7	9.5
Average carbon number of side chain X	12.21	12.42	12.80	13.71	14.13
						Number average molecular weight Mn	21542	35411	48214	54525	65214

Example B

113kg of a diluent oil (obtained from Dilon corporation under the name 100N, the same applies below) was charged into a mechanically stirred reactor under nitrogen, heated to 83-91 deg.C, and 50kg of a first monomer (a mixture of hexyl methacrylate/octyl methacrylate/decyl methacrylate, where C is C₆＝71％， C₈＝21％，C₁₀A mixture a of 8%, X6.6), 0.32kg benzoyl peroxide and 0.21kg dodecyl mercaptan was added dropwise to the reactor, while 370kg of the second monomer (dodecyl methacrylate/tetradecyl methacrylate/hexadecahexa methacrylate) was added dropwise to the reactorA mixture of alkyl esters, wherein C₁₂55% by weight, C₁₄17% by weight, C₁₆28% by weight, X13.3), 1.8kg of benzoyl peroxide and 1.5kg of dodecylmercaptan are added dropwise to the reactor. At the initial moment of the dropwise addition, the ratio A/B of the amount (kg/hour) of the mixture A to the amount (kg/hour) of the mixture B was 7:1, and the sum of the two was 12 kg/hour, and then A/B was gradually decreased and the sum of the two was gradually increased until the moment of the dropwise addition for 3 hours, A/B reached 1:10, and the sum of the two reached 150 kg/hour. Then, the A/B is gradually reduced, the sum of the A/B and the B is gradually reduced until the dripping time is 6 hours, the A/B ratio reaches 1:20, the sum of the A/B and the B reaches 20 kg/hour, and the dripping is finished. Then, the reaction kettle is kept for 1 hour at 95 ℃, then 0.3kg of benzoyl peroxide and 113kg of diluent oil are added, the temperature is raised to 103 ℃ and kept for 2 hours, and then the polymerization reaction is finished, so that the gradient copolymer J2 is obtained. Here, the monomer conversion of the polymerization reaction was 98.3%, the number average molecular weight Mn of the gradient copolymer J2 was 45975, and the side chain average carbon number X was 12.0. The gradient copolymer J2 was used as a sample, and subjected to GPC resolution to obtain 8-stage resolved fractions. The 8 split fractions were measured separately and the results are shown in table 2.

TABLE 2

Item	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
									Component ratio Y/%)	4.2	5.9	8.5	9.6	43.1	14.4	8.4	6.0
Average carbon number of side chain X	7.30	9.84	11.17	11.82	12.44	12.65	12.70	12.89
									Number average molecular weight Mn	19542	25057	31124	38512	44215	47045	50215	59021

Comparative example A

A gradient copolymer was prepared as in example A, except that the first monomer and the second monomer were mixed uniformly and then added dropwise to the reaction system at a constant rate, specifically:

113kg of diluent oil are introduced into a mechanically stirred reactor under nitrogen, heated to 83-91 ℃ and 270kg of a first monomer (mixture of decyl methacrylate/dodecyl methacrylate/tetradecyl methacrylate/hexadecyl methacrylate/octadecyl methacrylate, where C is C₁₀＝61％，C₁₂＝20％，C₁₄＝12％，C₁₆＝5％，C₁₈2%, X11.1), 150kg of a second monomer (a mixture of tetradecyl methacrylate/hexadecyl methacrylate/octadecyl methacrylate/eicosyl methacrylate, where C is₁₄27% by weight, C₁₆＝42％，C₁₈＝24％，C₂₀7% by weight, X16.0), 2.1kg of benzoyl peroxide and 1.68kg of dodecylmercaptan are added dropwise at a constant rate of 70 kg/h to the reaction vessel over a period of 6 hours, after which the reaction vessel is kept at 95 ℃ for 1 hour, 0.3kg of benzoyl peroxide and 113kg of diluent oil are added and the reaction is completed after heating to 103 ℃ for 2 hours, giving the copolymer DJ 1. Here, the monomer conversion of the polymerization reaction was 99.3%, the number average molecular weight Mn of the copolymer DJ1 was 41768, and the side chain average carbon number X was 12.5. The copolymer DJ1 was used as a sample and subjected to GPC resolution to obtain 5 fractions as resolved fractions. The 5-stage split fractions were measured separately and the results are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3

