CN109672287B - Permanent magnet generator - Google Patents

Permanent magnet generator Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109672287B
CN109672287B CN201811552465.2A CN201811552465A CN109672287B CN 109672287 B CN109672287 B CN 109672287B CN 201811552465 A CN201811552465 A CN 201811552465A CN 109672287 B CN109672287 B CN 109672287B
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China
Prior art keywords
permanent magnet
motor
water
cooling
stator
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN201811552465.2A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN109672287A (en
Inventor
高联学
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Linzhou Juye Incubator Co ltd
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Binzhou University
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
    • H02K3/04—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
    • H02K3/28—Layout of windings or of connections between windings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/02—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the magnetic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/12—Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/20—Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit with channels or ducts for flow of cooling medium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/22—Rotating parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/27—Rotor cores with permanent magnets
    • H02K1/2706—Inner rotors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/22—Rotating parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/27—Rotor cores with permanent magnets
    • H02K1/2706—Inner rotors
    • H02K1/272—Inner rotors the magnetisation axis of the magnets being perpendicular to the rotor axis
    • H02K1/2726—Inner rotors the magnetisation axis of the magnets being perpendicular to the rotor axis the rotor consisting of a single magnet or two or more axially juxtaposed single magnets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/22—Rotating parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/32—Rotating parts of the magnetic circuit with channels or ducts for flow of cooling medium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K15/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K15/02—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines of stator or rotor bodies
    • H02K15/03—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines of stator or rotor bodies having permanent magnets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K21/00—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets
    • H02K21/12—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets with stationary armatures and rotating magnets
    • H02K21/14—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets with stationary armatures and rotating magnets with magnets rotating within the armatures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
    • H02K3/04—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
    • H02K3/24—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors with channels or ducts for cooling medium between the conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K9/00—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating
    • H02K9/19—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating for machines with closed casing and closed-circuit cooling using a liquid cooling medium, e.g. oil
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K2213/00—Specific aspects, not otherwise provided for and not covered by codes H02K2201/00 - H02K2211/00
    • H02K2213/03—Machines characterised by numerical values, ranges, mathematical expressions or similar information
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64—Electric machine technologies in electromobility

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Permanent Field Magnets Of Synchronous Machinery (AREA)
  • Iron Core Of Rotating Electric Machines (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a permanent magnet motor which comprises a stator and a rotor, wherein the rotor is provided with a gap arranged between a first permanent magnet and a third permanent magnet, the radial length of the first permanent magnet is greater than that of the third permanent magnet, the length of the gap is less than that of the third permanent magnet, the permanent magnet motor has relatively good heat conductivity, the rotor is low in temperature, less in leakage inductance and magnetic flux linkage harmonic, less in eddy current loss and iron loss of a generator, the rotor of the motor does not shake, and the service life is long.

Description

Permanent magnet generator
Technical Field
The invention relates to a permanent magnet generator and a high-strength permanent magnet material applied to the generator and the motor to manufacture electrical equipment, in particular to a permanent magnet material in a permanent magnet motor used in a special engineering vehicle.
Background
The rare earth permanent magnetic material is widely applied to the fields of generators, motors, computers, automobiles, military industry, medical facilities, electric tools, office equipment, household appliances and the like as a material for providing energy, and along with the development of science and technology, the performance requirement of the material is higher and higher so as to meet the requirements of special fields such as high magnetism, high temperature and the like and promote the progress of related application devices.
The preparation method of rare earth permanent magnet material is disclosed in the prior art, the hot-pressing thermal deformation method is a method for preparing high-dimensional-precision and high-performance permanent magnet material, and the main preparation process comprises the steps of preparing permanent magnet powder, pressing at a certain temperature to form a hot-pressing magnet, and performing thermal deformation on the hot-pressing magnet to form hot-deformation magnet powder. In the whole process, very high requirements are placed on permanent magnet powder, a hot-pressing thermal deformation process and the like, the difference of any step or the change of temperature can have a crucial influence on the performance of a final product, so that the magnetic performance is greatly changed, the magnetic field is not uniform, and the like, and the method is used for the conditions that the motor is large in vibration, high in noise, incapable of normally operating and the like due to the fact that the magnetic field is not uniform in the motor. Meanwhile, the problem of the reduction of the magnetic performance of the motor under the conditions of high temperature and long-term operation cannot be solved. Chinese patent CN104143402A proposes hot-press thermal deformation; CN102496437A proposes a method for improving the product of remanence and magnetic energy of permanent magnetic material; the motor disclosed in chinese patent document CN104078179A has low running performance.
In a generator or a motor, a permanent magnet made of a permanent magnet material having excellent heat resistance is required, and the heat resistance of the permanent magnet means that the magnetic properties thereof are not deteriorated by an increase in temperature. With the continuous expansion of the application range of rare earth magnets, such as the expansion of the demand range of automobile starting motors, motor products and integrated CO-ROM for sintered neodymium iron boron, higher requirements are put forward on the performance of the magnets at high temperature under the current miniaturized equipment.
