CN109615513B - Method and system for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain - Google Patents
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Abstract
Methods and systems are disclosed for enabling fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain without participation of a trusted third party, the methods comprising: the first step, the first user and the second user agree to exchange the first information and the second information; a second step of generating and signing a first transaction together by the first user and the second user, involving transferring first information from the first user to the first user and transferring second information from the second user to the second user; third, the first user and the second user jointly generate and sign a second transaction for exchanging the first information and the second information; a fourth step of voting for the first transaction and the second transaction respectively, when the first transaction and the second transaction are inconsistent, the miners do not receive the first transaction and the second transaction simultaneously or sequentially, no exchange occurs, and otherwise, the miners receive the first transaction and the second transaction simultaneously or sequentially; fifth, the first and second transactions pass the appropriate value to the first user and the second user, and the exchange is completed or terminated.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of blockchains, and more particularly to a method and system for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain.
Background
Whenever a transaction occurs, a transaction cost is generated, the cost not only includes a visible monetary cost, but also includes a invisible time cost, etc., but the trust cost is the highest among all the costs, and trust is also a precondition for generating the transaction. It is common practice in the present life to find a company or institution with a credit rating s+ to conduct transactions through a trusted third party institution. Today's centralized authorities handle all value transfer calculations through government or group corporate endorsements in a central server, which must involve human participation, which tends to make the overall system less trustworthy, as people are both selfish and non-selfish, greedy and not greedy. Problems may occur when the benefit of the trust loss exceeds the cost. Without trust there is no transaction, and there is little absolute trusted object.
Blockchain technology has resulted in the possibility of remote value transfers on an open platform without third party trust endorsements. All authorizers and participants in the whole network keep an identical account book. Since the data is not centered, no one or one operator can tamper with the data, and any modifications are found and discarded. Meanwhile, any participant can view all transaction data, and the transparent characteristic of the disclosure completely avoids the possibility of tampering.
However, this mechanism still has a trust crisis, with the difficulty of fair exchange implementation. Fair switching, also known as switch fairness, is currently mostly implemented by trusted third parties (TTP, trusted Third Party) that are trusted by two or more parties, where TTP is trusted by law, administration, business, etc., and is under supervision of the relevant national authorities to provide maintenance and operation services for various systems. Fair exchange is an important principle of transactions, parties do not trust each other completely, such as online shopping, digital protocol signing and authorizing mail, etc., blockchains are trusted third parties, formed by a number of untrusted parties, and the fair exchange protocol must ensure that malicious parties do not obtain any benefit to honest parties, more specifically, the following requirements need to be satisfied: 1) Efficiency, if both sides act correctly, exchange will occur finally; 2) Fairness, including strong fairness, which means that both parties can obtain the need or neither party can obtain the need when the protocol is terminated, and weak fairness, which means that under various circumstances where strong fairness cannot be obtained, honest one party can prove to the other party of the external arbitration mechanism that something that the latter is expected to receive has been received or can still be received; 3) Timeliness, which is a property that a honest party can determine that a protocol is completed at a determined time point, and when the protocol is completed, the exchange state is finally determined from the honest party, and the timeliness requires that a fixed time point at which the protocol is completed is determined, the property avoids that the exchange party wait for the other party infinitely to determine the exchange result, such as successful exchange or failure; 4) Non-intrusive, allowing exchange of any item without any deconstructing requirements on the protocol, i.e. fair exchange protocols do not allow to require itself the form of the item to be exchanged, e.g. exchanging signatures formed according to any standard digital signature algorithm, such as RSA or ECDSA, is considered non-intrusive; 5) The duration of the transaction, i.e. the time spent exchanging, should be short. While fair exchange can be realized by participation of TTP, under the condition of large network transaction amount, real-time participation of TTP in transaction activity is likely to cause network operation bottleneck, and transaction efficiency is greatly affected. Assuming that both parties agree in principle on a transaction, this would involve them passing something of value to each other in some way, even though both parties agree on a schedule of how to exchange, nothing can force any party to send a specific message to the blockchain, thus creating the possibility that an unfair exchange will occur, thus 100% ensuring that a fair exchange is implemented is not possible with current exchange mechanisms. Furthermore, timeliness requirements for time are likely to result in the exchange failing even if both parties are honest, thereby affecting the requirements for effectiveness, while long waiting times are unacceptable for resource constrained devices, such as devices with limited battery power or bandwidth.