Item	1	2	3	4	5
						Component ratio Y/%)	13.2	17.5	30.0	21.1	18.2
Average carbon number of side chain X	12.41	12.54	12.54	12.47	12.40
						Number average molecular weight Mn	32154	39024	45145	52153	59213

Example C

Under nitrogen protection, 113kg of diluent oil (from Dilongyu Co., Ltd., 100N, the same applies below) was charged into a mechanically stirred reactor, heated to 83-91 deg.C, and 150kg of a first monomer (decyl methacrylate/dodecyl methacrylate mixture) was addedCompound (I) wherein C₁₀＝50％，C₁₂50%, X10.9), 0.75kg benzoyl peroxide and 0.7kg dodecyl mercaptan were added dropwise to the kettle, and 100kg of a second monomer (dodecyl methacrylate/tetradecyl methacrylate mixture, where C is C) was added dropwise at a constant rate while maintaining the feed rate of the first monomer mixture at 10 kg/hr for the first 4 hours₁₂70% by weight, C₁₄30%, X12.5), 0.6kg benzoyl peroxide and 0.55kg dodecyl mercaptan were added dropwise to the kettle. At the beginning of the dropwise addition, the ratio A/B of the amount of mixture A added in kg/h to the amount of mixture B added in kg/h was 2:1 in a ratio of 15 kg/h in total, then B was gradually increased until 4 hours of dropwise addition, A/B reached 1:3 in a ratio of 80 kg/h in total, at which time the second monomer feed was terminated, at which point 170kg of a third monomer (a mixture of tetradecyl methacrylate/hexadecyl methacrylate/octadecyl methacrylate mixture, where C is C) was added₁₄64% by weight, C₁₆＝25％，C₁₈And (3) adding a mixture C of 11 percent, 14.8 percent and 0.8kg of benzoyl peroxide and 0.7kg of dodecyl mercaptan dropwise into the reaction kettle, wherein the ratio of the dropwise adding amount (kg/hour) of the mixture A to the dropwise adding amount (kg/hour) of the mixture C is 1:2, the sum of the two is 100 kg/hour, then the sum of the two is gradually reduced, the sum of the two is gradually reduced until the dropwise adding is continued for 5 hours, the sum of the A/C is 1:3, the sum of the two is 10 kg/hour, and the dropwise adding is finished. Then, the reaction kettle is kept for 1 hour at 95 ℃, then 0.5kg of benzoyl peroxide and 113kg of diluent oil are added, the temperature is increased to 103 ℃ and kept for 2 hours, and then the polymerization reaction is finished, so that the gradient copolymer J3 is obtained. Here, the monomer conversion of the polymerization reaction was 99.6%, the number average molecular weight Mn of the gradient copolymer J3 was 52120, and the side chain average carbon number X was 11.8. The gradient copolymer J3 was used as a sample, and subjected to GPC resolution to obtain a 5-stage resolved fraction. The 5-stage split fractions were measured separately and the results are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4

Item	1	2	3	4	5
						Component ratio Y/%)	8.2	24.5	38.8	22.4	6.1
Average carbon number of side chain X	11.70	11.91	12.36	13.68	13.90
						Number average molecular weight Mn	20023	35289	50317	62527	74924

Example D

5 different linear alkyl methacrylate monomer mixtures A to E were prepared, and the compositions of the respective mixtures are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5

