CN109653930A - A kind of turbine efficiency test macro and method using straight diversion pipeline water hammer - Google Patents
A kind of turbine efficiency test macro and method using straight diversion pipeline water hammer Download PDFInfo
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- CN109653930A CN109653930A CN201811504250.3A CN201811504250A CN109653930A CN 109653930 A CN109653930 A CN 109653930A CN 201811504250 A CN201811504250 A CN 201811504250A CN 109653930 A CN109653930 A CN 109653930A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
- F03B11/00—Parts or details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the preceding groups, e.g. wear-protection couplings, between turbine and generator
- F03B11/008—Measuring or testing arrangements
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of turbine efficiency test macros and method using straight diversion pipeline water hammer, belong to mechanical efficiency field of measuring technique.System is mainly made of turbine-generator units, straight diversion steel pipe, Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus, cross-section pressure signal intercept valve, pressure and power pick-up device and data acquisition module, data visualization module.Efficiency test system of the present invention is based on water channeling type power station, overcurrent flow is calculated using the raising of guide vanes of water turbine moment pressure conduit transient flow water hammer pressure and changes in flow rate is closed, to export turbine efficiency；Compared to other flow-measuring methods, which has the advantages that device is easy for assemble or unload, flexible and experimental cost greatly reduces data communication in real time.
Description
Technical field
The invention discloses a kind of turbine efficiency test macros and method using straight diversion pipeline water hammer, belong to machinery
Efficiency measurement technical field.
Technical background
The efficiency of the hydraulic turbine is the main factor of determining hydraulic turbine energy synthesis performance, knows clearly that the hydraulic turbine is each
The efficiency of operating condition can more precisely instruct the reasonable benefit/risk in power station to run.In order to acquire the working efficiency of the hydraulic turbine, need
Measure the output power of the hydraulic turbine, working head and overcurrent flow these parameters.The output power of the hydraulic turbine usually can not
It directly obtains, most common method is obtained with the power conversion of generator；The working head of the hydraulic turbine refers to spiral case
The flow energy of Unit Weight is poor at import and draft tube outlet, and the general power station of the parameter most basic as the hydraulic turbine is all
It arranges measuring device and can directly read and learn；And the measurement method of overcurrent flow is various, including current meter method, Pitot tube method,
Trace method, Gibson method etc..Gibson method is also very few for the application of flow measurement at home, therefore based on the method
Test device systematic needs further perfect.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of turbine efficiency test macro and method using straight diversion pipeline water hammer,
Overcurrent flow is calculated using the raising of guide vanes of water turbine moment pressure conduit transient flow water hammer pressure and changes in flow rate is closed, thus
Export turbine efficiency.
In order to achieve the above objectives, The technical solution adopted by the invention is as follows:
A kind of turbine efficiency test macro using straight diversion pipeline water hammer, comprising: straight diversion steel pipe, hydrogenerator
Group, Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus, cross-section pressure signal intercept valve, pressure and power pick-up device, data acquisition module
Block and data visualization module；
The turbine-generator units are connected with the straight diversion steel pipe, and water is led to hydrogenerator by straight diversion steel pipe
Group；
The Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus shares two groups, is respectively arranged in the upstream and downstream overcurrent of straight diversion steel pipe
Section part will increase water pressure caused by water hammer and conduct to pressure and power pick-up device；
There are two the cross-section pressure signal intercept valves, is connected in series to two groups of Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus institutes respectively
Route on, for collecting the hydraulic pressure force value of upstream and downstream section；
The pressure and power pick-up device are located at the rear of pressure signal transmission line point, for believing water pressure
Number being converted to d. c. voltage signal is exported；And for the Three-phase alternating current signal of generator to be converted to DC voltage letter
It number is exported；
The data collecting module collected pressure and the real-time d. c. voltage signal of power pick-up device output；
The data visualization module in the form of graph curve for carrying out the data of the data collecting module collected
Display.
Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus above-mentioned is mounted on the outside of straight diversion steel pipe, and its pipeline is surrounded on directly
The flow section of diversion steel pipe, the upstream and downstream flow section distance Ying Bu little of the Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus installation
In 10 times of straight diversion steel pipe equivalent diameter.
Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus above-mentioned includes 3 circumferential uniform on the flow section of straight diversion steel pipe
The pressure gaging hole of distribution, circumferential overcurrent pipeline, direct current bend pipe and tee tube；Radial pressure gaging hole pipe is installed in the pressure gaging hole
Road, the two radial pressure gaging hole pipelines in left and right are connected with circumferential overcurrent pipeline by right-angle elbow pipe, another radial pressure is surveyed
Hole pipeline is connected with circumferential overcurrent pipeline by tee tube；The circumferential direction overcurrent pipeline is looped around straight diversion steel pipe outer surface.
It is above-mentioned only to open a cross-section pressure signal intercept valve in the leak flow after measuring guide vane and completely closing,
The height that free surface declines in straight diversion steel pipe is obtained, and then leak flow is calculated.
Pressure above-mentioned and power pick-up device include two sets of conversion circuits, all the way for acquiring hydraulic pressure force signal, all the way
For acquiring Three-phase alternating current signal；The conversion circuit is DC DC power supply, differential pressure pickup/power transducer and sampling electricity
Hinder the series circuit of composition；Differential pressure pickup is used to acquire the hydraulic pressure force value that cross-section pressure signal intercept valve exports at two, obtains
The water pressure difference of upstream and downstream flow section, the d. c. voltage signal for being converted to sampling resistor both ends, which is exported to data, acquires list
Member；Power transducer is used to acquire the Three-phase alternating current signal of generator, is converted to the d. c. voltage signal at sampling resistor both ends
It exports to data acquisition unit.
DC direct current power source voltage above-mentioned is+24V, exports 4~20mA of electric current.
A kind of working method of the turbine efficiency test macro using straight diversion pipeline water hammer, comprising the following steps:
(1) turbine-generator units are opened, turbine-generator units stable operation certain time is made；
(2) two cross-section pressure signal intercept valves are opened, and connect the power supply of modules, are in modules
Active standby state；
(3) thus rapid guide vane closing operates generated water hammer raising pressure and passes through the radial pressure in pressure gaging hole
Gaging hole pipeline is conducted to pressure signal interception valves；
(4) pressure signal of pressure and differential pressure pickup two pressure signal interception valves of acquisition in power pick-up device,
The water pressure difference of upstream and downstream flow section is obtained, the d. c. voltage signal for being converted to sampling resistor both ends, which is exported to data, to be acquired
Unit；Power transducer acquires the Three-phase alternating current signal of generator, and the d. c. voltage signal for being converted to sampling resistor both ends is defeated
Out to data acquisition unit；
(5) data acquisition module continuous collecting pressure and the d. c. voltage signal of power pick-up device output, finally with reality
When curve form showed by data visualization module；
(6) the different operating conditions for changing the hydraulic turbine, repeat step (1)~(5), obtain different pressure real-time curves,
Showed by data visualization module；
(7) overcurrent flow Q is obtained using Gibson iterated integral according to pressure real-time curve, in combination with power transducer
Obtained hydraulic turbine power P and hydroelectric station operation net water head H, are calculated the operational efficiency of the Station Hydrogenerators group
η。
In aforementioned step (3), the record time must not be less than 20 seconds before guide vane is closed, after guide vane completely closes, curve note
The time is recorded including at least 4 pressure waves.