In addition, for the case of randomly exchanging items, the current exchange mechanism can be adopted, and if the value to be exchanged or the commodity itself exists in the blockchain, a new mechanism needs to be provided, so that the requirements of fairness and timeliness can be met at the same time. Due to the time-out and anonymous miners' associated transactions, it is not a mechanism guarantee in the prior art to ensure that a pair of blockchain transactions occur simultaneously or not at all, and that a few spoiled miners cannot comply with rules resulting in a fair exchange failure. For example, in the case where A and B agree to exchange X and Y, A and B simultaneously sign transaction agreements AB, BA to validate the transaction, while A and B also sign agreements AA and BB to "cancel" the transaction for returning X and Y to the respective parties, respectively. The miners know that the transaction pairs (AA, AB) and (BB, BA) and (AA, BA) and (BB, AB) referred to by a and B should not occur simultaneously or that the two pairs of transactions are inconsistent according to honest principles, each honest mineworker should vote for support of (AB, BA) or (AA, BB), respectively, indicating that an exchange or no exchange is occurring. If there are some unspecific reasons for this perfect balance between the two pairs of choices, it is clear that some dishonest miners do not obey the rules and will break this balance, so that inconsistent transaction pairs get most votes, e.g. (AA, BA), a will return X of itself while Y of B is obtained, which is obviously unfair to B.
The existing switching mechanism suffers from the following problems, which are all unsatisfactory:
1) The issued blocks require an additional checking step, performed by a plurality of miners, of whether or not the necessary parts for fair exchange have been achieved without this additional checking function;
2) These blocks need to be bifurcated;
3) The principle of fair switching is violated.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above technical problems, the present disclosure proposes methods and systems for achieving fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain without the involvement of a trusted third party.
In one aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain for a first user to exchange first information and second information with a second user, wherein the first user owns the first information and the second user owns the second information, comprising the steps of: the first step, the first user and the second user agree to exchange the first information and the second information; a second step, a first user and a second user jointly generate and sign a first transaction, wherein the first transaction involves transferring first information from the first user to the first user, transferring second information from the second user to the second user, and any one of the first user and the second user can place the first transaction on a blockchain; a third step, the first user and the second user jointly generate and sign a second transaction, the second transaction is used for exchanging first information and second information, and when the first user and the second user sign the second transaction, the second transaction is placed on a blockchain; a fourth step of voting on the first transaction and the second transaction respectively, when the first transaction and the second transaction are inconsistent, no miners receiving the first transaction and the second transaction simultaneously or sequentially are present, no exchange occurs, and when the first transaction and the second transaction are consistent, a specific miner receives the first transaction and the second transaction simultaneously or receives the first transaction and the second transaction sequentially; fifth, the first transaction and the second transaction communicate the appropriate value to the first user and the second user, and the exchange is completed or terminated.
In some embodiments, the first transaction may occur immediately or at some point in time T in the future.
In some embodiments, the first transaction includes an input that imparts all or any share of the first information and the second information.
In some embodiments, the second transaction is invalid for the absence of the first user's and the second user's signatures.
In some embodiments, the second transaction further includes a hash value of the arbitrary share input.
In some embodiments, the fifth step further comprises the first user and the second user having the right to pay a portion of the respective transactions separately.
