CN109651345B - 一组具有抗骨质疏松活性的化合物及其应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一组具有抗骨质疏松活性的化合物及其应用。本发明公开了该类化合物体内外抗骨质疏松药理学活性,其中N‑(吡啶‑2‑基)酰胺类化合物在治疗和预防骨质疏松症方面具有重要的价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于医药生物技术领域,具体而言,涉及一组具有抗骨质疏松活性的化合物及其应用。
背景技术
骨质疏松症(Osteoporosis,OP)是一种全身代谢性骨病,1994年,世界卫生组织将骨质疏松症定义为以骨的微细结构破坏和骨量下降为主要特征,导致骨脆性增加、易发生骨折的一种全身性骨骼疾病(Canalis,E.,Wnt signalling in osteoporosis:mechanismsand novel therapeutic approaches.Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2013.9(10):p.575-83.)。2001年美国国立卫生研究院重新定义骨质疏松症为骨强度下降导致骨折危险性升高的一种骨骼疾病(Clevers,H.,Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in development anddisease.Cell,2006.127(3):p. 469-80.)。
目前已批准用于治疗骨质疏松症的常规药物通常主要分为两大类:促进骨形成药物、抑制骨吸收药物。促骨形成药物,如特立帕肽(甲状旁腺激素),一般用于高骨折风险的患者,如糖皮质激素诱导的骨质疏松症患者(Rodan,G.A.and T.J.Martin,Therapeuticapproaches to bone diseases.Science,2000.289(5484):p. 1508-14.)。抑制骨吸收药物目前已知有五类:双膦酸盐,雌激素,选择性雌激素受体调节剂,降钙素和针对RANKL的单克隆抗体,如狄诺塞麦(Rodan,G.A.and T.J.Martin,Therapeutic approaches to bonediseases. Science,2000.289(5484):p.1508-14.)。双膦酸盐是目前应用最广泛的抑制骨吸收药物。双膦酸盐通过与活性重塑部位的骨结合并抑制破骨细胞活性来抑制骨吸收(Watts,N.B.,Treatment of osteoporosis with bisphosphonates.Rheum Dis ClinNorth Am,2001.27(1):p.197-214.)。雷奈酸锶被认为具有抑制骨吸收和促进骨形成的特性,可以重新平衡骨转换,有利于骨形成(Pan,W.L.,et al.,Strontium ranelatetreatment in a postmenopausal woman with osteonecrosis of the jaw after long-term oral bisphosphonate administration:a case report.Clin Interv Aging,2017.12:p.1089-1093.)。虽然目前已上市的治疗骨质疏松症的药物有效,但大多数药物有其局限性和副作用,如长期使用双膦酸盐可能影响骨强度,此外使用双膦酸盐也伴有包括恶心、呕吐、腹泻、胃溃疡等胃肠道反应、下颌骨坏死、肾毒性以及急性过敏等不良反应(Green,J.,et al.,Oral bisphosphonates and risk of cancer of oesophagus,stomach,and colorectum:case-control analysis within a UK primary carecohort.BMJ,2010.341:p.c4444.),影响其长期用药和依从性。
目前,越来越多的证据表明近几年发现的破骨细胞形成、活化和存活所必需的细胞因子即骨保护素 (osteoprotegerin,OPG)与核因子-κB受体活化因子配体(ReceptorActivator for Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand, RANKL)在骨代谢过程中发挥重要作用,可作为治疗骨质疏松的重要靶标。
