CN109648081B - Laser additive manufacturing and forming method for in-situ enhancing mechanical property of five-mode material - Google Patents
Laser additive manufacturing and forming method for in-situ enhancing mechanical property of five-mode material Download PDFInfo
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of advanced manufacturing, and discloses a laser additive manufacturing and forming method for in-situ enhancing the mechanical property of a five-mode material, which comprises the following steps: (1) providing a matrix powder material, doping a reinforcing material on the surface of the matrix powder material to obtain a premixed material, and then screening the premixed material to obtain a mixed material; (2) designing a printing direction and carrying out layered slicing treatment on a three-dimensional model of a five-mode material structure part to be manufactured, and then carrying out laser selective melting processing on the mixed material to manufacture the five-mode material structure part according to the three-dimensional model; wherein, the matrix powder material and the reinforcing material react in situ under the action of laser to generate a new compound, and the new compound is positioned at the grain boundary of the matrix powder material in a spatially uniformly distributed manner. The method has simple process, improves the mechanical property of the five-mould material structure part, and reduces the cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of advanced manufacturing, and particularly relates to a laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ.
Background
Metamaterials are a new class of synthetic materials, usually composed of periodic or aperiodic arrangement of artificial microstructures, with unique physical properties not found in natural materials. The five-mode Material (PM) is a novel metamaterial, is a Material with an elastic matrix with only one characteristic value not being zero, and is a degraded elastic medium; only a stress state proportional to the characteristic stress can be withstood, and the rest of the stress state flows like a fluid under shear stress, so that the five-mode material is also a complex fluid with solid-state properties. The five-mode material is prepared into shells of underwater equipment such as submarines by utilizing the characteristic that the five-mode material is similar to the fluid mechanical property, and when active sonar detection comes, the five-mode material shell structure shields detection sound waves, so that the invisible cloak can be well played. Besides the invisible cloak, the five-mode material can also be used for preparing a series of novel acoustic devices such as an acoustic black hole, an acoustic super lens, a high-directivity high-gain underwater acoustic transducer, a broadband high-sound-transmission-coefficient guide cover and the like. The structural design and preparation technical research of the five-mode material is developed, and the five-mode material has important significance for developing high-performance underwater acoustic devices and improving the fighting performance of equipment in China.
However, since the five-mold material is composed of hundreds of periodic or aperiodic microstructures, and has the characteristic of complex structure, the complex structure is difficult to form by adopting the conventional (casting, forging and machining) method, and if the mechanical property of the whole part is easy to be reduced by block processing, a large amount of precious metal is wasted, and the manufacturing cost is high. In addition, with the urgent need of high-performance submarine and other underwater equipment in the country and the marine industry, the existing underwater acoustic device can not meet the requirement of open sea strategy. Accordingly, there is a need in the art to develop a laser additive manufacturing and forming method with better mechanical properties for in-situ enhancing the mechanical properties of five-mode materials.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects or improvement requirements of the prior art, the invention provides a laser additive manufacturing and forming method for in-situ enhancing the mechanical property of a five-mode material, which is based on the preparation characteristics of the prior five-mode material and researches and designs a laser additive manufacturing and forming method with better mechanical property. The forming method enhances the mechanical property of the five-mode material by the laser heat acting on the metal composite material to generate the reinforcing phase in a continuous and uniform distribution mode through in-situ reaction.
In order to achieve the aim, the invention provides a laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing the mechanical property of a five-mode material in situ, which comprises the following steps:
(1) providing a matrix powder material, doping a reinforcing material on the surface of the matrix powder material to obtain a premixed material, and then screening the premixed material to obtain a mixed material;
(2) designing a printing direction and carrying out layered slicing treatment on a three-dimensional model of a five-mode material structure part to be manufactured, and then carrying out laser selective melting processing on the mixed material to manufacture the five-mode material structure part according to the three-dimensional model; wherein the matrix powder material and the reinforcing material react in situ under the action of laser to generate new compounds, and the new compounds are positioned at the grain boundaries of the matrix powder material in a spatially uniformly distributed manner.
Further, the step (2) is followed by a step of removing the adhering powder on the five-mould material structural part by adopting a shot blasting treatment or an electrochemical corrosion method.
Furthermore, the powder particle size of the mixed material obtained by screening treatment is 20-50 μm.