In yet another aspect of the disclosure, a system for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged in a blockchain is also provided, including a first user side, a second user side, and a transaction determiner, wherein the first user side exchanges first information and second information with the second user side, and wherein the first user side is configured to: agreeing to exchange first information and second information with the second user side; generating and signing a first transaction with the second user side, the first transaction involving transferring first information from the first user side to the first user side, the first user side placing the first transaction on a blockchain without the second user side placing the first transaction on the blockchain; generating and signing a second transaction together with the second user terminal, wherein the second transaction is used for exchanging first information and second information, and when the first user terminal finishes signing the second transaction, the second transaction is placed on a blockchain under the condition that the second user terminal does not place the second transaction on the blockchain; the second user side may be configured to: agreeing to exchange first information and second information with the first user terminal; generating and signing a first transaction with the first client, the first transaction involving transferring second information from a second client to a second client, the second client placing the first transaction on a blockchain without the first client placing the first transaction on the blockchain; generating and signing a second transaction together with the first user side, wherein the second transaction is used for exchanging second information and first information, and when the second user side finishes signing the second transaction, the first user side places the second transaction on a blockchain without placing the second transaction on the blockchain; the transaction determiner is configured to: processing votes respectively carried out on the first transaction and the second transaction, when the first transaction and the second transaction are inconsistent, no miners simultaneously receiving the first transaction and the second transaction or sequentially receiving the first transaction and the second transaction are present, no exchange occurs, and when the first transaction and the second transaction are consistent, one specific miner simultaneously receives the first transaction and the second transaction or sequentially receives the first transaction and the second transaction; the first transaction and the second transaction communicate the appropriate value to the first user and the second user, and the exchange is completed or terminated.
In some embodiments, the first transaction may occur immediately or at some point in time T in the future.
In some embodiments, the first transaction includes an input that imparts all or any share of the first information and the second information.
In some embodiments, the second transaction is invalid for the absence of signatures of the first and second clients.
In some embodiments, the second transaction further includes a hash value of the arbitrary share input.
In some embodiments, the first and second clients have the right to pay a portion of the respective transactions separately.
In yet another aspect of the disclosure, there is also provided a computing device comprising a processor and a memory, wherein the memory has stored thereon computer program instructions that, when executed by the processor, implement a method for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain as described above.
In yet another aspect of the disclosure, there is also provided a machine-readable storage medium having stored thereon computer program instructions which, when executed by a processor, implement a method for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain as described above.
Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present disclosure are:
the technical solution of the present disclosure brings about a mechanism of fair exchange by expanding the allowed transaction space, and 100% guarantees that implementing fair exchange becomes possible under the exchange mechanism, and in addition, the time timeliness requirement and the validity requirement for exchange are simultaneously satisfied under the premise of fairness, and at this time, since the issued multiple blocks do not need additional checking steps, there are no more bifurcation blocks.
Drawings
The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
Also, like elements are denoted by like reference numerals throughout the drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 illustrates a flow chart of a method of fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; and
fig. 2 illustrates a system architecture diagram for fair switching according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a computing device in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. While exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure may be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Nothing in the following detailed description is intended to indicate that any particular component, feature, or step is essential to the invention. Those of skill in the art will understand that various features or steps may be substituted for or combined with one another without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
The blockchain is a chained data structure formed by connecting data in a series of blocks in time sequence, and is a distributed account book which guarantees the data to be untampered and untrustworthy in a cryptography mode. The blockchain establishes a trust mechanism by utilizing encryption technologies such as hash and signature and consensus algorithm, so that the cost of repudiation, tampering and fraud is huge, and the non-tampering and non-counterfeiting of the data are ensured. The blockchain system adopts a decentralization structure, namely a central control mechanism does not exist, and information stored on the blockchain system is managed by all nodes of the blockchain system together, each node has one blockchain, and all the blockchains of all the nodes are identical. In theory, none of the nodes herein are trusted, but the entire blockchain system is. Fair exchange is the assumption that the two parties to the exchange are not trusted with each other and that there may be a loss of trust or fraud in the transaction, the purpose of which is to achieve real-time fairness of the exchange activity, i.e. either both parties can get the information to be exchanged from each other or neither party can get it.