OPG是由成骨细胞和基质细胞分泌的肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)受体超家族的可溶性糖蛋白。1997年,OPG首次作为一种有效的破骨细胞分化抑制剂被发现(Simonet,W.S.,et al., Osteoprotegerin:a novel secreted protein involvedin the regulation of bone density.Cell,1997.89(2):p. 309-19.)。在体外,由骨髓和基质细胞共培养系统得到的重组OPG可用于防止破骨细胞形成。在体内,重组OPG导致正常小鼠破骨细胞数量减少,骨密度增加。基于其保护骨骼免受破骨细胞破坏的作用,将该蛋白质命名为“骨保护素”。RANKL作为TNF超家族成员之一,由成骨细胞、软骨细胞和活化的T淋巴细胞表达(Kong,Y.Y.,et al.,OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis,lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis.Nature,1999.397(6717):p.315-23.)。RANK是RANKL的受体,存在于淋巴细胞、活化的T细胞、B细胞和破骨细胞的细胞膜上。当RANKL与RANK结合时,破骨细胞的分化被激活(Yasuda, H.,et al.,Osteoclastdifferentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,1998.95(7):p.3597-602.)。OPG是RANKL的可溶性诱饵受体,阻止RANKL与RANK结合,从而抑制破骨细胞的分化(Simonet,W.S.,et al.,Osteoprotegerin: a novel secretedprotein involved in the regulation of bone density.Cell,1997.89(2):p.309-19.)。据报道,成骨细胞通过分泌和表达OPG与RANKL来调节破骨细胞分化。因此,骨微环境中OPG与RANKL比率是影响体内破骨细胞分化和骨吸收的关键决定因素,对OPG与RANKL的研究为抗骨质疏松药物的研发提供了新的靶点。
发明内容
本发明所述的5-氯-N-(4-甲基吡啶-2-基)呋喃-2-甲酰胺类化合物能够明显上调OPG的表达,上调 OPG/RANKL比值,在体外能够促进成骨细胞分化,直接抑制破骨细胞分化,且能有效改善卵巢去势大鼠骨质疏松症,为新型抗骨质疏松药物的开发提供了药物先导化合物和药物候选物,对骨质疏松症的预防和 /或治疗具有重要的意义。
本发明首先涉及一组如通式(1)所示的化合物在制备治疗和/或预防骨质疏松症的药物中的应用,
其中,
R1独立为氢原子,C1-C6个碳原子的烷基;
R2独立为卤素,氢原子,C1-C6个碳原子的烷基;
R3独立为氢原子,C1-C6个碳原子的烷基;
R4独立为氢原子,羟基;
R5独立为单取代或多取代的呋喃基,单取代或多取代的苯基,单取代或多取代的吡啶基,吡啶基,单取代或多取代的噻吩基;
卤素是指氟、氯、溴、碘。
C1-C6烷基是指包含1-6个碳原子的直链和支链的饱和烃基,通常例如是甲基、乙基、异丙基、正丁基、戊基或己基等。术语“烷基”也包括环烷基,即环状C3-C6烃基,如环丙基、环丁基、环戊基和环己基。
优选的,
R1独立为氢原子,-CH3;
R2独立为卤素,氢原子,-CH3;
R3独立为氢原子,-CH3;
R4独立为氢原子或羟基;
R5独立为单取代的呋喃基,单取代的苯基,单取代的吡啶基,单取代的噻吩基;所述的单取代为卤素单取代或-COCH3单取代。
卤素指氯、溴。
最优选的,卤素指氯。
本发明还涉及包含如通式(1)所示的化合物的药物组合物,所述药物组合物含有治疗有效量的通式 (1)所示的化合物,以及一种或多种药学上可接受的载体。
本发明还涉及一种药物制剂,所述的药物制剂含有治疗有效量的通式(1)所示的化合物,以及一种或多种药学上可接受的载体,优选的,所述的药物制剂是口服制剂,更优选的,所述的药物制剂是口服的片剂。
附图说明
图1、化合物HX0001 5-氯-N-(4-甲基吡啶-2-基)呋喃-2-甲酰胺的NMR图。
图2、化合物HX0001在UORP模型细胞上的量效关系曲线。
图3、化合物HX0001作用对MC3T3-E1细胞OPG/RANKL mRNA水平的影响。
图4、化合物HX0001对MC3T3-E1细胞胞内OPG/RANKL蛋白表达水平的影响。