Under the protection of nitrogen, 113kg of diluent oil (purchased from Bilongong company, brand 100N, the same below) was added into a reaction kettle equipped with a mechanical stirrer, the mixture A was added dropwise into the reaction kettle at a constant rate of 10 kg/hr at the initial time of dropwise addition while the mixture B was added dropwise at a rate of 5 kg/hr, the feed rate of the mixture B was gradually increased, when 2 hours were reached, the feed of the mixture A and the mixture B was terminated, then the mixture C and the mixture D were added dropwise into the reaction kettle, the ratio C/D of the amount of dropwise addition of the mixture C (kg/hr) to the amount of dropwise addition of the mixture D (kg/hr) was 3:1, the sum of the two was 60 kg/hr, then C was gradually decreased, the mixture D was gradually increased, the sum of the two was gradually increased until the time of dropwise addition of 5 hours, and C/D reaches 1:1, the sum of the two reaches 130 kg/h, at the moment, the dropping of the mixture C is finished, then the mixture E is dropped into the reaction kettle, at the moment, the ratio D/E of the dropping amount (kg/h) of the mixture D to the dropping amount (kg/h) of the mixture E is 10:1, the sum of the two is 130 kg/h, then D is gradually reduced, the sum of the two is gradually reduced, until the dropping time is 7 hours, D/E reaches 1:1, the sum of the two reaches 13 kg/h, and the dropping is finished. Then, the reaction kettle is kept for 1 hour at the temperature of 100 ℃, then 0.3kg of benzoyl peroxide and 113kg of diluent oil are added, the temperature is raised to 103 ℃ and kept for 2 hours, and then the polymerization reaction is finished, so that the gradient copolymer J4 is obtained. Here, the monomer conversion of the polymerization reaction was 99.2%, the number average molecular weight Mn of the gradient copolymer J4 was 39120, and the side chain average carbon number X was 12.14. Gradient copolymer J4 was used as a sample for GPC resolution to give 8-stage resolved fractions. The 8 split fractions were measured separately and the results are shown in table 6.

TABLE 6

Item	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
									Component ratio Y/%)	3.2	6.3	11.9	15.1	26.2	23.8	11.1	2.4
Average carbon number of side chain X	8.00	9.64	12.05	12.00	12.23	13.16	13.50	14.13
									Number average molecular weight Mn	18154	25124	30147	34987	37651	40154	49872	58326

Gradient copolymers J1 to J4 and copolymer DJ1 were added to the base oil in the amounts specified in Table 7, respectively. The amounts of the respective copolymers, the kinds of the base oils and the results of the pour point depressing test obtained are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7

As can be seen from the results obtained in the comparative examples and comparative examples, the gradient copolymer obtained in the present invention exhibits excellent pour point depressing effect on a variety of lubricant base oils. Moreover, even if the addition amount is very small, the pour point of the lubricating oil base oil is still obviously reduced, which shows that the gradient copolymer obtained by the invention also has a remarkable pour point reducing effect.

Example E

113kg of diluent oil (from Doxolone, 100N, same below) was charged into a mechanically stirred reactor under nitrogen, heated to 83-91 ℃ and 270kg of the first monomer [ decyl methacrylate/dodecyl methacrylate/tetradecyl methacrylate/hexadecyl methacrylate/methyl methacrylate ] was added at a steady rate of 50 kg/hrOctadecyl acrylate (C)₁₀＝28％，C₁₂＝32％，C₁₄＝28％，C₁₆＝8％，C₁₈＝4％)，X＝12.3]A mixture A of 1.35kg of benzoyl peroxide and 1.08kg of dodecyl mercaptan was added dropwise to the reaction vessel, the feed was stabilized for 3 hours, and then the addition rate was linearly decreased so that the flow rate was reduced to 30 kg/hour when the total feed time was 6 hours. 150kg of a second monomer [ tetradecyl methacrylate/hexadecyl methacrylate/octadecyl methacrylate/eicosyl methacrylate (C) was simultaneously added dropwise at an initial rate of 10 kg/h₁₄＝38％，C₁₆＝20％，C₁₈＝25％，C₂₀＝17％，X＝16.2]A mixture B of 0.75kg of benzoyl peroxide and 0.6kg of dodecyl mercaptan was added dropwise to the reaction vessel, the amount of the mixture B added being linearly increased such that the flow rate was increased to 30 kg/hr when the total feeding time was 3 hours, and then the flow rate was maintained to feed for 3 hours. A. And when the mixture B is dropwise added, continuously keeping the reaction kettle at 95 ℃ for 1 hour, then adding 0.3kg of benzoyl peroxide and 113kg of diluent oil, raising the temperature to 103 ℃ and keeping the temperature for 2 hours to finish the reaction, thus obtaining the lubricating oil pour point depressant J5, wherein the monomer conversion rate in the lubricating oil pour point depressant J5 is 99.1%, the number average molecular weight of the gradient copolymer J5 is 40120, and the average carbon number X of a side chain is 13.5. Gradient copolymer J5 was used as a sample, and subjected to GPC resolution to obtain 5-stage resolved fractions. The 5-stage split fractions were measured separately and the results are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8

Item	1	2	3	4	5
						Component ratio Y/%)	17.0	19.5	28.4	18.2	16.8
Average carbon number of side chain X	12.90	13.21	13.54	13.83	14.01
						Number average molecular weight Mn	25987	34561	41250	48647	57854