Fig. 1 shows a flowchart of a method for implementing fair exchange for a first user to exchange first information and second information with a second user, wherein the first user owns the first information and the second user owns the second information, according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 1, a method for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged in a blockchain, for a first user to exchange first information and second information with a second user, wherein the first user owns the first information and the second user owns the second information, includes the steps of:
s101, a first user and a second user agree to exchange first information and second information;
s102, the first user and the second user jointly generate and sign a first transaction, the first transaction involves transferring first information from the first user to the first user and transferring second information from the second user to the second user, in the step, any one of the first user and the second user can place the first transaction on a blockchain, whether mutual authentication is needed to be executed by the other party before the placing step is implemented, and the situation that two contents and transaction details are completely consistent with each other is prevented from being placed on the blockchain is prevented;
s103, the first user and the second user jointly generate and sign a second transaction, the second transaction is used for exchanging first information and second information, when the first user and the second user finish signing the second transaction, the second transaction is placed on a blockchain, and similarly, mutual authentication between the first user and the second user is required before placement, so that repeated placement actions and corresponding transaction contents are prevented;
s104, respectively voting the first transaction and the second transaction by miners, when the first transaction and the second transaction are inconsistent, proving the possibility of unfair exchange, so that a system does not exist or does not allow miners receiving the first transaction and the second transaction simultaneously or sequentially, and when the first transaction and the second transaction are consistent, a specific miner receives the first transaction and the second transaction simultaneously or receives the first transaction and the second transaction sequentially;
s105, the first transaction and the second transaction transfer the appropriate values to the first user and the second user, and the exchange is completed or terminated.
The partial signature of the first transaction and the second transaction related to the first information or the second information is placed on the blockchain system, so that the blockchain system transaction judger can be used for verifying the authenticity of the transaction, and the information exchange party can be used for verifying the authenticity of the received transaction content. Thus, in some embodiments, a portion of the first information may be signed with the private key of the first user, the portion of the first information may be verified with the public key of the first user, or a portion of the second information may be signed with the private key of the second user, and the portion of the second information may be verified with the public key of the second user; and reconstructing the second information or the first information based on the part of the second information or the part of the first information in case the verification passes.
The first user and the second user herein refer to two parties that need to exchange information, and "first" and "second" do not indicate a sequential relationship, but are used to distinguish between two parties that exchange information, and the first user and the second user may be used interchangeably. The first information and the second information herein refer to information to be exchanged, and "first" and "second" do not represent a sequential relationship, but are used to distinguish the information to be exchanged, and the first information and the second information may be used interchangeably.
In some implementations, the first transaction includes an input that imparts all or any share of the first information and the second information.
In some implementations, the second transaction is invalid for the absence of the signature of the first user and the second user.
In some implementations, the second transaction further includes a hash value of the arbitrary share input.
In some embodiments, the step S105 further comprises the first user and the second user having the right to pay a portion of the respective transactions separately.
Referring to fig. 2, a schematic diagram of a system structure for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged in a blockchain is shown in fig. 2, where the system includes a first client 201, a second client 202, and a transaction determiner 203, where the first client 201 exchanges first information and second information with the second client 202, and where the first client 201 can be used to: agreeing to exchange the first information and the second information with the second user terminal 202; together with the second user side 202, generating and signing a first transaction, the first transaction involving transferring first information from the first user side 201 to the first user side 201, the first user side 201 placing the first transaction on the blockchain without the second user side 202 placing the first transaction on the blockchain; generating and signing a second transaction with the second user side 202, the second transaction being for exchanging the first information and the second information, when the first user side 201 completes signing the second transaction, and the second user side 202 placing the second transaction on the blockchain without placing the second transaction on the blockchain; the second client 202 may be configured to: agreeing to exchange the first information and the second information with the first user terminal 201; together with the first client 201, generating and signing a first transaction, the first transaction part involving transferring second information from the second client 202 to the second client 202, the second client 202 placing the first transaction on the blockchain without the first client 201 placing the first transaction on the blockchain; generating and signing a second transaction with the first user terminal 201, the second transaction being used for exchanging second information and the first information, when the second user terminal 202 completes signing the second transaction, and the first user terminal 201 placing the second transaction on the blockchain without placing the second transaction on the blockchain; the transaction determiner 203 is configured to: processing votes respectively carried out on the first transaction and the second transaction, when the first transaction and the second transaction are inconsistent, no miners simultaneously receiving the first transaction and the second transaction or sequentially receiving the first transaction and the second transaction exist, no exchange occurs, and when the first transaction and the second transaction are consistent, one specific miner simultaneously receives the first transaction and the second transaction or sequentially receives the first transaction and the second transaction; the first transaction and the second transaction communicate the appropriate value to the first user and the second user, and the exchange is completed or terminated.