图5、HX0001处理MC3T3-E1 12天后的碱性磷酸酶活性。
图6、化合物HX0001对MC3T3-E1细胞矿化的影响。
图7、化合物HX0001对成骨细胞分化相关基因RUNX2,ALP,BGLAP表达的影响。
图8、化合物HX0001对RANKL诱导下Raw264.7细胞向破骨细胞分化的影响。
图9、化合物HX0001对骨陷窝形成的影响。
图10、化合物HX0001对破骨分化相关蛋白NFATc1和MMP-9表达的影响。
图11、各组大鼠股骨的代表性micro-CT图像。
图12、各组大鼠骨密度值。
图13、各组骨小梁结构参数:骨体积分数;骨小梁厚度;骨小梁分离度;骨小梁数量。
图14、各组大鼠血清OPG/RANKL指标。
具体实施方式
实施例1、5-氯-N-(4-甲基吡啶-2-基)呋喃-2-甲酰胺(化合物HX0001)的合成
步骤如下:
(1)取2-氨基-4-甲基吡啶(5.40g,0.05mol)于100mL三口烧瓶中,加入干燥的四氢呋喃40mL溶解;
(2)0℃条件下,向其中滴加5-氯呋喃-2-甲酰氯(8.15g,0.05mol)的四氢呋喃溶液;
(3)滴加完毕后,加入4.2mL(0.06mol)三乙胺,室温搅拌4h;
(4)反应完毕,蒸去溶剂,
(5)残留物硅胶拌样,柱层析EA:PE(1:10),得到白色固体纯品8.40g,收率71.1%。
HX0001的质谱图如图1所示,结果显示,制备结果正确无误。
实施例2、细胞的培养
小鼠成骨细胞MC3T3-E1与人骨肉瘤U-2OS细胞均为贴壁细胞,约48h传代一次。待细胞长满后,弃旧培养基,用PBS漂洗细胞后弃掉,之后加适量胰酶,MC3T3-E1在室温下消化约2min,U-2OS在37℃下消化2min后,弃掉消化液,立即加入含10%FBS的α-MEM或Mc5A完全培养基,以抑制胰蛋白酶活力,用弯头吸管反复轻轻吹打培养瓶内细胞,使细胞完全脱离瓶底且吹打使之分散为单个细胞悬液。再按1:3比例接种细胞悬液于新的细胞瓶内,然后补加适量完全培养基,放入培养箱继续培养。培养条件:37℃,5%CO2。
小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7为半贴壁细胞,约48h传代一次。胰酶消化5min,按1:4-1:6比例传代,使用DMEM完全培养基,其他条件与MC3T3-E1培养条件相同。
实施例3、HX0001在OPG/RANKL表达调节筛选模型上量效关系的测定
采用实验室前期构建的OPG/RANKL表达上调剂高通量筛选模型进行高通量筛选。该模型是在将OPG 启动子控制萤火虫荧光素酶表达的报告基因质粒pGL4.17-OPGp转染U-2OS细胞得到稳定转染细胞系的基础上,将由RANKL启动子控制海肾荧光素酶表达的报告基因质粒pGL4.76-RANKLp转染上述细胞系,从而得到整合了pGL4.17-OPGp和pGL4.76-RANKLp两种报告基因的稳定转染细胞系,并将其命名为 U-2OS-UORP(简称UORP)(参见CN201510240396.1)。该稳定转染细胞系能够表达萤火虫和海肾两种荧光素酶,其表达分别受OPG和RANKL的上游调控序列调控,因此这两种荧光素酶的表达量反映了细胞中两种启动子受激活或抑制的程度,从而能够用于寻找具有上调OPG/RANKL的比例潜力的化合物。具体筛选方法如下:
将处于对数生长期的模型细胞UORP按5×104个/孔的密度接种至96孔透明底白板。待细胞充分贴壁后,弃掉原有培养基,向每孔加入198μL不含血清的Mccoy’s 5A培养基和2μL待测样品,并以与待测样品相同浓度的DMSO为空白对照。18~24h后吸弃培养基,利用Dual-Reporter Assay System双报告基因检测系统测定细胞荧光素酶活性。
按照如下公式计算化合物对荧光素酶活性的上调率:
上调率=(化合物处理后的细胞萤火虫荧光素酶表达活性/海肾荧光素酶表达活性)/(DMSO处理后的细胞萤火虫荧光素酶表达活性/海肾荧光素酶表达活性)×100%。HX0001的量效关系曲线如图2所示。
计算各化合物的调节率,并将调节率≥150%的化合物定义为具有上调OPG/RANKL比例潜力的化合物。
各个化合物的筛选结果见表1。
表1、筛选出的调节率≥150%的化合物结构列表
实施例4、HX0001在小鼠成骨细胞MC3T3-E1细胞中对OPG和RANKL蛋白表达水平的影响
1、蛋白样品的制备:
(1)MC3T3-E1细胞以1×105个/孔(U-2OS细胞以4×为105个/孔)接种至6孔板,37℃,5%CO2条件下培养24h。