In the prior art, a small amount of Nd-rich grain boundary phase, a small amount of Tb and Dy are added, and the process of refining grains can effectively improve the permanent magnetic property of the magnet; until now, neodymium iron boron is still one of permanent magnetic materials with best performance, but rare earth powder and nanocrystalline neodymium iron boron magnetic powder are mixed and then hot-pressed and hot-deformed, so that the rare earth powder can not be well realized by performing grain boundary diffusion on the neodymium iron boron magnetic powder to obtain high coercivity, and the cost is higher; also prepared with Nd2Fe14B crystal structure, but the early related research results are not ideal. The cerium-based permanent magnet material with commercial application value is successfully developed only by the limited liability company of the universal automobile global technology operation in the year 2014 of Chinese patent CN102779602A, and the intrinsic coercive force H of the cerium-based permanent magnet materialci(in kOe) and remanence Br(in kG) is 9 or more, and the maximum magnetic energy product (BH)maxThe value (in MGOe) reached 4.59. In the prior art, La is produced2Fe14Saturation magnetization of B4 π MsAnd Curie temperature TcAre all higher than Ce2Fe14B, but its anisotropy field HaLess than Ce2Fe14B, more predominantly La2Fe14The synthesis of B is very difficult and can not be used in a generator and a motor at all.
Chinese patent CN1557004A describes that a permanent magnet containing one or more rare earth elements is not disclosed in a specific manufacturing process, and the disclosed technical solution is to add Zr element, and relates to the field of sintered rare earth permanent magnets, and because of the defects of insufficient performance, residual magnetism, coercive force, magnetic performance, high price, and the like, no relevant material is seen in application in generators and motors. There is no related art to improve the magnetic material in the motor as part of the motor rotor to complete the normal operation of the motor. Therefore, the motor needs to be specifically cooled and effectively controlled, for example, the temperature of the motor does not reach the predetermined temperature by reducing the load, performing overcurrent protection, and the like, and the magnetic stability is realized. The performance of a motor is influenced by the change of magnetism of a permanent magnet material caused by high temperature in the motor, particularly in a linear motor and a permanent magnet synchronous motor, the motor has low efficiency, high noise, large thrust fluctuation and serious influence on torque stability, so that the structure of the motor and a control circuit in the motor are required to be improved, the problem that the heat generated during long-term and high-power output influences the magnetic performance of the permanent magnet material in the operation of the motor can be overcome, the performance of the motor is unstable, even the phenomenon of magnetic loss occurs, and great influence is generated on the motor and a generator.
In the permanent magnet motor, slight changes of the motor structure provide different magnetic flux paths, can influence the changes of magnetic flux, generate more magnetic loss, and particularly under the condition of full-load long-term operation or motor stalling, the high temperature can change the magnet structure of the permanent magnet, so that the loss of field or the change of residual magnetic polarization strength and the like are caused, and the phenomena of unstable operation, vibration, noise and the like of the motor are caused. In the control of the permanent magnet motor, the set control mode is mostly fixed and unchanged, the design is easy to cause the modeling of the motor control, and the problems of motor performance change caused by magnetic change and excessive control or loss of control in load can not be adapted. Similarly, in the design of the multi-phase fault-tolerant permanent magnet motor in the prior art, fractional slot concentrated windings are adopted, so that the harmonic frequency is reduced, but the amplitude value is increased, and the iron loss of the motor is large; the performance of the permanent magnet motor can not be improved while the requirement of the fault-tolerant capability of the permanent magnet motor can not be better met. A matrix transformation mode is provided in the PWM algorithm of the existing multiphase permanent magnet motor to adapt to the change of the magnetism of a permanent magnet in the motor, but because the problems of the load, the current stray inductance and the like of the magnetism in the working process at different temperatures are influenced by factors such as leakage inductance, permanent magnet flux linkage harmonic waves and the like of the permanent magnet motor, the service life of a permanent magnet motor control device and the like is influenced due to the large current fluctuation, and the permanent magnet motor is unstable in operation. Especially in a large-scale engineering vehicle with severe construction conditions, the rotor is excessively heated and the temperature rise is increased due to the problems of magnetic steel eddy current loss, harmonic loss and the like under the conditions of large temperature difference change, full-load operation, dustiness, dampness and other extreme weather conditions, and in actual operation, the rotor can actually rise to a temperature of nearly 130 degrees.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention discloses a permanent magnet motor with a multi-path water cooling system for an engineering truck, which comprises a stator and a rotor, and is characterized in that the rotor is provided with two permanent magnets which are radially distributed; the stator comprises a double-layer winding, a stator iron core and a stator outer iron core; the stator comprises a multi-path water cooling system.
The double-layer winding is characterized by comprising an inner layer winding and an outer layer winding; the multi-path water cooling system is a three-level water cooling system which is sequentially provided with a water-cooling first channel, a water-cooling second channel and a water-cooling third channel from inside to outside, wherein a coil of the inner-layer winding and a coil of the outer-layer winding are respectively arranged between the water-cooling first channel and the water-cooling second channel, and silicon steel sheets are arranged between the inner-layer winding and the outer-layer winding at intervals; the water-cooling third channel is arranged outside the water-cooling second channel.