Further, in the step (2), the mixed material is placed in selective laser melting equipment, a formed substrate of the selective laser melting equipment is subjected to preheating treatment, and selective laser melting manufacturing is performed after vacuumizing of a processing box of the selective laser melting equipment is completed.
Further, the preheating temperature adopted for preheating treatment is 0-200 ℃.
Further, the preheating temperature is 200 ℃.
Further, the scanning layer thickness of the laser is 0.05mm, and the scanning interval is 0.12 mm.
Further, the matrix powder material is Ti6Al4V, and the reinforcing material is TiB2。
Furthermore, the laser power is 280W-320W, and the scanning speed is 700 mm/s-900 mm/s.
Further, the matrix powder material is Ti6Al4V, and the reinforcing material is Ni.
In general, compared with the prior art, through the above technical scheme of the invention, the laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing the mechanical property of the five-mode material in situ mainly has the following beneficial effects:
1. the selective laser melting process has great technical advantages in the aspect of forming fine and complex parts, and the selective laser melting process forming by using a five-mode material structural model ensures the acoustic stealth function; the reinforcing material is doped into the matrix powder, the reinforcing material and the matrix material can generate in-situ reaction under the action of laser melted in a laser selection area, and products after in-situ reaction exist in the original matrix boundary in a uniformly distributed mode, so that the mechanical property of the five-mode material structure is improved, and the cost is reduced.
2. The method is high in operability and applicability, in the practical application process, the five-mode material structure model can be designed according to the surface shape of underwater equipment, and different reinforcing materials can be selected for the metal composite material according to the requirements of base materials and mechanical properties.
3. The method is adopted to manufacture the five-mode material structural part, mechanical properties such as compressive strength, fatigue limit, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and the like of the five-mode material are improved, and the method is particularly suitable for manufacturing key part shells with complex high performance, mechanical and acoustic requirements of marine deep sea.
4. The forming method has the advantages of simple process, easy implementation, strong applicability and high flexibility.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ provided by the invention.
Fig. 2 is a partial flow diagram of a laser additive manufacturing method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ in fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a schematic flow chart of a preparation process of a mixed powder material involved in a laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic flow chart of the preparation process of the mixed powder material involved in the laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing the mechanical properties of the five-mode material in situ according to the second embodiment of the invention.
The same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like elements or structures, wherein: 1-matrix powder material, 2-reinforcing material, 3-powder bed, 4-laser, 5-molten pool, 6-laser selective melting forming substrate, 7-liquid metal, 8-reinforcing phase, 9-matrix phase, 13/21-Ti6Al4V powder, 14-TiB2Particles, 15-ball milling sealing tank, 22-Ni particles and 23-magnetron sputtering ray.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, the laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ provided by the invention includes doping an enhanced material on the surface of alloy powder by deposition or mechanical alloying and other methods according to the requirement of the five-mode material structure for enhancing mechanical properties in practical application, loading the processed powder into a powder bed of a laser selective melting device, vacuumizing and filling inert gas to reduce oxygen content, and finally performing a laser selective melting process according to a preset structural model to form a five-mode material structural part, wherein during rapid heating and cooling in the laser selective melting process, the alloy powder and the enhanced material on the surface are subjected to in-situ reaction under the action of laser heat, and since the enhanced material is uniformly distributed on the surface of the alloy powder, continuous enhanced phases uniformly distributed in space appear on the boundary of an original matrix after the in-situ reaction, and the in-situ reinforced mechanical property does not change the structure of the five-mode material, and the stealth function of the five-mode material is not influenced.
The laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing the mechanical property of the five-mode material in situ mainly comprises the following steps of:
step one, providing a matrix powder material, and doping a reinforcing material on the surface of the matrix powder material to obtain a premixed material.
Specifically, a base powder material 1 is provided, and a reinforcing material 2 is doped on the surface of the base powder material 1. In the present embodiment, the base powder material 1 is an alloy powder, and is easily subjected to selective laser melting. The properties of the reinforcement material 2 are selected according to the actual requirements for enhancing mechanical properties, e.g. TiB is selected to increase the compressive strength of the matrix powder material when it is a titanium alloy2To reinforce the material, Ni may be selected as the reinforcing material in order to increase the corrosion resistance.