In aforementioned step (7), the calculation formula of operational efficiency are as follows:
Wherein, γ is the severe of water,
The solution of P are as follows: homogenizing processing when being carried out to the electric signal of generator, obtain the power P of generator ', and then calculate
Hydraulic turbine power P, P=η ' P ', wherein η ' is the efficiency of generator.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:
Compared to other flow-measuring methods, the system have device is easy for assemble or unload, data communication in real time flexibly with
And experimental cost the advantages of greatly reducing.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the overall structure diagram of the turbine efficiency test macro of the invention using straight diversion pipeline water hammer；
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of two flow section Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus of upstream and downstream；
Fig. 3 is that the partial structurtes of pressure gaging hole in two flow section Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus of upstream and downstream are shown
It is intended to；
Fig. 4 is the circuit simplified schematic diagram of pressure transmitter and pressure sensor arrangement；
Fig. 5 is the flow graph of the turbine efficiency test method of the invention using straight diversion pipeline water hammer.
Specific embodiment
The invention will be further described below.Following embodiment is only used for clearly illustrating technical side of the invention
Case, and not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention.
For the present invention in calculating hydraulic turbine working efficiency, overcurrent flow measurement is based on Gibson method, and this method passes through water
The hammer equation of momentum is derived from the calculation formula of flow.Its basic step is to utilize water caused by closing valve (guide vane) rapidly
Hammer pressurization wave obtains pressure time curve, and the instantaneous pressure difference during then integral closes valve process simultaneously combines straight conduit pipe
Intrinsic parameter, i.e. channel factor obtain flow.
As shown in Figure 1, the present invention provides a kind of turbine efficiency test macro using straight diversion pipeline water hammer, including straight
Diversion steel pipe 1, turbine-generator units 2, Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus 3, cross-section pressure signal intercept valve 4, pressure and
Power pick-up device 5, data acquisition module 6 and data visualization module 7.Turbine-generator units 2 are connected with straight diversion steel pipe 1,
Water is led into unit by steel pipe.Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus 3 shares two groups, is respectively arranged in straight diversion steel pipe 1
Two different sections at, i.e. flow section, while needing to guarantee that upstream and downstream flow section distance should be not less than 10 times of steel pipe
Equivalent diameter.Water pressure will be increased caused by water hammer to conduct to pressure and power pick-up device 5；Cross-section pressure signal intercept
Valve 4 is connected in series to respectively on the route at two groups of Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus, 3 place；Pressure and power device 5 are placed in pressure
The rear of menchanotransduction route point is responsible for coordinating Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus 3 at the division of labor two, and energy
It is enough that hydraulic pressure force signal is converted into voltage signal in order to export.
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 is the entirety and part of two flow section Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus of upstream and downstream respectively
Structural schematic diagram, which is mounted on the outside of straight diversion steel pipe 1, and its pipeline is surrounded on the flow section of straight diversion steel pipe 1.
3 pressure gaging hole 3-4 are evenly arranged on the flow section of straight diversion steel pipe, i.e. angle between the adjacent pressure gaging hole of every two is
120 degree.Radial pressure gaging hole pipeline, the radial pressure gaging hole pipeline of left and right two and circumferential overcurrent are respectively mounted in each pressure gaging hole
Pipeline 3-1 is connected by right-angle elbow pipe 3-3, another radial pressure gaging hole pipeline and circumferential direction overcurrent pipeline 3-1 pass through threeway
Pipe 3-2 is connected.Circumferential overcurrent pipeline 3-1 is looped around straight 1 outer surface of diversion steel pipe.Referring to Fig. 3, pressure gaging hole passes through one section of diameter
The radial pressure gaging hole pipeline 3-4-2 of very little conducts the sectional pressure of straight diversion steel pipe to outside, surveys in each radial pressure
Hole pipeline external arranges a waterproof interlayer 3-4-1, and being sealed by rubber weather strip 3-4-3 to guarantee is not in that leak is existing
As.
The boosting that guide vanes of water turbine closes rapidly generation, which is conducted by above-mentioned section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus to pressure, to be believed
At number interception valves 4, the effect of pressure signal interception valves 4 is to open simultaneously two signal valves in test, can be obtained in this way
The pressure difference value of upstream and downstream section；And if wanting to further increase precision after testing, the leak after measurement guide vane completely closes
When flow, a signal valve can be only opened, the pressure signal of the other side is intercepted, obtained in straight diversion steel pipe under free surface
The height of drop can convert to obtain leak flow.