(2)用PBS漂洗细胞2次,用无血清培养基将化合物稀释到一定浓度,同时空白对照孔中加入与含化合物孔相同终浓度DMSO的无血清培养基,37℃,5%CO2条件下培养24h。
(3)取细胞培养上清至2mL离心管中,1,000×g,离心15min,将上清液收集置新的2mL离心管中,用于ELISA检测。
(4)用预冷的PBS漂洗细胞,用细胞刮刀将细胞刮下,并将其收集到Ep管中。900rpm,离心4min,用PBS漂洗细胞沉淀,再次900rpm,离心4min。
(5)PMSF(37℃水浴)与RIPA按1:100配制,根据细胞量的多少向每管中加入40-55μL混合液,于冰上裂解细胞30min。
(6)4℃,12,000×g离心20min。将上清转移至新的EP管中,尽量不要吸到沉淀,取5μL上清+20μL 蒸馏水稀释,用BCA蛋白定量法测定蛋白总浓度。
(7)用ddH2O将各管样品调整成相同浓度,并加入一定量的5×蛋白上样缓冲液。将蛋白样品置于沸水浴中煮10min,冷却后短暂离心,混匀后即用于蛋白电泳,剩余样品于-80℃保存。
2、蛋白免疫印迹(Western-blot)分析:
(1)提前准备4℃预冷1×电转移缓冲液,蒸馏水与甲醇溶液。
(2)电泳结束后,将凝胶从板上取下,去掉浓缩胶和溴酚蓝前沿部分,并做切口标记上样位置,同 Western-blot专用的Bio-Rad滤纸一同浸润于1×电转移缓冲液中。
(3)取合适大小的PVDF膜,先置于甲醇浸润30s,再置于蒸馏水中漂洗,转入1×电转移缓冲液中浸润2min。
(4)在半干式转膜仪上涂少量电转移缓冲液,按照先放平衡后的滤纸,再放准备好的PVDF膜,再放凝胶,然后放另一张滤纸的顺序依次叠放,并注意防止产生气泡。之后,取玻璃试管轻轻滚过,赶走叠放过程中可能产生的气泡。
(5)设定恒流0.2A,根据蛋白分子量的大小,转膜30~60min。转膜结束后,取出PVDF膜,标记上样的位置,将PVDF膜置于1×TBST缓冲液中漂洗1min,再于甲醇中浸润30s,拎出挥干。
(6)根据Marker标注的位置,裁取目的条带的膜。并将裁切下来的膜再放入甲醇浸润1min,最后放入1×TBST缓冲液中漂洗。取1×TBST缓冲液配制含5%(w/v)的脱脂奶粉的封闭液,将膜放入封闭液中,室温封闭1~2h或4℃过夜。
(7)向杂交槽中加入适量封闭液,根据抗体说明书上建议的比例加入一抗,将封闭后的膜放入对应的杂交槽中,室温置于摇床上孵育1~2h,或置于4℃冰箱过夜。
(8)将膜条从抗体槽中取出后,置于1×TBST中漂洗三次,每次漂洗10min。再向杂交槽中加入适量封闭液,根据抗体说明书上建议的比例加入不同的辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的二抗,并将膜放入其一抗的种属来源对应的杂交槽中,室温摇床上孵育1~2h。再次洗膜,置于1×TBST中漂洗三次,每次漂洗10 min。
(9)按底物与缓冲液之比为1:1的比例配制成增强型HRP底物化学发光液(ECL)。将膜条放入成像仪中,向膜上均匀淋上发光液,立即曝光显色。采用Image J软件对显色条带进行灰度扫描,并对蛋白表达情况进行定量。
采用western-blot法检测加入不同浓度的HX0001处理24h后,MC3T3-E1细胞中OPG和RANKL蛋白表达情况及比值。将成像结果进行灰度扫描,定量。结果如图1所示,HX0001能够剂量依赖性地上调OPG蛋白水平,最大上调倍数可达3倍,而对RNAKL蛋白表达除10μM处理有一定降低外,无明显影响。经过定量后计算,结果如图4所示,表明,HX0001能够剂量依赖性地上调OPG/RANKL的比值。
实施例5、HX0001对MC3T3-E1细胞内碱性磷酸酶活性的影响
碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性增强是成骨细胞分化的重要标志之一。采用对硝基苯磷酸二钠(PNPP)偶氮法检测单位蛋白浓度下碱性磷酸酶的活性。其原理主要为:碱性磷酸酶在特定条件下,可以将其底物PNPP 分解成PNP,即对硝基苯酚和磷酸盐,其中PNP呈黄色,根据颜色的深浅来反映活性程度。此反应是一种进行性过程,碱性磷酸酶的活性与PNP生成率呈正相关。PNPP偶氮法检测碱性磷酸酶活性的具体步骤如下:
(1)MC3T3-E1细胞以5×105个/孔的密度接种于6孔板中,37℃,5%CO2的条件下培养24h后,将板子中的上清液吸出,用PBS漂洗每孔细胞1次,加入含不同浓度活性化合物和空白对照的成骨分化培养基,培养12d,其中每三天换一次新鲜的含化合物培养液。