The amount of the doped reinforcing material can be determined according to the particle size of the powder and the degree of in-situ reaction; the doping process of the reinforcing material is selected according to the physical properties and chemical properties of the matrix powder material and the reinforcing material, and the methods of chemical deposition, magnetron sputtering, mechanical ball milling and the like can be selected.
And step two, screening the premixed material to obtain a mixed material. Specifically, the pre-mixed material is sieved to obtain a powder particle size meeting the requirements of the selective laser melting forming process, generally about 20-50 μm, and then dried in an oven to remove gas and moisture entrained in the powder material.
And step three, constructing a three-dimensional model of the five-model material structure part to be manufactured by adopting three-dimensional software. Specifically, for an underwater vehicle with a complex surface appearance, the reasonable design of the five-mode material structure is very critical, and the design is convenient, efficient and accurate by adopting UG, Pro/E and other three-dimensional modeling software. Underwater vehicles often have streamlined profile structures and there may be locations where a pentamodal material structure is required to have certain curved surface characteristics.
According to an underwater vehicle model, a shell part of a five-mode material structure to be formed is designed, the design comprises the selection of the shape of a shell and a support structure, and usually, a curved surface which is easy to process and the support structure which is easy to remove after selective laser melting are selected. In the design process, the inclination of the selective laser melting forming curved surface is not less than 45 degrees, and the supporting structure is reduced as much as possible.
And step four, designing the printing direction and carrying out layered slicing processing on the three-dimensional model. Specifically, the five-mould material structure model obtained through processing is subjected to printing direction design and layered slicing processing, so that the five-mould material structure part with excellent surface quality is obtained.
And fifthly, placing the mixed material in selective laser melting equipment, preheating a processing substrate, and simultaneously finishing the vacuum pumping of a processing box of the equipment. Specifically, the mixed material is placed in a selective laser melting apparatus, and then the formed substrate 6 is subjected to a preheating treatment to reduce the thermal stress concentration and the powder adhesion effect during the processing, and the evacuation of the processing chamber is completed. In this embodiment, the preheating temperature used for preheating the forming substrate 6 is 0 to 200 ℃, preferably 200 ℃; the oxygen content in the selective laser melting equipment is below 500 ppm.
And sixthly, according to the three-dimensional model, performing laser selective melting processing on the mixed material to manufacture the five-mode material structural part, wherein the matrix powder material and the reinforcing material undergo in-situ reaction under the action of laser to generate a new compound, and the new compound is positioned on the grain boundary of the matrix powder material in a spatially uniformly distributed manner.
Specifically, the mixed material is subjected to selective laser melting processing, under the action of rapid heating and rapid cooling of the laser 4, the matrix powder material 1 and the reinforcing material 2 undergo strong physicochemical reaction, and a new compound with enhanced mechanical properties is generated in situ, and exists at the grain boundaries of the matrix powder material in a spatially uniformly distributed manner. Wherein, a reinforcing phase 8 and a matrix phase 9 are formed in the formed liquid metal 7, and the reinforcing phase 8 and the matrix phase 9 are uniformly distributed in the liquid metal 7.
The selection of a suitable process window depending on the base powder material is usually based on the regulation of the laser power and the scanning speed, the scanning layer thickness generally being 005mm, with a scanning pitch of 0.12mm, e.g. Ti6Al4V as forming base material, TiB2For example, for reinforcing materials, the adopted laser power process parameter is selected to be 280-320W, the scanning speed process parameter is selected to be 700-900 mm/s, and TiB on the surface of Ti6Al4V is melted in the selective laser melting process2The powder is subjected to physical and chemical reaction with a powder matrix under the action of laser, and in-situ reaction is carried out on the original matrix boundary to generate a TiB ceramic phase; ni718 is used as a forming base material, Ti is used as a reinforcing material, the laser power technological parameter of the forming base material is 300-500W, the scanning speed technological parameter is 200-400 mm/s, Ti of original powder reacts with the base powder in the selective laser melting process, and reacts at the boundary of the original base to generate TiNi and Ti2An Ni intermetallic compound.
And seventhly, removing the adhesive powder on the five-mould material structural part by adopting a shot blasting treatment or electrochemical corrosion method to finally obtain the five-mould material structural part with excellent surface quality. Specifically, the outer surface of the printed piece is processed by shot blasting to reduce the surface roughness of the printed piece, so that the precision is improved; the inner surface of the printing piece adopts an electrochemical corrosion method to realize the regulation and control of roughness and precision.
