CN109591310B - Preparation method of ultrathin super-mirror-surface polypropylene aluminized substrate film - Google Patents
Preparation method of ultrathin super-mirror-surface polypropylene aluminized substrate film Download PDFInfo
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- CN109591310B CN109591310B CN201811444574.2A CN201811444574A CN109591310B CN 109591310 B CN109591310 B CN 109591310B CN 201811444574 A CN201811444574 A CN 201811444574A CN 109591310 B CN109591310 B CN 109591310B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C71/00—After-treatment of articles without altering their shape; Apparatus therefor
- B29C71/02—Thermal after-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C71/00—After-treatment of articles without altering their shape; Apparatus therefor
- B29C71/02—Thermal after-treatment
- B29C2071/022—Annealing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2023/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2023/10—Polymers of propylene
- B29K2023/12—PP, i.e. polypropylene
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2007/00—Flat articles, e.g. films or sheets
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Abstract
A method for preparing a polypropylene aluminized substrate film with an ultrathin and ultra-specular surface comprises the steps of blowing a high-melt-strength polypropylene material serving as a surface layer of the film under the condition of 210-230 ℃, blowing the film into a film bubble through an automatic air ring, clamping and drawing the film bubble after the thickness of the film bubble is measured and adjusted through a thickness measuring module for one time, preheating the film bubble, and carrying out online longitudinal stretching by more than 3 times, wherein the temperature during online longitudinal stretching is 20-35 ℃ below the softening point temperature of the high-melt-strength polypropylene material, annealing and cooling the film after the online longitudinal stretching is completed, carrying out corona treatment and edge removal on the cooled film after secondary thickness measurement, and finally carrying out high-speed rolling. The preparation method is formed in one step, the production efficiency is high, the prepared polypropylene aluminized substrate film has an excellent surface super-mirror effect, the optical performance of the film is improved, the vacuum aluminized appearance is ensured, the thickness limitation of the polypropylene film produced by the traditional casting mode is broken through, and the reduction application of the polypropylene film is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of film packaging, and particularly relates to a preparation method of an ultrathin ultra-mirror aluminum-plated substrate film.
Background
The aluminizer is a composite flexible packaging material formed by plating a layer of extremely thin metal aluminum on the surface of a plastic film (an aluminized base material film) by adopting a special process, wherein the most common processing method is a vacuum aluminizing method, namely, the metal aluminum is melted and evaporated at high temperature in a high vacuum state, and vapor of the aluminum is deposited and accumulated on the surface of the plastic film, so that the surface of the plastic film has metal luster. Because the packaging material has the characteristics of a plastic film and metal, the packaging material is cheap, attractive, excellent in performance and strong in practicability.
The aluminized film has the functions of shading and preventing ultraviolet irradiation, not only prolongs the quality guarantee period of contents, but also improves the brightness of the film, replaces an aluminum foil to a certain extent, and has low price, attractive appearance and better barrier property, so the aluminized film has wide application in composite packaging, is mainly applied to dry and puffed food packaging of biscuits, instant noodles and the like and outer packaging of medicines and cosmetics at present, and is also widely used as a bronzing material, a trademark label material and the like in printing.
With the widespread use of aluminum-plated films, the demand for aluminum-plated substrate films has increased. With the increasing demand for environmental protection, the reduction of packaging has become an important trend in the development of global packaging materials. Among these, more and more packaging users are demanding a reduction of product packaging. As for an aluminum-plated base film generally used for a packaging product, there is a great market demand for a reduced amount of product, and it is difficult for a supplier of a polypropylene film (CPP) produced by a conventional casting method to supply a film having a thickness of 20 μm or less commercially.
Based on the limitations on the supply side of the film material, in numerous polypropylene film applications, for example: convenience foods and snack foods, which are not the best packaging solution available to a large number of users. As a result, the user has to pay more packaging material and packaging costs for the same unit of product. The commercial production according to the formulation and preparation method technology of the ultrathin aluminized substrate film related by the invention can save a great amount of packaging materials and considerable packaging cost for the final user.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a polypropylene aluminized substrate film with a surface super-mirror effect, which solves the problems of high packaging cost, poor effect of a prepared aluminized film and the like caused by relatively large thickness, low surface brightness and low preparation efficiency of the existing aluminized substrate film, breaks through the thickness limitation of the polypropylene film produced by the traditional casting method, and realizes the reduction application of the polypropylene film.
The technical scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows: a method for preparing a polypropylene aluminized substrate film with an ultrathin and ultra-specular surface comprises the steps of blowing a high-melt-strength polypropylene material serving as a surface layer of the film under the condition of 210-230 ℃, blowing the film into a film bubble through an automatic air ring, clamping and drawing the film bubble after the thickness of the film bubble is measured and adjusted through a thickness measuring module for one time, preheating the film bubble, and carrying out online longitudinal stretching by more than 3 times, wherein the temperature during online longitudinal stretching is 20-35 ℃ below the softening temperature of the high-melt-strength polypropylene material, annealing and cooling the film after the online longitudinal stretching is finished, carrying out corona treatment and edge removal on the cooled film after secondary thickness measurement, and finally carrying out high-speed rolling to obtain the polypropylene aluminized substrate film with the ultrathin and ultra-specular surface.