Fig. 4 is the circuit simplified schematic diagram of pressure and power pick-up device, which includes DC DC power supply 5-1, pressure difference
Sensor 5-2, sampling resistor 5-3 and voltmeter 5-4.Wherein, direct current power source voltage is+24V, exports 4~20mA of electric current.It will
The original pressure data of above-mentioned two flow sections of upstream and downstream measurement is input in differential pressure pickup 5-2, is acquired difference, can be obtained
To the voltage time sampling point of real-time change, these sampling point data are acquired by data acquisition module 6.In addition to needing in the present invention
The voltage signal to be converted to pressure signal is acquired, it is also necessary to the Three-phase alternating current signal of generator is acquired,
I.e. pressure and power pick-up device include two sets of the same conversion circuits, all the way for acquiring hydraulic pressure force signal, all the way for adopting
Collect Three-phase alternating current signal.Two-way conversion circuit is just the same, and when for acquisition Three-phase alternating current signal, signal source is three
Phase alternating current, and need differential pressure pickup being changed to power transducer.The acquisition of Three-phase alternating current signal and hydraulic pressure force signal
It can carry out, may finally be apparent in simultaneously after two signals are all converted to electric signal in same display equipment simultaneously.
The pressure and power pick-up device work step are as follows:
(1) engaging means circuit switch makes circuit the operation is stable；
(2) pressure signal or ac signal are converted to directly by measurement sampling resistor both end voltage in collection process
Flow voltage signal；
(3) pressure and power pick-up device are to need to cut off the power by independent power supply power supply, therefore after testing and to reality
Instrument is tested to be arranged.
During test, the sampling point data of acquisition may finally be showed in the form of real-time curve specialty analysis software
In terminal presentation facility.During the test, can by the working condition of the real-time curve monitoring device either with it is pre-
Phase goal pressure time graph compares；After test, directly it integrate after carrying out noise reduction process obtaining
Overcurrent flow.
Based on above system, the present invention provides a kind of turbine efficiency test method using straight diversion pipeline water hammer, such as
Shown in Fig. 5, comprising the following steps:
(1) turbine-generator units T1 is opened, T1 stable operation certain time is made；
(2) cross-section pressure signal intercept valve at two is opened, and connects the power supply of each data module, makes each data
Module is in active standby state；
(3) after all are ready, rapid guide vane closing；Thus water hammer caused by operating increases pressure and is surveyed by pressure
Radial pressure gaging hole pipeline in hole is conducted to pressure signal interception valves；
(4) differential pressure pickup in pressure and power pick-up device passes through the pressure that receives two pressure signal interception valves
Force signal makes the difference, and calculates the pressure difference value for obtaining upstream and downstream flow section；
(5) generator alternating current electric signal is converted to d. c. voltage signal by power transducer；Differential pressure pickup believes pressure
The pressure signal of number interception valves output is converted to d. c. voltage signal；
(6) d. c. voltage signal of data acquisition module continuous collecting output, eventually by specialty analysis software with real-time
The form of curve is showed by data visualization module；
(7) homogenizing processing when being carried out to the electric signal of generator, can obtain the power P of generator ', so just indirectly
Obtaining hydraulic turbine power P, P=η ' P ', wherein η ' is the efficiency of generator, generally desirable 0.98；And hydraulic signal conversion
Real-time curve is pressure time curve, can obtain overcurrent flow Q using Gibson iterated integral；
(8) the step of different operating conditions of the change hydraulic turbine, repetition (1)~(7), different real-time curves is obtained,
Showed by data visualization module；
(9) overcurrent flow Q is obtained using Gibson iterated integral according to pressure real-time curve, in combination with power transducer
Obtained hydraulic turbine power P and hydroelectric station operation net water head H, may finally obtain the operation of the Station Hydrogenerators group
Efficiency eta.