(2)将板中的上清液吸出,用冰PBS洗2遍,再用1mL的超纯水漂洗,吸净液体,不要有残留。
(3)每孔中加入1mL超纯水,于冰上用细胞刮刀刮下细胞,转移至预冷的EP管中。
(4)冰上超声:设置功率10w,每次30s,共超声2次。
(5)4℃,12000rpm,离心15min后,将上清液转移至新的预冷的EP管中。
(6)配制1mg/mL PNPP缓冲液:将5mg PNPP加入5mL含1mol/L的二乙醇胺和0.5mmol/L的MgCl2溶液中。
(7)取100μL蛋白上清+100μL PNPP溶液,100μL蛋白上清+100μL BCA反应液,于37℃,孵育30min。
(8)加入3mol/L的NaOH终止反应,用酶标仪在405nm波长处测ALP反应物对硝基苯酚的吸光度;在 570nm波长处检测蛋白与BCA反应物的吸光度。
(9)绘制标准曲线,每孔ALP值与该孔总蛋白浓度的比值即为标准化的ALP,即单位蛋白浓度下碱性磷酸酶的活性。
MC3T3-E1细胞是从小鼠颅骨组织中分离出的成骨细胞前体细胞,能够在体外化为成骨细胞,是体外研究成骨细胞分化常用的模型。ALP是成骨细胞分化时所分泌的酶,是成骨细胞分化和功能的标志,也是常用的骨代谢活性检测标志性指标。为考察化合物HX0001在体外是否具有促进成骨分化的能力,利用加入不同浓度HX0001的含β-甘油磷酸及L-抗坏血酸的成骨分化诱导培养基培养MC3T3-E1细胞,作用12d后,收集细胞并裂解,检测其ALP的活性。结果如图5所示,HX0001能够增加MC3T3-E1细胞ALP活性。
实施例6、HX0001对MC3T3-E1细胞矿化的影响
茜素红S(Alizarin Red S)染色法是一种旨在通过鳌和技术,使钙离子和茜素红S产生复合物,来分析固定处理的细胞样本中橘红色钙沉积现象的权威而经典的技术方法。具体步骤如下:
(1)在6孔板或12孔板接种MC3T3-E1细胞,待细胞生长至80%以上,将培养基更换为加入化合物的含10mMβ-甘油磷酸及50μg/mL L-抗坏血酸的成骨分化诱导培养基。
(2)在37℃,5%CO2条件下共培养21d,每3d更换一次新鲜培养基。
(3)培养结束后,弃去培养液,用PBS漂洗细胞2次。
(4)95%乙醇固定细胞10min,双蒸水漂洗3次。
(5)室温下,用40mM的茜素红S溶液(pH4.2)染色10min。
(6)蒸馏水漂洗3次,拍照。
(7)用双蒸水配制100mM西吡氯铵溶液,向每孔中加入等量西吡氯铵溶液,室温孵育1h。
(8)吸取上清,在562nm下检测光吸度值。并用未加茜素红的单纯上清检测到的吸光值调零,每个样本重复三次,计算平均值。
钙化结节的形成是成骨细胞晚期分化的指标。采用成骨分化培养基诱导MC3T3-E1细胞分化,并加入不同浓度HX0001干预21d后,采用茜素红染色法检测钙化结节形成的情况。由图6所示,诱导21d后, MC3T3-E1细胞分化产生钙化结节,HX0001作用下钙化结节数量明显增加,且1μM与10μM作用最为明显,经定量钙化结节数目增加近3倍。
实施例7、HX0001对成骨细胞分化相关基因表达的影响
1、Trizol试剂法提取细胞总RNA:
(1)向收集有细胞沉淀的Ep管中加入1mL Trizol试剂,吹打均匀,室温静置5min。
(2)4℃,12,000rpm离心5min。将上清转移至新的Ep管中,按1/5的比例加入氯仿,去除蛋白,剧烈振荡15s左右混匀,室温静置5min。
(3)4℃,12,000rpm离心15min,离心后RNA存在于上层透明的水层,将上层液体小心转移至新的 Ep管中,大约每管能取出500μL,注意不要吸到中间层。
(4)加入500μL的异丙醇(可提前预冷),上下温和颠倒Ep管混匀,室温静置10min。
(5)4℃,12,000rpm离心10min,离心后管底部会出现少量白色沉淀。
(6)小心除去上清,向沉淀中缓慢加入1mL于-20℃预冷的75%乙醇(DEPC水配制),轻轻上下颠倒,悬浮沉淀并清洗沉淀。10,000rpm,4℃,离心5min。小心除去上清,尽量除干净,待透明的沉淀呈现白色晾干状态,迅速用30μL左右DEPC水溶解沉淀,分装后保存于-80℃冰箱。
反应体系如下:
3、荧光定量(Real-time)PCR反应:
以反转录得到的cDNA为模板,扩增未经处理与经不同浓度化合物处理的鼠MC3T3-E1的BMP-2、 Runx2、Osx、ALP、Bglap基因,并以GAPDH基因作为内参对照。采用Roche公司的FastStart Universal SYBR Green PCR Master(Rox)试剂盒进行Real-time PCR反应,反应体系如下:
将以上体系混合均匀,在掌上离心机上短暂离心后,放入实时定量PCR仪进行反应,反应程序如下:
其中荧光信号值在每个循环的末尾收集,为验证引物的特异性,在以上程序进行完毕后,要进入绘制溶解曲线的程序,反应条件如下:
反应结束后,分析样品的Real-time PCR定量结果,根据样品的目的基因Ct值和内参基因Ct值,根据以下公式计算目的基因的相对含量:
上调倍数=2-[(空白组目的基因Ct值-空白组内参基因Ct值)-(化合物处理组目的基因Ct值-化合物处理组内参基因Ct值)]
Runx2是骨形成中的关键转录因子,ALP是分化早期的分子标记。Bglap被认为是分化晚期的特异性标记基因。为了进一步评估HX0001对MC3T3-E1细胞成骨分化的影响,采用RT-PCR法检测了这些成骨分化相关基因的表达情况。
结果如图7所示,HX0001能够提高MC3T3-E1细胞中Runx2与ALP与Bglap的水平。
实施例8、HX0001对破骨细胞形成的影响
TRAP为破骨细胞的特异性标志酶,其表达和分泌与破骨细胞功能密切相关,是破骨细胞重要的酶组化识别标志。应用偶氮偶联组化分析技术,可以在酶活性部位显示红色反应。其原理是以萘酚二磷酸盐为底物,偶氮副品红为显色剂,TRAP在酒石酸钾钠存在条件下将萘酚AS-BI磷酸盐水解为萘酚AS-BI,与显色剂结合在酶活性部位形成不溶性红色沉淀,经苏木素复染呈紫色,通过观察紫色染料的形成可间接了解酸性磷酸酶的活性。
(1)提前准备固定剂:25mL柠檬酸盐稀释液+65mL丙酮+8mL 37%甲醛。
(2)准备充足37℃去离子水,用前检查温度。
(3)将固定剂放至室温,固定30s,用去离子水洗净,不要使孔内干掉,吸净。
(4)向两个试管中加入0.5mL快速石榴石GBC基础溶液+0.5mL亚硝酸钠溶液,轻轻颠倒混匀30s,静置2min。
(5)标记两个100mL烧杯A和B,烧杯A中加入45mL 37℃去离子水+1.0mL步骤4配制的重氮快速石榴石GBC溶液+0.5mL萘酚AS-BI磷酸溶液+2.0mL醋酸溶液;烧杯B内溶液按烧杯A内溶液配制同时加入 1.0mL酒石酸溶液。
(6)将玻片染色缸A和B中的溶液合并到一个染色缸中,并置于37℃的水浴。染色前,确保溶液温度在37℃。
(7)将玻片置于染色缸内,避光,37℃染色1h。
(8)玻片用去离子水洗,并用苏木素复染2min。
(9)用自来水冲洗几分钟。
(10)自然晾干,显微镜观察下。
破骨细胞的形成常用TRAP染色的方法检测。体外培养的破骨细胞是一种多核且多伪足和细小突起的巨细胞,含有3个及以上甚至多达上百个细胞核,细胞核呈圆形,核膜光滑平整,其内均匀分布着细小的染色质颗粒,TRAP染色胞浆呈紫色。采用RANKL诱导RAW264.7细胞分化为破骨细胞的方法,用HX0001 处理50ng/mL RANKL诱导下的RAW264.7细胞3d后,通过Trap染色检测破骨细胞的形成情况。如图8可知,经RANKL诱导后,RAW264.7分化形成的破骨细胞数目明显增加,且经HX0001干预后,破骨细胞数目减少,可以初步推断HX0001能够抑制RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化。
实施例9、HX0001对骨陷窝形成的影响
取无菌12孔板,每孔放置1片骨磨片,再接种104个/mL RAW264.7细胞0.8mL,24h后弃旧培养基,加入含50ng/mL RANKL的培养液,每3天换液一次,连续培养6d。第7d加入含不同浓度化合物的培养液或其他条件培养基,培养至第13d,取骨片进行如下步骤:
(1)骨片经2.5%戊二醛固定7min,0.25mol/L氢氧化铵超声清洗1min,共3次,系列乙醇脱水,自然晾干。
(2)1%甲苯胺蓝室温染色3-4min,蒸馏水洗净。
(3)光镜下,对骨片进行骨陷窝技术,以骨陷窝数/骨片数表示。
骨磨片经50ng/mL RANKL诱导的RAW264.7细胞作用6d后,更换培养基为含不同浓度HX0001的破骨分化培养基处理6d后,进行甲苯胺蓝染色。倒置显微镜下观察,骨吸收陷窝被染成紫色呈现圆形或椭圆形,对骨吸收陷窝形成情况计数,每个骨片随机取镜下5个视野,按骨陷窝数量/5可得该骨磨片上骨陷窝数量。结果表明,在50ng/mL RANKL作用下,相比正常骨组织,骨细胞原有的整齐排列结构被破坏,形成散乱结构,且有大量骨陷窝形成。经0.01~10μMHX0001干预后,在10μMHX0001作用下,骨陷窝数明显减少,且具有统计学意义,骨细胞排列较整齐(图9)。、