The water-cooled water turbine is characterized in that three ways of isolating copper sheets for preventing magnetic flux eddy current and leakage under the condition of electromagnetic coupling are arranged in the water-cooled first channel, and water flow is isolated into four ways; the second channel is made of flat hollow copper strips; the water-cooling second channel is a water-cooling channel which is arranged on three sides of the left side, the right side and the bottom side of the outer-layer winding and surrounds the three sides; and the water-cooling second channel at the bottom side is adjacent to the outer-layer winding.
The water cooling device is characterized in that the water flow speeds in the water-cooling first channel, the water-cooling second channel and the water-cooling third channel are different and are respectively 1m/s, 0.8m/s and 0.6 m/s.
The stator is characterized in that a clamping structure of a dovetail groove is adopted between the stator outer iron core and the stator iron core; the water-cooled third channel is arranged in the stator outer iron core and independently supplies cooling water.
It is characterized in that any phase winding of the inner layer winding and the outer layer winding is in a structure of four coils which are connected in series,
the coil is characterized in that the number of turns of the inner-layer winding is different from that of the outer-layer winding.
The permanent magnet is characterized in that the two permanent magnets are made of materials with different magnetism and are not adjacent.
The number of poles of the rotor is smaller than the number of teeth of the stator.
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art, provides a permanent magnet material for a permanent magnet motor, a preparation method thereof and a motor with a corresponding specific structure, comprehensively solves a series of problems through integral design, and can solve the problems of links such as the existing permanent magnet, the motor, a control circuit and the like by the design of one ring; the permanent magnet motor has high residual magnetic polarization strength, high density and high magnetic energy product, simple preparation process and convenient operation, effectively improves the mechanical property of the permanent magnet motor, simultaneously reduces the temperature of a rotor due to relatively good heat conductivity, and prolongs the service life of the permanent magnet motor; the motor has less leakage inductance and permanent magnet flux linkage harmonic waves, the eddy current loss and the iron loss of the motor are small, the motor can be adapted to the control of the motor, better control is completed, adverse effects caused by temperature change and load change of magnetism are adapted, corresponding instructions can be completed quickly, the control of the permanent magnet motor is smooth, and a motor rotor does not shake.
Drawings
Fig. 1 shows the magnetization curve and the hysteresis loop of the first permanent magnet 111 of the present invention.
Fig. 2 shows the magnetization curve and the hysteresis loop of the third permanent magnet 113 of the present invention.
Fig. 3 shows a schematic arrangement of a rotor permanent magnet according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 shows a schematic layout of another rotor permanent magnet according to the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic view of a stator core structure of a permanent magnet motor according to the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram showing simulation of magnetic induction in a stator core in a permanent magnet motor according to the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a diagram of the relationship between the estimated value and the actual value in the stator flux linkage obtained by simulation.
Detailed Description
The invention adopts multi-layer sintering processing of the core, so as to form stable magnetism without being influenced by the magnetic coercive force of the motor in continuous high-speed operation, and the special design mode is particularly suitable for the permanent magnet motor.
In order to meet the requirement of precise control of the motor, the permanent magnet is designed in the aspect of selection, experiments and detection of a material research institute are carried out, the permanent magnet manufactured by the specific geomagnetic material selection and process has the characteristic of increasing the volume of crystal cells, the Curie temperature performance of a compound is good, the magnetic coercive force is good, and the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet with the same volume is obviously increased compared with that of the permanent magnet in the prior art.
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to examples, which are given only as part of the data and not as limitations of the invention itself, but in which the innovations of the invention derive from the magnetic influence of the process and formulation on permanent magnets, and are particularly suitable for use in control motors for precise control, and in engineering motors for extreme weather use.
Permanent magnets are manufactured at one time according to the design requirements of a rotor in the motor, and the manufactured permanent magnets can be directly installed in the rotor of the permanent magnet motor; preparing a permanent magnet core, wherein the permanent magnet core is manufactured according to the shape of a magnet in the manufacturing process, because the motor related to the invention is a long-shaft permanent magnet motor, in order to ensure the manufacturing precision and the manufacturing process, a processing process of a small cuboid block is selected in the manufacturing process of the magnet, and finally formed permanent magnet blocks are stacked and spliced into a rotor magnet similar to a strip; in fig. 3, a preferred embodiment is shown, with a less magnetic filler material 114 between the first permanent magnet 111 and the third permanent magnet 113; fig. 4 has a gap 112 between the first permanent magnet 111 and the third permanent magnet 113. According to the invention, in the process of stacking the magnetic blocks, the high-order harmonic magnetic field magnetic resistance and harmonic leakage reactance can be increased, the cross-linking degree of a motor flux linkage is reduced, the harmonic current in the motor is weakened, and the harmonic loss and the surface loss of the stator and the rotor are reduced by a mode of reserving gaps between the magnets or filling materials with low magnetism, so that the temperature rise of the motor is reduced.