The time of step (3) guide vane closing is approximately equal to water turbine set downtime, and the record time must not be lacked before guide vane is closed
In 20 seconds, after guide vane completely closes, the curve record time included at least 4 pressure waves.
The calculation formula of efficiency in step (9) are as follows:Wherein, γ is the severe of water.
Flow diagram shown in fig. 5, what is represented in the circle of arrow front and back is source result and objective result, arrow side respectively
The box on side represents to obtain tool and method used in objective result.It can clearly be slapped by flow diagram shown in fig. 5
Hold whole thinkings that the present invention designs.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is noted that for the ordinary skill people of the art
For member, without departing from the technical principles of the invention, several improvement and deformations can also be made, these improvement and deformations
Also it should be regarded as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of turbine efficiency test macro using straight diversion pipeline water hammer characterized by comprising straight diversion steel pipe,
Turbine-generator units, Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus, cross-section pressure signal intercept valve, pressure and power pick-up device,
Data acquisition module and data visualization module；
The turbine-generator units are connected with the straight diversion steel pipe, and water is led to turbine-generator units by straight diversion steel pipe；
The Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus shares two groups, is respectively arranged in the upstream and downstream flow section of straight diversion steel pipe
Place, water pressure will be increased caused by water hammer and will be conducted to pressure and power pick-up device；
There are two the cross-section pressure signal intercept valves, is connected in series to where two groups of Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus respectively
On route, for collecting the hydraulic pressure force value of upstream and downstream section；
The pressure and power pick-up device are located at the rear of pressure signal transmission line point, for turning hydraulic pressure force signal
D. c. voltage signal is changed to be exported；And for by the Three-phase alternating current signal of generator be converted to d. c. voltage signal into
Row output；
The data collecting module collected pressure and the real-time d. c. voltage signal of power pick-up device output；
The data visualization module in the form of graph curve for showing the data of the data collecting module collected.
2. a kind of turbine efficiency test macro using straight diversion pipeline water hammer according to claim 1, feature exist
In the Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus is mounted on the outside of straight diversion steel pipe, and its pipeline is surrounded on straight diversion steel
The upstream and downstream flow section distance of the flow section of pipe, the Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus installation should be not less than 10 times
Straight diversion steel pipe equivalent diameter.
3. a kind of turbine efficiency test macro using straight diversion pipeline water hammer according to claim 1, feature exist
In the Measure section water hammer pressure aggregating apparatus includes 3 circumferential equally distributed on the flow section of straight diversion steel pipe
Pressure gaging hole, circumferential overcurrent pipeline, direct current bend pipe and tee tube；Radial pressure gaging hole pipeline is installed in the pressure gaging hole, it is left
Right two radial pressure gaging hole pipelines are connected with circumferential overcurrent pipeline by right-angle elbow pipe, another radial pressure gaging hole pipeline
It is connected with circumferential overcurrent pipeline by tee tube；The circumferential direction overcurrent pipeline is looped around straight diversion steel pipe outer surface.
4. a kind of turbine efficiency test macro using straight diversion pipeline water hammer according to claim 1, feature exist
In in the leak flow after measuring guide vane and completely closing, only one cross-section pressure signal intercept valve of opening, obtains straight diversion steel
The height that free surface declines in pipe, and then leak flow is calculated.
5. a kind of turbine efficiency test macro using bending diversion pipeline water hammer according to claim 1, feature
It is, the pressure and power pick-up device include two sets of conversion circuits, all the way for acquiring hydraulic pressure force signal, all the way for adopting
Collect Three-phase alternating current signal；The conversion circuit is DC DC power supply, differential pressure pickup/power transducer and sampling resistor composition
Series circuit；Differential pressure pickup is used to acquire the hydraulic pressure force value that cross-section pressure signal intercept valve exports at two, obtains upstream and downstream
The water pressure difference of flow section, the d. c. voltage signal for being converted to sampling resistor both ends are exported to data acquisition unit；Power
Transmitter is used to acquire the Three-phase alternating current signal of generator, and the d. c. voltage signal for being converted to sampling resistor both ends is exported to number
According to acquisition unit.