The partial signing of the first and second transactions of the first or second information is placed on the blockchain system to facilitate verification of the authenticity of the transaction by the blockchain system transaction determiner, as well as verification of the authenticity of the received transaction content by the information exchanger. Thus, in some embodiments, a portion of the first information may be signed with the private key of the first user, the portion of the first information may be verified with the public key of the first user, or a portion of the second information may be signed with the private key of the second user, and the portion of the second information may be verified with the public key of the second user; and reconstructing the second information or the first information based on the part of the second information or the part of the first information in case the verification passes.
The first user and the second user herein refer to two parties that need to exchange information, and "first" and "second" do not indicate a sequential relationship, but are used to distinguish between two parties that exchange information, and the first user and the second user may be used interchangeably. The first information and the second information herein refer to information to be exchanged, and "first" and "second" do not represent a sequential relationship, but are used to distinguish the information to be exchanged, and the first information and the second information may be used interchangeably.
In some implementations, the first transaction includes an input that imparts all or any share of the first information and the second information.
In some embodiments, the second transaction is invalid for the absence of the signature of the first user side and the second user side.
In some implementations, the second transaction further includes a hash value of the arbitrary share input.
In some embodiments, the first user side and the second user side have the right to pay a portion of the respective transactions separately.
It will be appreciated that the message signed by the node of the blockchain system with its private key may be implemented in any form and/or manner known now or in the future in the art, as the invention is not limited in this respect.
In one aspect of the disclosure, referring to fig. 3, there is also provided a computing device 300 comprising a memory 302 and a processor 301, wherein the memory 302 has stored thereon computer program instructions 3020, which computer program instructions 3020 when executed by the processor 301 implement the above-described method for fair exchange of value or items within a blockchain. Since the various aspects of the method for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain have been described in detail above, details are not provided herein.
In another aspect of the disclosure, there is also provided a machine-readable storage medium having stored thereon computer program instructions which, when executed by a processor, implement the above-described method for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain. The above description has been given in detail for each technical solution of the method for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged in the blockchain, and will not be repeated here. In some implementations, the machine-readable storage medium is a tangible component of a digital processing device. In other embodiments, the machine-readable storage medium is optionally removable from the digital processing device. In some implementations, by way of non-limiting example, the machine-readable storage medium may include a U disk, a removable hard disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a random access Memory (RAM, random Access Memory), a flash Memory, a programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM), an erasable programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), a solid state Memory, a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a cloud computing system or service, and so forth.
It should be understood that the various steps recited in the method embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in a different order and/or performed in parallel. Furthermore, method embodiments may include additional steps and/or omit performing the illustrated steps.
The scope of the invention is not limited in this respect.
In the description provided herein, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In some embodiments, well-known methods, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description.
While exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Many modifications, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. The following claims are intended to define the scope of the invention and their equivalents and methods and structures within the scope of these claims are therefore covered thereby.