In the preparation of the first permanent magnet 111, raw materials are mixed according to the mass percentage of the first component, high-frequency smelting is carried out in a high-purity argon environment, and a continuous casting device is used for manufacturing a flaky first alloy; mixing the raw materials according to the mass percentage of the second component, carrying out high-frequency smelting in a high-purity argon environment, and pouring and cooling the second alloy into a second alloy of the melt-spun piece after the smelting is finished; placing the first alloy into a device for jet milling by using nitrogen flow to obtain first alloy powder; and (3) putting the second alloy into a mill by using hydrogen crushing and air flow to obtain second alloy powder. Mixing the first alloy powder and the second alloy powder according to the proportion of 7:3, performing orientation pressing on the obtained mixed powder by adding a magnetic field into a forming film pressing machine grinding tool in an inert gas environment, and selecting a formed magnet; continuously heating the molded magnet for 4 hours at 800-900 ℃ in a vacuum furnace, continuously heating for 2 hours at 1100 ℃ in the vacuum furnace, and sintering and molding; then, two-stage tempering is adopted in the vacuum furnace, wherein the first-stage tempering temperature is 800 ℃, and the temperature is kept for 2 hours, and the second-stage tempering temperature is 400 ℃, and the temperature is kept for 4 hours; cooling the sintered magnet to room temperature to obtain a magnet blank, and grinding and rapidly cutting the magnet blank into blocks to obtain a first permanent magnet 111; in the embodiment, the preparation material and the preparation process are optimized to ensure higher residual magnetic flux density.
The first permanent magnet 111 comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 28.23-32.73% of Nd, 1.75-2.27% of Nb, 3.32-6.78% of Al, 0.40-0.67% of heavy rare earth elements and the balance of Fe. The heavy rare earth elements comprise Er and Lu. In this particular arrangement, the permanent magnets produced have a low mass, are magnetically stable, are used on the periphery of the rotor of the permanent magnet machine, and ensure smooth start-up and pressure of the rotating bearing during high speed rotation. The permanent magnet with improved magnetic performance can be obtained by embedding gap atoms in a metal framework formed by combining rare earth and Fe of the permanent magnet after hot melting at a certain temperature and substituting proper elements, when the distance between iron atoms is less than 0.245nm, negative exchange action is generated among the Fe atoms, the atomic bond length of the metal formed by the rare earth and the Fe can be adjusted through Nd, Nb and Al, and the preferable results are Nd 32.73%, Nb 2.27%, Al 5.72%, 0.40% of heavy rare earth elements and the balance of Fe. The metal compound thus obtained can be analyzed for the interaction between atomic scattering intensity and atomic in the metal by conventional experiments through the interaction between X-ray diffraction and electrons. Similarly, the neutron diffraction means can penetrate through metal, particularly the first alloy in a flake shape, so that light elements, isotopes and the like can be distinguished conveniently, and the crystal cell of the obtained first alloy is large in size, and the magnet is stable in magnetism and light in weight.
The second component of the first permanent magnet 111 comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 13.21-18.33% of LaCe13, 0.52-0.71% of Al0, 0.40-0.51% of rare earth elements and the balance of FeB. The rare earth elements include Pr, Nd, etc. In the specific configuration, the atomic bond length of the metal formed by the rare earth and the FeB can be adjusted through Nd, Nb and Al, the remanence and the intrinsic coercive force are greatly improved, the generated permanent magnet has low mass and large remanence ratio, is used on the periphery of a permanent magnet motor rotor, and can ensure smooth starting and the pressure of a rotating bearing in high-speed rotation. Preferably LaCe14.31%, Al0.71%, rare earth element 0.44%, and the balance FeB. The metal grinding powder formed by the components and the first group of metal grinding powder are mixed and proportioned according to the proportion of 7:3, so that the magnetic powder is easy to press and form, good in magnetic orientation, compact in structure and small in gap; finer grain size can be obtained in sintering, and the coercive force is obviously increased.
The first permanent magnet 111 formed by the process and the proportion has the advantages of good thermal stability of the magnet, light weight and larger magnetic energy product than that of a common permanent magnet material. Fig. 1 shows the magnetization curve and the hysteresis loop of the first permanent magnet 111.