Example F

113kg of diluent oil were added to a mechanically stirred reactor under nitrogen, heated to 83-91 ℃ and 171kg of a first monomer [ octyl methacrylate/decyl methacrylate/dodecyl methacrylate/tetradecyl methacrylate (C) was added at an initial rate of 40 kg/hour₈＝12％，C₁₀＝15％，C₁₂＝48％，C₁₄＝25％)，X＝11.5]0.9kg of benzoyl peroxide and 0.7kg of dodecyl mercaptanA was added to the reactor and then slowly decreased linearly such that the flow rate decreased to 32 kg/hr when the total feed time was 3 hours, and then decreased linearly and rapidly such that the flow rate decreased to 10 kg/hr when the total feed time was 6 hours. 255kg of a second monomer [ tetradecyl methacrylate/hexadecyl methacrylate/octadecyl methacrylate/eicosyl methacrylate (C14 ═ 38%, C) was simultaneously added dropwise at an initial rate of 20 kg/h₁₆＝20％，C₁₈＝25％，C₂₀＝17％，X＝16.2]A mixture B of 0.9kg of benzoyl peroxide and 0.7kg of dodecyl mercaptan was added to the reactor, and the flow rate of the pump at feed inlet B was set to a linear increase so that when the total feed time was 3 hours, the flow rate was increased to 50 kg/hour, and then the flow rate was maintained for feeding 3 hours. A. And when the addition of the mixture B is finished, continuously keeping the temperature of the reaction kettle at 95 ℃ for 1 hour, then adding 0.3kg of benzoyl peroxide and 113kg of diluent oil, raising the temperature to 103 ℃ and keeping the temperature for 2 hours to finish the reaction to obtain the lubricating oil pour point depressant J6, wherein the monomer conversion rate in the lubricating oil pour point depressant J6 is 99.4 percent, the number average molecular weight is 41702, and the average carbon number X of a side chain is 14.0. Gradient copolymer J6 was used as a sample, and subjected to GPC resolution to obtain a 5-stage resolved fraction. The 5-stage split fractions were measured separately and the results are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9

Item	1	2	3	4	5
						Component ratio Y/%)	18.8	16.5	25.3	20.3	19.2
Average carbon number of side chain X	12.81	13.30	14.00	14.86	15.10
						Number average molecular weight Mn	23781	34217	41702	51514	59248

The sources of the main raw materials used in the embodiment are shown in table 10.

Watch 10

Preparation of greases

Example 1

The raw material components are as follows: 1296kg (100 deg.C) of Yanshan petrochemical 500SN base oilViscosity of 10.2mm²S); 50.2kg of lithium hydroxide monohydrate; 175.6kg of 12-hydroxystearic acid; 58.68kg of sebacic acid; 8kg of diphenylamine; 32kg of N-oleoyl sarcosine octadecylamine salt; 16kg of sodium metaborate; j1 gradient copolymer 8 kg.

Preparing the lithium complex grease:

adding 1000kg of base oil, 175.6kg of 12-hydroxystearic acid and 58.68kg of sebacic acid into a grease making kettle, heating and stirring, heating to 92 ℃, adding a lithium hydroxide aqueous solution (containing 50.2kg of lithium hydroxide and 200.8kg of water) to perform saponification reaction for 1h, heating to 205 ℃, and refining for 8min at high temperature; adding 296kg of base oil, cooling to 105 ℃, adding 8kg of diphenylamine, 32kg of N-oleoyl sarcosine octadecylamine salt, 16kg of sodium metaborate and 8kg of J1 gradient copolymer, and uniformly stirring; grinding by three-roller machine for 3 times to obtain grease.

The grease obtained in this example had a composition, based on the weight of the grease, of: 15 wt% of composite lithium soap; 81 wt% of lubricating base oil; j1 gradient copolymer 0.5 wt%, sodium metaborate 1 wt%; 0.5 percent of diphenylamine and 2 percent of N-oleoyl sarcosine octadecylamine salt.

Example 2

The raw material components are as follows: 770kg of base oil with the temperature of 100 ℃ and 5.5mm of base oil with the double dragon 150N²S); 57.34kg of calcium hydroxide; 60.18kg of acetic acid; n-octanoic acid 24.12 g; 95.12kg of stearic acid; 10.4kg of diisooctyl diphenylamine; 31kg of sodium metaborate; 10.4kg of lanolin calcium; j2 gradient copolymer 10.4 kg.