实施例10、HX0001对破骨分化相关蛋白的影响
活化T细胞的核因子c1(NFATc1)和基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)是破骨细胞特异性转录因子和标志物。采用RANKL诱导RAW264.7细胞并加入0.01~10μMHX0001干预3d后,用Western-blot检测NFATc1及MMP-9 的表达水平,结果如图10所示。HX0001以剂量依赖性方式降低了RANKL诱导的NFATc1蛋白质水平,并在 0.1μM至10μM浓度下降低了MMP-9的表达。这些结果进一步证实了HX0001对破骨细胞分化有抑制作用。
实施例11、卵巢去势大鼠体内药效学评价
(1)实验动物:采用SPF级的7月龄雌性SD大鼠,饲养温度24~26℃,湿度50%~60%,编号饲养,每笼4只。采用屏障环境IVC笼具饲养。隔日更换垫料,自由摄水,摄食标准饲料,每周称重一次。适应性饲养7d。进行双侧卵巢切除手术。
(2)卵巢去势大鼠模型建立:将大鼠以40mg/kg体重的2%戊巴比妥钠进行腹腔注射麻醉。大鼠全身麻醉后取仰卧位,固定后腹部剃毛并以75%的酒精及碘消毒,腹部切口,分离腹肌,腹腔内可见呈淡粉红色的卵巢及周围脂肪,用镊子轻轻提起脂肪团,露出卵巢,将卵巢下端输卵管用丝线结扎,结扎后摘除双侧卵巢。切口缝合后,消毒。假手术组对照实验:同去卵巢手术过程,麻醉后进行假卵巢切除术,找到双侧卵巢,不切除,缝合切口。将术后的动物置于热台保温直至动物苏醒,放回笼中,单笼单只饲养。术后一周注射糖皮质激素药物,地塞米松。每周注射2次。持续4周。
(3)实验设计分组与给药方案:根据大鼠体重随机分为7组,分别为假手术组(Sham),去卵巢(OVX) 组,HX0001低剂量组,HX0001。假手术组(Sham组)大鼠进行卵巢去除假手术,不切除卵巢,术后灌胃给予3%羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)溶液。去卵巢组(OVX组)大鼠进行双侧卵巢切术手术,术后灌胃给予3% CMC-Na溶液。HX0001低剂量组大鼠进行双侧卵巢切术手术,术后灌胃给予HX0001 5mg/kg/d。HX0001 高剂量组大鼠进行双侧卵巢切术手术,术后灌胃给予HX0001 20mg/kg/d。所有大鼠给药40d后,进行第一次骨密度检测,继续给药至90d。
(4)取材及骨标本制备:给药结束后,将大鼠麻醉后,进行股动脉取血,取全血静置后,2000rpm 离心10min,取血清,用于后续血清指标检测。之后,将各组大鼠处死,取右侧股骨,去掉其周围组织,用生理盐水浸泡后的纱布包裹,保存于-80℃冰箱,用于后续骨密度检测与micro-CT检测。取大鼠左侧股骨近端1/3,去掉周围组织。用4%多聚甲醛(0.1M PBS配制)固定24h后,用0.1M PBS充分漂冼,再用10% EDTA·Na2(0.1M PBS配制)4℃进行脱钙,每隔1d换液一次,5w后结束脱钙,用于制作脱钙骨石蜡切片。
(5)石蜡切片的制备
脱钙后的股骨用PBS充分漂洗3次,进行梯度乙醇脱水,80%乙醇过夜,95%乙醇2h,无水乙醇Ⅰl h,无水乙醇Ⅱ30min,二甲苯Ⅰ透明40min,二甲苯Ⅱ透明60min,浸蜡Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ液各l h,用熔点为62℃的石蜡包埋,切制成5μm厚的纵向骨切片,置于涂有多聚赖氨酸的载玻片上,42℃烤片2d。
(6)HE染色:HE染色法,即苏木精-伊红染色法,石蜡切片技术里常用的染色法之一。苏木精染液为碱性,主要使细胞核内的染色质与胞质内的核糖体着紫蓝色;伊红为酸性染料,主要使细胞质和细胞外基质中的成分着红色。各种组织或细胞的一般形态结特点都可以使用HE染色法观察到。依次将石蜡切片放入二甲苯Ⅰ20min-二甲苯Ⅱ20min-无水乙醇Ⅰ10min-无水乙醇Ⅱ10min-95%酒精5min-90%酒精5 min-80%酒精5min-70%酒精5min-蒸馏水洗。苏木精液染色10min后,自来水洗,去余色。分化液分化分化2s。自来水浸泡5min,变蓝。置于伊红液中染色30s。将切片依次放入95%乙醇I 1min-95%乙醇II 1min- 无水乙醇Ⅰ1min-无水乙醇Ⅱ1min-二甲苯Ⅰ1min-二甲苯II 1min中脱水。中性树胶封片
(7)甲苯胺蓝染色及成骨细胞计数