The third permanent magnet 113 is prepared by using two-component materials. The third permanent magnet 113 comprises the following first components in percentage by weight: 31.11-35.89% of PrNd, 0.47-0.86% of Gd0.32-7.57% of Al3, 0.40-0.67% of heavy rare earth element and the balance of Fe. The heavy rare earth elements comprise Er, Lu and the like. In the specific configuration, the generated permanent magnet has stable magnetism and large coercive force, is used in a deep groove of a rotor of a permanent magnet motor, and can ensure good starting torque and pressure of a rotary bearing in high-speed rotation. The permanent magnet with improved magnetic performance can be obtained by embedding gap atoms in a metal framework formed by combining rare earth and Fe of the permanent magnet after hot melting at a certain temperature and substituting proper elements, when the distance between iron atoms is less than 0.245nm, negative exchange action is generated among the Fe atoms, the atomic bond length of the metal formed by the rare earth and the Fe can be adjusted through Nd, Nb and Al, and the preferable results are PrNd 29.73%, Nb 2.27%, Al 6.34%, heavy rare earth element 0.43% and the balance of Fe. The metal compound thus obtained can be analyzed for the interaction between atomic scattering intensity and atomic in the metal by conventional experiments through the interaction between X-ray diffraction and electrons. Similarly, the neutron diffraction means can penetrate through metal, particularly the first alloy in a flake shape, so that light elements, isotopes and the like can be distinguished conveniently, and the crystal cell of the obtained first alloy is large in size, and the magnetism of the magnet is stable.
The composition in weight percent of the second component of the third permanent magnet 113 is substantially the same as the second component of the first permanent magnet 111, with the difference being that: the second component of the first permanent magnet 111 comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 13.21-18.33% of LaCe13, 0.52-0.71% of Al0, 0.53-0.67% of rare earth elements and the balance of FeB. The rare earth elements include Pr, Nd, etc. In the specific configuration, the atomic bond length of the metal formed by the rare earth and the FeB can be adjusted through Nd, Nb and Al, the remanence and the intrinsic coercive force are greatly improved, the generated permanent magnet has low mass and large remanence ratio, is used on the periphery of a permanent magnet motor rotor, and can ensure smooth starting and the pressure of a rotating bearing in high-speed rotation. Preferably LaCe14.31%, Al0.71%, rare earth element 0.44%, and the balance FeB. The metal grinding powder formed by the components and the first group of metal grinding powder are mixed according to the proportion of 4:6, and the pressing forming is easy; after sintering and forming, the obtained permanent magnet can be used in a deep slot of a motor, the starting torque is obviously increased, and the permanent magnet manufactured by the process has good randomness, is easy to process and has better coercive force.
The third permanent magnet 113 is specifically a first alloy which is prepared by mixing raw materials according to the mass percentage of the first component, performing high-frequency melting in a high-purity argon environment, and manufacturing a sheet by using a continuous casting device; mixing the raw materials according to the mass percentage of the second component, carrying out high-frequency smelting in a high-purity argon environment, and pouring and cooling the second alloy into a second alloy of the melt-spun piece after the smelting is finished; placing the first alloy into a device for jet milling by using nitrogen flow to obtain first alloy powder; and (3) putting the second alloy into a mill by using hydrogen crushing and air flow to obtain second alloy powder. Mixing the first alloy powder and the second alloy powder according to a mass ratio of 4:6, performing orientation pressing on the obtained mixed powder in an inert gas environment by adding a magnetic field in a forming film pressing machine grinding tool, and selecting to obtain a formed magnet; and continuously heating the molded magnet for 4 hours at 850-950 ℃ in a vacuum furnace, continuously heating for 2 hours in a vacuum furnace at 1150 ℃, sintering and molding, tempering in the vacuum furnace, cooling the sintered magnet to room temperature to obtain a magnet blank, easily processing, grinding and quickly cutting into blocks to obtain the third permanent magnet, and ensuring better inherent coercive force.
The third permanent magnet 113 formed by the above process and ratio has good thermal stability of the magnet, light weight, and coercive force greater than that of a common permanent magnet material. Fig. 2 shows the magnetization curve and the hysteresis loop of the third permanent magnet 113.
A schematic view of the arrangement of the permanent magnets of the rotor is shown in fig. 3. The ratio of the radial length of the first permanent magnet 111 to the radial length of the third permanent magnet 113 is set to be 3:1, wherein the ratio of the radial length of the gap 112 to the length of the third permanent magnet 113 is 1:6, and the specific magnet length ratio and the gap ratio ensure that the magnetic resistance and the harmonic leakage reactance of a high-order harmonic magnetic field are obviously increased during operation, reduce the cross-linking degree of a motor flux linkage during the operation of the motor, weaken harmonic current in the motor, reduce the harmonic loss of a stator and a rotor and the surface loss, and reduce the temperature rise of the permanent magnet motor; and the magnetic field intensity of the permanent magnet motor is ensured to be maximum during starting, the starting torque is improved, the starting current of the stator of the motor is reduced, and the service life of the winding of the permanent magnet motor is prolonged.
In a preferred embodiment, another arrangement of rotor permanent magnets is shown in fig. 4. The ratio of the radial length of the first permanent magnet 111 to the radial length of the third permanent magnet 113 is set to 3:1, wherein the ratio of the radial length of the filler material 114 to the length of the third permanent magnet 113 is 1: 9; the filling material 114 is formed by mixing the first alloy powder and the second alloy powder in the filled third permanent magnet 113 according to the proportion of 5:5, mixing the mixture with silicone grease to prepare slurry, and filling the slurry between the first permanent magnet 111 and the third permanent magnet 113; wherein the volume ratio of the silica gel accounts for not less than 50% of the total volume of the slurry. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio is selected to be around 73% of the total slurry volume. The mode obviously reduces the temperature rise of the permanent magnet motor, improves the magnetic field intensity of the permanent magnet motor in starting, reduces the current impact of permanent magnet current on winding and prolongs the service life of the permanent magnet motor.