Preparing the composite calcium-based lubricating grease:

600kg of base oil and a suspension containing 57.34kg of calcium hydroxide are added into a grease making kettle and stirred and mixed. Adding 60.18kg of acetic acid at normal temperature, and reacting for 20 min; adding 95.12kg of stearic acid when the temperature is increased to 90 ℃, stirring and reacting for 60 min; then 24.12kg of n-octanoic acid was added to the system and reacted for 30 min. Heating to 210 ℃, keeping the refining temperature for 10min, adding 170kg of base oil, cooling to 110 ℃, adding 10.4kg of diisooctyl diphenylamine, 31kg of sodium metaborate, 10.4kg of calcium lanolate and 10.4kg of J2 gradient copolymer, and uniformly stirring; grinding by three-roller machine for 3 times to obtain grease.

The grease obtained in this example had a composition, based on the weight of the grease, of: 20 wt% of composite calcium soap; 74 wt% of lubricating base oil; 3% by weight of sodium metaborate; 1 wt% gradient copolymer, 1 wt% di-iso-octyl diphenylamine and 1 wt% lanolin calcium.

Example 3

The raw material components are as follows: mobil 500N base oil 1290kg (viscosity at 100 ℃ of 10.5 mm)²S); 334.89kg of barium hydroxide octahydrate; 144.34kg of sebacic acid; 178.70kg of 12-hydroxystearic acid; 9.2kg of beta-naphthylamine; 36.8kg of potassium metaborate; 36.8kg of benzotriazole; j3 gradient copolymer 9.2 kg.

Preparation of composite barium-based lubricating grease:

adding 1290kg of base oil, 178.70kg of 12-hydroxystearic acid and 144.34kg of sebacic acid into a fat making kettle, heating and stirring, starting to slowly add 334.89kg of barium hydroxide octahydrate when the temperature is raised to 95 ℃, and carrying out composite saponification; continuously heating to 210 deg.C, and maintaining for 5 min; after cooling to 120 ℃, 36.8kg of benzotriazole, 36.8kg of potassium metaborate, 9.2kg of beta-naphthylamine and 9.2kg of J3 gradient copolymer are added, stirred uniformly and ground by a three-roller machine for 3 times to form grease.

The grease obtained in this example had a composition, based on the weight of the grease, of: 25 wt% of composite barium soap; 70 wt% of lubricating base oil; 2% by weight of potassium metaborate; 0.5 percent of J3 gradient copolymer, 0.5 percent of beta-naphthylamine and 2 percent of benzotriazole. .

Example 4

The raw material components are as follows: shell 250N base oil 896kg (viscosity 7.5mm at 100 ℃)²S); 32.78kg of lithium hydroxide monohydrate; 75.9kg of 12-hydroxystearic acid; 47.54kg of azelaic acid; 5.33kg of N-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine; 5.33kg of 2-aminoethyl heptadecenyl imidazoline; 10.5kg of potassium metaborate; j4 gradient copolymer 21.32 kg.

Preparing the lithium complex grease:

adding 696kg of base oil, 75.9kg of 12-hydroxystearic acid and 47.54kg of azelaic acid into a grease making kettle, heating and stirring, heating to 85 ℃, adding a lithium hydroxide aqueous solution (containing 32.78kg of lithium hydroxide and 262.24kg of water) to perform saponification for 0.5h, heating to 190 ℃, and refining for 5 min; adding 200kg of base oil, cooling to 100 ℃, adding 5.33kg of N-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine, 5.33kg of 2-aminoethyl heptadecenyl imidazoline, 10.5kg of potassium metaborate and 21.32kg of J4 gradient copolymer, and uniformly stirring; grinding by three-roller machine for 3 times to obtain grease.

The grease obtained in this example had a composition, based on the weight of the grease, of: 12% by weight of composite lithium soap; 84 wt% of lubricating base oil; 2% by weight of J4 gradient copolymer, 0.5% by weight of N-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine, 1% by weight of potassium metaborate; 0.5 weight percent of 2-aminoethyl heptadecenyl imidazoline.

Comparative example 1

The raw material components are as follows: the procedure is as in example 1 except that the gradient copolymer is not contained. The grease of comparative example 1 was prepared in the same manner as in example 1.