Claims (14)
1. A method for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain for a first user to exchange first information and second information with a second user, wherein the first user owns the first information and the second user owns the second information, comprising the steps of: the first step, the first user and the second user agree to exchange the first information and the second information; a second step, a first user and a second user jointly generate and sign a first transaction, wherein the first transaction involves transferring first information from the first user to the first user, transferring second information from the second user to the second user, and any one of the first user and the second user can place the first transaction on a blockchain; a third step, the first user and the second user jointly generate and sign a second transaction, the second transaction is used for exchanging first information and second information, and when the first user and the second user sign the second transaction, the second transaction is placed on a blockchain; a fourth step of voting on the first transaction and the second transaction respectively, when the first transaction and the second transaction are inconsistent, no miners receiving the first transaction and the second transaction simultaneously or sequentially are present, no exchange occurs, and when the first transaction and the second transaction are consistent, a specific miner receives the first transaction and the second transaction simultaneously or receives the first transaction and the second transaction sequentially; fifth, the first transaction and the second transaction communicate the appropriate value to the first user and the second user, and the exchange is completed or terminated.
2. The method for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain of claim 1, wherein the first transaction may occur immediately or at some point in time T in the future.
3. The method for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain of claim 1, wherein the first transaction includes an input that imparts all or any share of the first information and the second information.
4. The method of fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain of claim 1, wherein the second transaction is invalid for the absence of signatures of the first user and the second user.
5. The method for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain as in any of claims 1-4, wherein the second transaction further includes an arbitrary share of the input hash value.
6. The method for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain as in any of claims 1-4 wherein the fifth step further comprises the first user and the second user having the right to pay for a portion of the respective transactions separately.
7. A system for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain, comprising a first user, a second user, and a transaction determiner, wherein the first user exchanges first information and second information with the second user, and wherein the first user is configured to: agreeing to exchange first information and second information with the second user side; generating and signing a first transaction with the second user side, the first transaction involving transferring first information from the first user side to the first user side, the first user side placing the first transaction on a blockchain without the second user side placing the first transaction on the blockchain; generating and signing a second transaction together with the second user terminal, wherein the second transaction is used for exchanging first information and second information, and when the first user terminal finishes signing the second transaction, the second transaction is placed on a blockchain under the condition that the second user terminal does not place the second transaction on the blockchain; the second user side is configured to: agreeing to exchange first information and second information with the first user terminal; generating and signing a first transaction with the first client, the first transaction involving transferring second information from a second client to a second client, the second client placing the first transaction on a blockchain without the first client placing the first transaction on the blockchain; generating and signing a second transaction together with the first user side, wherein the second transaction is used for exchanging second information and first information, and when the second user side finishes signing the second transaction, the first user side places the second transaction on a blockchain without placing the second transaction on the blockchain; the transaction determiner is configured to: processing votes respectively carried out on the first transaction and the second transaction, when the first transaction and the second transaction are inconsistent, no miners simultaneously receiving the first transaction and the second transaction or sequentially receiving the first transaction and the second transaction are present, no exchange occurs, and when the first transaction and the second transaction are consistent, one specific miner simultaneously receives the first transaction and the second transaction or sequentially receives the first transaction and the second transaction; the first transaction and the second transaction pass the appropriate values to the different parties, and the exchange is completed or terminated.
8. The system for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain of claim 7 wherein said first transaction occurs immediately or at some point in the future T.
9. The system for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain of claim 7 wherein the first transaction includes an input that imparts all or any share of the first information and the second information.
10. The system for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain of claim 7, wherein said second transaction is invalid for the absence of signatures of said first user and said second user.
11. A system for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain as in any of claims 7-10 wherein the second transaction further includes an arbitrary share of the input hash value.
12. A system for fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain as in any of claims 7-10 wherein the first and second clients have the right to pay separately for a portion of the respective transactions.
13. A computing device comprising a processor and a memory, wherein the memory has stored thereon computer program instructions that, when executed by the processor, implement the method of fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain as in any of claims 1 to 6.
14. A machine readable storage medium having stored thereon computer program instructions which when executed by a processor implement the method of fair exchange of value or items to be exchanged within a blockchain as in any one of claims 1 to 6.
Priority Applications (1)
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