6. a kind of turbine efficiency test macro using straight diversion pipeline water hammer according to claim 5, feature exist
In the DC direct current power source voltage is+24V, exports 4~20mA of electric current.
7. based on the turbine efficiency test macro of straight diversion pipeline water hammer is utilized described in claim 1 to 6 any one
Working method, which comprises the following steps:
(1) turbine-generator units are opened, turbine-generator units stable operation certain time is made；
(2) two cross-section pressure signal intercept valves are opened, and connect the power supply of modules, modules is made to be in work
Standby mode；
(3) thus rapid guide vane closing operates generated water hammer raising pressure and passes through the radial pressure gaging hole in pressure gaging hole
Pipeline is conducted to pressure signal interception valves；
(4) pressure signal of pressure and differential pressure pickup two pressure signal interception valves of acquisition in power pick-up device, obtains
The water pressure difference of upstream and downstream flow section, the d. c. voltage signal for being converted to sampling resistor both ends, which is exported to data, acquires list
Member；Power transducer acquires the Three-phase alternating current signal of generator, is converted to the d. c. voltage signal output at sampling resistor both ends
To data acquisition unit；
(5) data acquisition module continuous collecting pressure and the d. c. voltage signal of power pick-up device output, finally with bent in real time
The form of line is showed by data visualization module；
(6) the different operating conditions for changing the hydraulic turbine, repeat step (1)~(5), obtain different pressure real-time curves, logical
Data visualization module is crossed to show；
(7) overcurrent flow Q is obtained using Gibson iterated integral according to pressure real-time curve, in combination with obtained by power transducer
The hydraulic turbine power P and hydroelectric station operation net water head H arrived, is calculated the operational efficiency η of the Station Hydrogenerators group.
8. the method according to the description of claim 7 is characterized in that the record time must not before guide vane is closed in the step (3)
Less than 20 seconds, after guide vane completely closes, the curve record time included at least 4 pressure waves.
9. the method according to the description of claim 7 is characterized in that in the step (7), the calculation formula of operational efficiency are as follows:
Wherein, γ is the severe of water,
The solution of P are as follows: homogenizing processing when being carried out to the electric signal of generator, obtain the power P of generator ', and then calculate water wheels
Machine power P, P=η ' P ', wherein η ' is the efficiency of generator.
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| CN201811504250.3A CN109653930B (en) | 2018-12-10 | 2018-12-10 | Water turbine efficiency testing system and method using water hammer of direct water diversion pipeline |
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| CN201811504250.3A CN109653930B (en) | 2018-12-10 | 2018-12-10 | Water turbine efficiency testing system and method using water hammer of direct water diversion pipeline |
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| JP2008274871A (en) * | 2007-05-01 | 2008-11-13 | Torishima Pump Mfg Co Ltd | Water hammer inhibition device |
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2018
- 2018-12-10 CN CN201811504250.3A patent/CN109653930B/en active Active
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008274871A (en) * | 2007-05-01 | 2008-11-13 | Torishima Pump Mfg Co Ltd | Water hammer inhibition device |
| CN102116246A (en) * | 2011-02-24 | 2011-07-06 | 华中科技大学 | Device, system and method for monitoring efficiency of hydro-electric generating set |
| CN102393224A (en) * | 2011-12-13 | 2012-03-28 | 衡阳中微科技开发有限公司 | Integrated intelligent flowmeter and measuring method |
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| 杜文忠: "《水力机组测试技术》", 30 September 1995, 中国水利水电出版 * |
| 水电站机电设计手册编写组: "《水电站机电设计手册：水力机械》", 30 November 1983, 中国水利水电出版社 * |
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