Comparative example 2

The raw material components are as follows: example 2 was followed except that the gradient copolymer was changed to DJ 1. The grease of comparative example 2 was prepared in the same manner as in example 2.

Comparative example 3

The raw material components are as follows: the procedure is as in example 3 except that the gradient copolymer is not contained. The grease of comparative example 3 was prepared in the same manner as in example 3.

Comparative example 4

The raw material components are as follows: example 4 was followed except that the gradient copolymer was changed to DJ 1. The grease of comparative example 4 was prepared in the same manner as in example 4.

The greases of the above-mentioned examples and comparative examples were subjected to evaluation tests of dropping point, penetration, steel mesh oil separation, low-temperature torque, similar viscosity, water spray loss, oxidation stability, extreme pressure properties, corrosion resistance, and rust resistance, respectively. The test method comprises the following steps: the dropping point adopts a GB/T3498 method, the cone penetration adopts a GB/T269 method, the steel mesh oil separation adopts an SH/T0324 method, the low-temperature torque adopts an SH/T0338 method, and the oxidation stability is measured by an SH/T0325 method; the GB/T5018 method is adopted for measuring the corrosion resistance; the SH/T0202 method is adopted for determining PB and PD in the four-ball machine test; the GB/T7326 method is adopted for measuring the corrosion performance of the copper sheet; the method of SH/T0048 is adopted for the similar viscosity, and the method of SH/T0109 is adopted for the water leaching loss. The performance evaluation results are shown in Table 11.

TABLE 11 evaluation of grease Properties

Claims

1. A grease comprising the following components: gradient copolymer, thickening agent, antioxidant, antirust agent, extreme pressure agent and lubricating base oil; the method for producing the gradient copolymer comprises: a step of adding at least two monomers to a polymerization reaction system to cause addition copolymerization of the at least two monomers, wherein the at least two monomers each independently represent a compound represented by formula (I) and/or a mixture thereof,

（I）

in the formula (I), the compound represented by the formula (I),

radical R₁Represents H or

，

Radical R₂Represents H or C_1-4A linear or branched alkyl group,

the symbol a represents either 0 or 1,

the radical R' represents H or the radical R₃，

Radical R₃Represents C₁-C₃₀A linear or branched alkyl group,

setting the initial time of adding the at least two monomers into the polymerization reaction system as t₀The termination time is t_mThen the monomer addition time of said at least two monomers is t, t = t_m-t₀When the monomer addition time is divided into m equal parts, the symbol m represents a closed interval [5, ∞ ]]An integer of (a) at any monomer addition time t_xSaid at least two monomers are reacted to said polymerizationThe relative proportions of the monomers added to the system are such that the average number of carbon atoms X of the side chains of the mixture of said at least two monomers, in terms of NMR, is_xSatisfying the following relationship, the symbol x represents any integer from 0 to m,

X₀<X₁<…<X_m-1<X_m（V）

wherein the termination time t of the monomer addition is set_mThe sum of the cumulative addition amounts of the at least two monomers to the polymerization reaction system within the monomer addition time is G, and is set at any monomer addition time t_xThe sum of the addition amounts of the at least two monomers to the polymerization reaction system is G_xThe symbol x represents an arbitrary integer from 0 to m, and the following relational expression holds,

G₀/G <G₁/G <…<G_j/G >…>G_m-1/G >G_m/G（VI）

in formula (VI), the symbol j represents a closed interval [ m/4, 3m/4 ]]An integer of (a), and G₀+G₁+…+G_j+…+G_m-1+G_m=G。

2. Grease according to claim 1, characterized in that the radical R is₁Represents H, a radical R₂Represents H or methyl, the symbol a represents 1, the radical R' represents the radical R₃Radical R₃Represents C₆-C₂₄A linear or branched alkyl group; symbol m represents a closed interval [8, ∞ ]]An integer within; from X₀To X_mGradually increasing; the symbol j represents a closed interval [ m/3, 2m/3 ]]An integer within; from G₀G to G_jG is gradually increased from G_jG to G_mthe/G gradually decreases.

3. Grease according to claim 1, characterized in that the radical R is₃Represents C₆-C₂₀A linear alkyl group, the upper limit of the integer represented by the symbol m is 20000, 10000, 5000, 1000, 500, 200, 100 or 50; symbol j represents a closed interval[2m/5，3m/5]An integer within; from G₀G to G_jLinear increase of/G from G_jG to G_mthe/G decreases linearly.