Example 1
The first embodiment of the invention takes the manufacturing of a Ti6Al 4V-based five-mould material structural part as an example to explain the laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing the mechanical property of the five-mould material in situ. The Ti6Al4V is near-alpha titanium alloy, and is widely applied to the fields of navigation deep sea and the like due to the ultrahigh specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance; the five-mode material is an acoustic metamaterial and has broadband adaptability and structural designability on acoustic stealth, but the compression resistance and the wear resistance of a five-mode material structure prepared from the titanium alloy are not enough to be applied to an underwater vehicle. In order to further improve the compression resistance and the wear resistance of the Ti6Al4V matrix material, TiB is selected in the embodiment2As a reinforcing material, Ti and B can generate TiB and TiB through in-situ reaction in the selective laser melting process2TiB can enhance the mechanical strength of the matrix; TiB2Belongs to ceramic materials and has higher hardness, thereby improving the wear resistance of the matrix materialCan be used.
Referring to fig. 3, a laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ according to a first embodiment of the present invention mainly includes the following steps:
(1) ti6Al4V powder 13 with the average grain size of 50 mu m is selected and evenly embedded with TiB on the surface by a mechanical ball milling method2Particles 14 (average particle size 5 μm); stainless steel grinding balls are used, the ball-material ratio is 5:1, and the process is carried out in a ball-milling sealed tank 15 filled with high-purity argon.
(2) And (3) screening the prepared mixed powder material by a 270-mesh screen to obtain the powder particle size meeting the requirements of the selective laser melting forming process, generally requiring about 20-50 mu m, and then drying in an oven at 80 ℃ to remove gas and water contained in the powder material.
(3) Determining the quantity and arrangement mode of micro-cells of five-mode material structural parts according to the shape structure of an underwater vehicle, wherein the quantity of the micro-cells is 4 multiplied by 3 without the requirement of curved surface characteristics; the key structure dimensions of the five-mode material are respectively the node circle radius r, the honeycomb wall thickness b and the rod length a.
(4) The Ti6Al 4V-based five-mould material structural part is mainly formed by a honeycomb structure, the forming direction is determined by the complexity of the model structure, and the forming direction is the direction perpendicular to the honeycomb hexagon.
(5) And (3) placing the raw powder material into selective laser melting equipment, and then carrying out preheating treatment on the processing substrate at 200 ℃ to reduce the thermal stress concentration and the powder adhesion effect in the processing process, thereby further completing the vacuumizing of the processing box so as to carry out printing work.
(6) Carrying out selective laser melting processing on the original powder material, and carrying out strong physical and chemical reaction on the base material and the reinforcing material under the action of rapid heating and rapid cooling of laser to generate new compounds TiB and TiB with reinforcing effect in situ2And the compound exists at the boundary of the original matrix (alpha + beta) in a spatially uniform distribution.
(7) The outer surface of the printed piece is processed by shot blasting to reduce the surface roughness of the printed piece and further improve the precision; the inner surface of the printing piece adopts an electrochemical corrosion method to realize the regulation and control of roughness and precision.
Example 2
The second embodiment of the invention takes the manufacturing of a Ti6Al 4V-based five-mould material structural part with enhanced corrosion resistance and hardness as an example to illustrate a laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing the mechanical property of the five-mould material in situ, and takes the five-mould material structure as an underwater vehicle hull as a typical engineering application so as to realize the stealth function and good mechanical property of an underwater vehicle. The structural component is usually in deep sea, seawater corrosion and reef collision possibly occur, requirements on higher corrosion resistance and hardness are provided for a titanium alloy material, and aiming at the problems, Ti6Al4V is used as a matrix powder material, Ni is used as a reinforcing material, and Ti in the matrix and Ni atoms react in situ to generate TiNi and TiNi under selective laser melting forming2Wherein the TiNi has stronger corrosion resistance2The high-hardness wear-resistant powder has high hardness, and the high-hardness wear-resistant powder are simultaneously and dispersedly distributed in the matrix powder material, so that the corrosion resistance and the hardness of the matrix powder material are improved.
Referring to fig. 4, a laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ according to a second embodiment of the present invention mainly includes the following steps:
(1) the method comprises the steps of selecting Ti6Al4V alloy powder 21 with the average grain size of 50 mu m, and uniformly embedding Ni particles 22 (with the average grain size of 3-5 mu m) on the surface of the Ti6Al4V alloy powder 21 by a magnetron sputtering method. Wherein the magnetron sputtering ray 23 is perpendicularly acted on the surface of the Ti6Al4V alloy powder 21.