The motor is used in large-scale engineering vehicles, the engineering vehicles are usually in high-temperature severe environments such as deserts, barren mountains and the like in construction, the construction day and night temperature difference is large, and the magnetic stability of the permanent magnet is ensured under the long-term operation of high load; in the western desert construction experiment, the record of better performance can be kept without stopping for more than 20 days continuously.
The rotor permanent magnet 11 comprises a first permanent magnet 111,A gap 112 and a third permanent magnet 113. The rotor permanent magnet is placed in a groove punched by the magnetic steel 12, an impact gap 13 is reserved in the middle of the magnetic steel 12, and the gap 13 can ensure that nonstandard permanent magnets are easy to place and silica gel is filled in the placement. In order to ensure that the starting torque of the permanent magnet motor is larger and the output power of the permanent magnet rotor is stable after the permanent magnet motor is started, the number P of the poles of the rotor in the permanent magnet motorrDesigned as stator teeth number PsHas a relationship of Pr＝Ps-2; for reducing the alternating frequency of the current.
The permanent magnet motor stator 2 is a double-layer winding and comprises an inner-layer winding 211 and an outer-layer winding 212; the selection of the coils of the inner winding 211 and the outer winding 212 adopts a structure that one phase winding is connected by four coils in series, the phase number can be adjusted to be more than 3 or not according to the connection relation of a control circuit in the later control, and the adjusted structure is more than 3 and is used as a motor. Considering the environmental requirements in engineering construction, sometimes needing to be used as a generator, the motor of the invention can reduce the phase number to be one third of the original phase number by connecting the external 3 groups of four coils in series, and the phase number in the adjustment period is less than 3, thereby using the motor as a permanent magnet generator. The preferred number of stator winding phases of the present invention is 6, which can be modified to a 2-phase generator for use.
The number of turns of the inner winding 211 of the permanent magnet motor is different from that of the outer winding 212, so that the static characteristic and the control system of each turn and the suitability for control in power conversion are ensured, and the direct axis magnetic conduction A is adopteddAnd cross axis magnetic conduction AqThe magnetic flux phi of each coil is obtained through motor equation analysismNumber of turns of each coil is NcoilAnd the corresponding permanent magnetic flux linkage and inductance meet the following requirements:
Ψm＝Ncoilφm(formula 1)
Ld＝AdN2 coil(formula 2)
Lq＝AqN2 coil(formula 3)
Because the permanent magnet motor adopts fixed frequency, on the basis of the constant rotating speed operation of the motor, the motor passes through the rated rotating speed nrSetting of (1), determiningIn the number of turns of the stator winding of the magneto, the requirements of the magnetic performance of the motor and the maximum value of the current of the inverter in the control period are met, and the specific control mode is explained in the circuit design of the controller.
In the temperature control, the three-way water cooling system is adopted, namely the water cooling first channel 221, the water cooling second channel 222 and the water cooling third channel 223, so that the temperature of the permanent magnet motor is basically constant in a small temperature difference change during the operation, and the magnetic flux can operate according to a designed magnetic circuit route. The water-cooled first channel 221, the water-cooled second channel 222 and the water-cooled third channel 223 are sequentially arranged from inside to outside, wherein a coil of the inner winding 211 and a coil of the outer winding 212 of the permanent magnet motor are respectively arranged between the water-cooled first channel 221 and the water-cooled second channel 222, and silicon steel sheets are arranged between the inner winding 211 and the outer winding 212 at intervals.
Three ways of isolating copper sheets are placed in the water-cooling first channel 221, water flow is isolated into four ways, eddy current and leakage of magnetic flux in the water-cooling first channel under the condition of electromagnetic coupling in the permanent magnet motor are prevented, stray loss is reduced, torque pulsation is obviously reduced by the way of the isolating copper sheets, electromagnetic torque of the permanent magnet motor is kept stable due to constant temperature, average electromagnetic torque can reach the maximum value, and the pulsation coefficient of positioning torque of the permanent magnet motor is obviously reduced.
The water-cooling second channel 222 is a water-cooling channel arranged on the left side, the right side and the bottom side, and surrounds the outer winding 212 on three sides, so that the coil insulation damage caused by rapid rise of heat due to overlarge current in the starting process of the motor is avoided, and the loss of the stator winding is effectively prevented; the bottom water-cooled second channel is next to the outer winding 212 and the second channel 222 is made of flat hollow lightweight aluminum or copper strip. The water-cooling second channel 222 is arranged in a plug-in manner in the manufacturing process, so that the magnetic circuit can be better ensured to be arranged according to the arrangement manner, and the rotation stability of the motor is maintained.