4. Grease according to claim 1, characterized in that G_xG and X_xThe following relational expression is satisfied,

（VII）

in formula (VII), symbol μ represents any one value within the open interval (12.5, 14.2), and symbol σ represents any one value within the open interval (0.5, 2).

5. Grease according to claim 4, characterised in that the symbol μ represents any value within the open interval (12.6, 13.8).

6. Grease according to claim 1, wherein the group R is present in molar amounts₃Represents C₁₀-C₁₈The proportion of the compounds of formula (I) having a linear or branched alkyl group to the total amount of monomers is from 40% to 95%.

7. Grease according to claim 1, wherein the group R is present in molar amounts₃Represents C₁₀-C₁₈The proportion of the compounds of formula (I) having a linear or branched alkyl group to the total amount of monomers is from 55 to 95%.

8. The grease of claim 1 wherein X is₀Represents a closed interval [6.5, 12.5 ]]Or said X is any one of the values in_mRepresents a closed interval [13.8, 19.5 ]]Any one of the values in (b).

9. The grease of claim 1 wherein X is₀Represents a closed interval [7.8, 12.0 ]]Or said X is any one of the values in_mRepresents a closed interval [14.5, 18.2 ]]Any one of the values in (b).

10. Grease according to claim 1, wherein the ratio G is_jG is from 20% to 75%, or the ratio G₀G or the ratio G_mthe/G is from 0.01% to 20%.

11. Grease according to claim 1, wherein the ratio G is_jG is from 25% to 65%, or the ratio G₀G or the ratio G_mThe ratio of/G is 0.1% to 10%.

12. The grease of claim 1, wherein the reaction temperature of the copolymerization is from 50 ℃ to 180 ℃, the reaction time of the copolymerization is from 1 hour to 24 hours, and the monomer addition time t is from 0.5 hour to 12 hours.

13. The grease of claim 1, wherein the reaction temperature of the copolymerization is from 55 ℃ to 165 ℃, the reaction time of the copolymerization is from 1.5 hours to 20 hours, and the monomer addition time t is from 1 hour to 10 hours.

14. The grease of any one of claims 1-13 wherein the gradient copolymer comprises from 0.01% to 10% of the total weight of the grease, based on the total weight of the grease; the thickening agent accounts for 1% -30% of the total weight of the lubricating grease; the antioxidant accounts for 0.1-10% of the total mass of the lubricating grease; the antirust agent accounts for 0.1-10% of the total mass of the lubricating grease; the extreme pressure agent accounts for 0.1-10% of the total mass of the lubricating grease; the lubricating base oil constitutes the main component of the grease.

15. The grease of any one of claims 1-13 wherein the gradient copolymer comprises from 0.5% to 2% of the total weight of the grease, based on the total weight of the grease; the thickening agent accounts for 12% -25% of the total weight of the lubricating grease; the antioxidant accounts for 0.5 to 2 percent of the total mass of the lubricating grease; the antirust agent accounts for 0.5-2% of the total mass of the lubricating grease; the extreme pressure agent accounts for 1-3% of the total mass of the lubricating grease; the lubricating base oil constitutes the main component of the grease.

16. The lubricating oil composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the thickener is selected from one or more of a complex lithium-based thickener, a complex calcium-based thickener, a complex lithium calcium-based thickener, a complex sodium-based thickener, a barium-based thickener, a complex aluminum-based thickener, a polyurea thickener, a bentonite thickener, a hydrocarbon-based thickener, an inorganic thickener and an organic thickener; the antioxidant is an amine antioxidant; the antirust agent is one or more of an ester antirust agent, an organic amine antirust agent and a sulfur-containing heterocycle or nitrogen-containing heterocycle antirust agent; the extreme pressure agent is borate; the lubricating base oil is selected from one or more of API group I, II, III, IV and V base oils.

17. A method of preparing a grease comprising: the thickening agent and the lubricating base oil described in one of claims 1 to 16 are uniformly mixed, refined at the constant temperature of 180 ℃ and 220 ℃, cooled, added with the gradient copolymer described in one of claims 1 to 16, an antioxidant, a rust inhibitor and an extreme pressure agent, and ground into grease.