(2) And (3) screening the prepared mixed powder material by a 270-mesh screen to obtain the powder particle size meeting the requirements of the selective laser melting forming process, generally requiring about 20-50 mu m, and then drying in an oven at 80 ℃ to remove gas and water contained in the powder material.
(3) Determining the arrangement mode of five-mode material structural parts according to the curved surface appearance structure of the underwater vehicle;the critical structure size of the curved surface five-mode material is respectively that the radius of a node circle is riThe thickness of the honeycomb wall is biThe length of the rod is aiThe angle of the inclined bar of the honeycomb structure is thetai。
(4) The direction perpendicular to the honeycomb hexagon is selected as the forming direction.
(5) The raw powder material is placed in selective laser melting equipment, and then the processing substrate is subjected to preheating treatment at 200 ℃ so as to reduce the thermal stress concentration and the powder adhesion effect in the processing process.
(6) Carrying out selective laser melting processing on the original powder material, carrying out strong physical and chemical reaction on the base material and the reinforced material under the action of rapid heating and rapid cooling of laser, and carrying out in-situ reaction to generate new compounds TiNi and TiNi with reinforcing effect2And the compound exists at the boundary of the original matrix (alpha + beta) in a spatially uniform distribution.
(7) The outer surface of the printed piece is processed by shot blasting to reduce the surface roughness and further improve the precision, and the inner surface of the printed piece is regulated and controlled by adopting an electrochemical corrosion method.
The invention provides a laser additive manufacturing and forming method for in-situ enhancing the mechanical property of a five-mode material, which is characterized in that a matrix powder material is doped with an enhancing material, then the matrix powder material and the enhancing material are subjected to in-situ reaction in the printing process according to a five-mode material structure model to generate a new compound with the effect of enhancing the mechanical property, the compound exists at the boundary of an original matrix in a spatially continuous and uniform distribution mode, and the mechanical property of the five-mode material is integrally improved on the premise of ensuring the hidden function of the five-mode material structure.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) providing a matrix powder material, doping a reinforcing material on the surface of the matrix powder material to obtain a premixed material, and then screening the premixed material to obtain a mixed material;
(2) designing a printing direction and carrying out layered slicing treatment on a three-dimensional model of a five-mode material structure part to be manufactured, and then carrying out laser selective melting processing on the mixed material to manufacture the five-mode material structure part according to the three-dimensional model; wherein the matrix powder material and the reinforcing material react in situ under the action of laser light to generate new compounds with enhanced mechanical properties, and the new compounds are positioned at the grain boundaries of the matrix powder material in a spatially uniform distribution manner;
wherein the scanning layer thickness of the laser is 0.05mm, and the scanning interval is 0.12 mm.
2. The laser additive manufacturing method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and (3) removing the adhered powder on the five-mould material structural part by adopting a shot blasting treatment or electrochemical corrosion method after the step (2).
3. The laser additive manufacturing method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the particle size of the powder of the mixed material obtained by screening treatment is 20-50 μm.
4. The laser additive manufacturing method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and (2) placing the mixed material in selective laser melting equipment, preheating a forming substrate of the selective laser melting equipment, and simultaneously carrying out selective laser melting processing and manufacturing after vacuumizing a processing box of the equipment.
5. The laser additive manufacturing method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ as claimed in claim 4, wherein: the preheating temperature adopted for preheating treatment is 0-200 ℃.
6. The laser additive manufacturing method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ as claimed in claim 5, wherein: the preheating temperature was 200 ℃.
7. The laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing the mechanical property of a five-mode material in situ as claimed in any one of claims 1-6, wherein: the matrix powder material is Ti6Al4V, and the reinforcing material is TiB2。
8. The laser additive manufacturing method for enhancing mechanical properties of a five-mode material in situ as claimed in claim 7, wherein: the laser power is 280W-320W, and the scanning speed is 700 mm/s-900 mm/s.
9. The laser additive manufacturing and forming method for enhancing the mechanical property of a five-mode material in situ as claimed in any one of claims 1-6, wherein: the matrix powder material is Ti6Al4V, and the reinforcing material is Ni.
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