The stator outer core 240 is also a heat dissipation shell fastened on the periphery of the motor stator core 200 and used for fixing a motor stator and preventing damage caused by motor vibration, collision and the like, in the motor setting, the stator outer core 240 and the stator core 200 are in a clamping structure with a dovetail groove, and the water-cooling second channels 222 surrounding the left side and the right side of the outer-layer winding 212 are surrounded by the stator core on three sides, so that the stability in the connection process is ensured. The water-cooled third channel 223 is arranged in the stator outer iron core 240, the water-cooled third channel 223 independently supplies cooling water, the water flow pressure and the water flow speed of the water-cooled third channel 223 are obviously greater than those of the water-cooled first channel 221 and the water-cooled second channel 222, external heat dissipation can be facilitated, the running temperature of the motor can be kept constant, and particularly the influence of day-night temperature difference on the running of the motor can be prevented. Because the motor is used for the mining area, and flyrock and other external force striking often take place, be equipped with the edge groove at the surface of motor stator outer core 240 for the heat dissipation, the edge groove can effectually absorb the energy that the motor received the back production of striking simultaneously to the deformation of placing motor stator core, effectual protection motor. The motor output shaft is partially provided with a specific protective casing which is prevented from being damaged by external force.
The water flow speeds in the water-cooled first channel 221, the water-cooled second channel 222 and the water-cooled third channel 223 of the motor are different, wherein the approximate water flow speed is increased in sequence, for example, when the water flow speed of the water-cooled third channel 223 is selected to be 1m/s, the water flow speed of the water-cooled second channel 222 is 0.8m/s, the water flow speed of the water-cooled first channel 221 is 0.6m/s, and the water flow speeds are specifically controlled through a temperature sensor and a central controller of the motor. In order to prevent the impact of the water supply pressure change on the water supply channel, the invention adopts the relatively gradually changed water flow speed to adjust the temperature of the stator of the motor in the water supply adjustment, and only adopts the water flow speed to supply water when the temperature transmitted by the motor sensor obviously rises and exceeds the set threshold value. Usually, a constant temperature water flow device is arranged in an external water flow box to ensure the water temperature.
The magnetic field change and distribution in the stator core are effectively calculated through simulation of the magnetic field in the motor stator, the center of the stator is taken as a central point, values are sequentially taken according to the same distance, different radiuses are set, and the closer to the shell part, the smaller the induction intensity of the magnetic field is. Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram showing simulation of magnetic induction in a stator core in a permanent magnet motor according to the present invention. When the excitation winding is not energized, the magnetic field in the stator core 200 is only the magnetomotive force F generated by the rotor permanent magnetPMThe effect is generated. In the process that the exciting current I in the stator winding is gradually increased from 0, the magnetic field intensity H in the stator core 200 is controlled by the permanent magnet magnetomotive force FPMAnd axial magnetomotive force FZThe combined action is generated, when the exciting current is continuously increased, the magnetomotive force F in the axial direction of the stator is generatedZAnd the magnetic field in the stator core will gradually increase. When the magnetic field strength H in the stator core is saturated in orientation until the maximum magnetic field strength H is reachedZThen, the magnetic permeability in the stator core 200 will decrease and the reluctance of the stator core will increase, so that the effective magnetic flux in the air gap between the stator and the rotor decreases. In a simulation experiment, the intensity B of a magnetic field in a stator core and the axial magnetic field induction intensity B in the stator core are observed by adjusting the current I in an exciting coilZ. The electromagnetic intensity that can be generated by setting the XY plane of the stator core is represented as HXYAxial magnetomotive force FZStator reluctance RMAnd rotor reluctance RRSetting the equivalent reluctance R of the radial air gap of the motorσAnd core leakage reluctance RσAccording to empirical formula, the magnetic flux phi of axial excitation in the equivalent magnetic circuit of axial excitation of the permanent magnet motor can be obtained through simulations，
Фs＝FZ*HXY/(2RM+RR)(2Rσ+Rs)
Magnetic field intensity H and magnetic flux phi generated in stator coresIn proportion, the magnetic field strength in the stator core is simulated in fig. 6, which is basically consistent with the calculation formula set in the implementation, wherein the generated waveform of the magnetic field induction strength B in the core also proves the change of the strength at different distances. In the invention, a new rotor permanent magnet is adopted, particularly in a simulation experiment of a filling material 114 with smaller magnetism between a first permanent magnet 111 and a third permanent magnet 113, on the basis of the difference of rotor magnetic fields, the magnetic field intensity of an iron core generated in a stator iron core is remarkably changed due to the difference of current values, the waveform of the magnetic field induction intensity B in the stator iron core is more and more straight along with the continuous increase of excitation magnetomotive force, and when the excitation magnetomotive force is 60A, the waveform of the magnetic field induction intensity B in the stator iron core is more and more straightThe magnetomotive force is close to saturation. As the exciting current is gradually increased, the increase in the magnetic induction intensity in the stator core 200 is gradual, and the axial magnetic field induction intensity B in the core is gradualZThe magnitude of the increase is small. Based on the simulation result, the invention knows the relationship between the current increase and the heat generated by the motor in the process of adjusting the output power of the motor, so that the water cooling speed of the motor in the first water-cooling channel 221, the second water-cooling channel 222 and the third water-cooling channel 223 can be adjusted according to the refrigeration effect, the motor is in a constant temperature state, and the accuracy of the motor adjustment and the long-term property of the service life are maintained.