甲苯胺蓝是常用的人工合成染料的一种,属于醌亚胺染料类,这类染料一般含有两个发色团,一个是胺基,一个是醌型苯环,来构成色原显色。染料除有发色团外,还要有能使色原对组织及其他被染物产生亲和力的原子团即助色。助色团能促使染料产生电离成盐类,帮助发色团对组织产生染色力,使切片上的组织细胞着色。两个助色团为碱性染料,甲苯胺蓝中的阳离子有染色作用,组织细胞的酸性物质与其中的阳离子相结合而被染色。
依次将切片放入二甲苯Ⅰ20min-二甲苯Ⅱ20min-无水乙醇Ⅰ10min-无水乙醇Ⅱ10min-95%酒精5 min-90%酒精5min-80%酒精5min-70%酒精5min-蒸馏水洗。
甲苯胺蓝染液染色10min。95%酒精分化。电吹风吹干或烘箱吹干,二甲苯透明数分钟,中性树胶封片。显微镜镜检,图像采集分析。根据染色结果,在显微镜下随机选取5个视野,对成骨细胞进行计数,并取平均值。
(8)Micro-CT:Micro-CT(micro computed tomography,微计算机断层扫描技术),可以在不破坏样本的情况下清楚了解样本的内部显微结构。采用Inveon Micro PET/CT对已处理好的股骨进行扫描。扫描仪的设定条件为工作电压50kV,工作电流400μA,分辨率为10μm/像素。扫描完成后进行三维重建,应用扫描仪自带辅助软件系统Inveon分析工作站对数据进行分析。可直接测出骨密度(BMD),还可对骨的形态学指标进行测量分析。骨形态学的测量指标包括骨体积分数(Bone Volume to Tissue Volume,BV/TV),骨面积与骨体积比(Bone Surface to Bone Volume,BS/BV),骨小梁厚度(Trabecular Thickness,Tb.Th),骨小梁数量(Trabecular Number,Tb.N),骨小梁分离度(Trabecular Separation,Tb.Sp)。
(9)血清中OPG、RANKL、骨钙素含量的测定
采用森贝伽生物科技有限公司ELISA试剂盒测定大鼠血清中OPG、RANKL、骨钙素的含量。标准品的稀释与加样:在酶标包被板上设标准品孔10孔,将标准品稀释为900ng/L,600ng/L,300ng/L,150ng/L, 75ng/L。加样:分别设空白孔、待测样品孔。在酶标包被板上测样品孔中先加样品稀释液40μL,再加待测样品10μL(样品最终稀释度为5倍)。加样将样品加于酶标板底部,尽量不要触及孔壁,轻轻晃动混匀。温育:用封板膜封板后置37℃温育30min。配液:将30倍浓缩洗涤液用蒸馏水30倍稀释后备用。洗涤:小心揭掉封板膜,弃去液体,甩干,每孔加满洗涤液,静置30s后弃去,重复5次,拍干。加酶:每孔加入酶标试剂50μL,空白孔除外。温育:同步骤3。洗涤:同步骤5。显色:每孔先加入显色剂A50μL,再加入显色剂B50μL,轻轻震荡混匀,37℃避光显色15min。终止:每孔加入终止液50μL,终止反应(蓝色变为黄色)。检测:以空白孔调零,450nm波长下一次测量各孔的吸光度,该过程要在加入终止液15min内进行。
根据卵巢去势大鼠体内药效学评价,与Sham组相比,OVX组大鼠股骨Micro-CT图像显示出明显的小梁骨损失,骨小梁变细,断裂并出现大面积的骨小梁消失,结构紊乱,骨小梁之间的间距增大,表现出明显的骨质疏松症状。而低剂量和高剂量的HX0001补充治疗12周有效地减少了小梁骨损失的程度,骨小梁数量和面积有不同程度的增多,厚度明显恢复,连续性改善,且紊乱的结构得到一定程度恢复(图11)。说明低剂量和高剂量的HX0001均能够有效改善去势大鼠骨显微结构的退化。OVX组股骨BMD明显低于 Sham组,经HX0001给药治疗后,给药组BMD相比OVX组有较明显的提升(图12)。
进一步分析骨小梁结构参数,结果如图13所示,OVX组大鼠股骨的BV/TV、Tb.Th明显低于Sham组,并且Tb.Sp增加。相反,用HX0001治疗12周后,大鼠BV/TV的剂量依赖性增加,尤其是Tb.Th明显增加。同时,HX0001治疗降低了BS/BV。结果提示低剂量与高剂量的HX0001均能防止卵巢去势大鼠的骨丢失。此外,OVX大鼠血清中OPG水平降低且RANKL水平显著增加。HX0001处理显著增加了血清中OPG水平,但对RANKL水平没有明显影响。因此,HX0001处理降低了大鼠血清中的RANKL/OPG比值(图14)。
最后需要说明的是,以上实施例仅用作帮助本领域技术人员理解本发明的实质,不用做对本发明保护范围的限定。
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