The permanent magnet motor is characterized in that the permanent magnet is always attached to the surface of a rotor and inside a rotor iron core and arranged in a layered mode, a magnetic conduction bridge formed by the iron core naturally forms a loop, the axial direction is relatively long, the air gap magnetic density is negligible in the axial direction, the end effect generated by the stator winding corresponding to the air gap magnetic density is relatively small, and the mutual effect can be ignored.
In the permanent magnet motor and the cooling water path thereof, the cooling water path thereof needs to be controlled by referring to the water temperature change in the motor control, so a specific control circuit is adopted in the invention.
FIG. 7 is a simulation derived estimated value in stator flux linkageAnd the actual value ΨcsThe relationship between them. In practical experiments, the included angle between the two is very small, and is about 0.5-3 degrees, so that the controllability of the permanent magnet motor is very good.
The invention comprises a flux linkage correction circuit in the stator magnetic circuit, the correction circuit is formed by connecting an integrator with a low-pass filter in series, the structure is simple, the correction circuit is only related to the stator resistance of the permanent magnet motor, and the stator resistance value can better overcome the shadow of eddy current loss on the permanent magnet temperature under the control of a water cooling systemAnd the temperature change of the permanent magnet is small and can be controlled within the range of 0.5 ℃ according to the three-way water cooling system (the water-cooling first channel 221, the water-cooling second channel 222 and the water-cooling third channel 223) realized in the invention under the condition that the motor runs within the temperature inflection point of the permanent magnet and runs at a basically constant temperature. In which the stator resistance is close to a fixed value, so that the output corrective flux Ψcs αβIs stable. The pure integrator is adopted, the direct current drift and the integral saturation of voltage and current measurement errors, initial value errors and the like are relatively small, the cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter is adopted to replace an integral link, and the stator angular frequency of the permanent magnet motor can be well controlled. The invention adopts a calculation formula model of the magnetic circuit correction circuit, the model does not belong to the key content of the invention and is not detailed any more.
One beneficial effect of the invention is that: the permanent magnet motor with the specific structure is relied on, the flux linkage correction circuit is added in the control circuit, accurate control and cooling circulation are realized, the temperature inside the motor is uniform, a local high-temperature area can not appear, the motor is prevented from losing efficacy due to local high temperature during long-term operation, and therefore long-term high-strength operation of the permanent magnet motor is realized.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various combinations and subcombinations of the features, advantages, and characteristics described in the present patent application can be made and that variations in these features, which constitute the teachings of the present patent application, may be resorted to.

Claims (4)

1. A permanent magnet generator comprises a stator and a rotor, wherein the rotor is provided with a gap arranged between a first permanent magnet and a third permanent magnet, and is characterized in that the ratio of the radial length of the first permanent magnet to the radial length of the third permanent magnet is 3:1, and the ratio of the radial length of the gap to the radial length of the third permanent magnet is 1: 6;
the stator comprises a stator coil and three water-cooling systems, wherein a water-cooling first channel, a water-cooling second channel and a water-cooling third channel are sequentially arranged from inside to outside, the stator coil comprises an inner-layer winding coil and an outer-layer winding coil, the inner-layer winding coil and the outer-layer winding coil are respectively arranged between the water-cooling first channel and the water-cooling second channel, and silicon steel sheets are arranged between the inner-layer winding coil and the outer-layer winding coil at intervals;
and three paths of isolating copper sheets for reducing stray loss and torque pulsation are placed in the water-cooled first channel.
2. The permanent magnet generator according to claim 1, wherein the gap is filled with a filling material, and the volume ratio of the silica gel in the filling material is not less than 50% of the total volume of the filled slurry.
3. The permanent magnet generator according to claim 2, wherein the first permanent magnet is prepared by mixing a first alloy powder and a second alloy powder according to a ratio of 7:3, performing secondary tempering and cooling after magnetic field orientation press forming, and grinding the first alloy powder by using an alloy prepared from a first component, wherein the first component comprises the following components in percentage by weight: nd28.23-32.73%, Nb 1.75-2.27%, Al 3.32-6.78%, heavy rare earth elements 0.40-0.67%, and the balance Fe, wherein the second alloy powder is prepared by grinding an alloy prepared from a second component, wherein the second component comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 13.21-18.33% of LaCe13, 0.52-0.71% of Al0, 0.40-0.51% of rare earth elements and the balance of FeB.
4. A permanent magnet generator according to claim 3, characterized in that a dovetail-shaped clamping structure is adopted between the stator outer core (240) and the stator core (200), and the water-cooling second channels surrounding the left and right sides of the outer winding are surrounded by the stator core on three sides.
CN201811552465.2A 2018-05-14 2018-05-14 Permanent magnet generator Expired - Fee Related CN109672287B (en)

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