The polyethylene material with high melt strength can bear a high-multiple longitudinal stretching process; the film thickness uniformity is adjusted in a mode of two-time thickness measurement and automatic air ring linkage, the film thickness distribution before on-line longitudinal stretching is controlled to be in a state of middle thickness and thin at two sides, and the opposite effects of the on-line longitudinal stretching process are mutually offset, and finally the high-quality polypropylene aluminized substrate film with uniform thickness distribution is obtained; the online longitudinal stretching of more than 3 times can obtain better super mirror surface effect; the temperature during the online longitudinal stretching is 20-35 ℃ below the softening temperature of the high-melt-strength polypropylene material, for example, the softening temperature of the selected high-melt-strength polypropylene material film is 125 ℃, the online longitudinal stretching temperature is preferably 90-105 ℃, and the polypropylene material can bear high-multiple online longitudinal stretching and can obtain better super mirror surface effect at the temperature; the corona treatment can change the energy of the surface of the polypropylene aluminized base material film, so that the processing of a downstream aluminized film is facilitated; finally, the high-speed rolling is carried out, so that the high-quality ultrathin polypropylene aluminized substrate film product with the ultra-mirror surface and capable of being commercially applied is efficiently obtained.
Furthermore, the polypropylene material with high melt strength is RB707CF high melt strength copolymerized polypropylene resin, RB707CF is Nordic chemical copolymerized polypropylene resin, the polypropylene material has high melt strength, the material can resist high-multiple online longitudinal stretching process when being used as the surface layer of the film, and a polypropylene aluminized base material film product with a very good mirror effect can be obtained.
Further, the polypropylene material with high melt strength adopts a single-layer film or multi-layer film co-extrusion mode, and uses an up-blowing method to blow the film. In the preparation process, a single-layer film or multi-layer film co-extrusion mode can be selected according to the packaging requirement, and the ultrathin polypropylene aluminized substrate film with uniform thickness distribution can be more easily obtained by blowing the film by using an up-blowing method.
Furthermore, the low-density elastomer or plastomer is added into the multilayer film, so that the heat sealing effect of the film after on-line longitudinal stretching can be effectively improved, and the initial heat sealing temperature is reduced.
Furthermore, the metallocene polyethylene material is added into the multilayer film, so that the puncture resistance strength of the film can be obviously improved; preferably, the metallocene polyethylene material is DOW inite ST50 metallocene material of DOW chemical.
Further, film blowing was performed under a blow-up ratio of 2.3. The film blowing is carried out under the condition of the blow-up ratio, the obtained film bubble is stable, the thickness uniformity is relatively good, and the transverse strength of the obtained polypropylene aluminized base material film is improved.
Furthermore, the clamping and pulling speed is 40-70 m/min. Under the traction speed, the polypropylene aluminized substrate film can be prevented from being broken in the preparation process, and the polypropylene aluminized substrate film with the ultrathin super-mirror surface effect can be more easily obtained.
Further, the temperature during the annealing is 5 ℃ higher than the temperature of the on-line longitudinal stretching. At the annealing temperature, the obtained polypropylene aluminized substrate film has a very smooth surface, so that the polypropylene aluminized substrate film has a super-mirror effect and is very beneficial to preparation of downstream aluminized films.
Furthermore, the temperature during cooling is 38 ℃, and the polypropylene aluminized base material film obtained at the cooling temperature of 38 ℃ has higher tensile strength and elongation at break.
Furthermore, the high-speed winding speed is 200 m/min, and the production efficiency of the equipment is ensured under the condition that the thickness of the finally obtained polypropylene aluminized substrate film product is very small.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the polypropylene aluminized substrate film prepared by the method of the invention uses the film blowing and on-line longitudinal stretching technology, the uniformity of the film thickness is adjusted by the way of two-time thickness measurement and automatic air ring linkage, and the film is formed at one time and has high production efficiency;
(2) the polypropylene aluminized substrate film obtained by the method has an excellent surface super-mirror effect, the optical performance of the film is improved, and the appearance of aluminizing in vacuum is ensured;
(3) the polypropylene aluminized base material film obtained by the method has very thin thickness which can reach below 20 mu m, realizes packaging reduction on the premise of meeting product packaging application, further reduces the packaging material cost of unit products, can provide a more perfect packaging solution for a large number of packaging users, breaks through the thickness limitation of the polypropylene film produced by the traditional tape casting method, and realizes the reduction application of the polypropylene film;
(4) the polypropylene aluminized base material film obtained by the method has higher longitudinal tensile strength and excellent thickness uniformity, can make the downstream aluminized film post-processing process smoother, and is very suitable for the requirement of high-speed production no matter in the compounding process or the aluminizing process.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a process flow for preparing the aluminized polypropylene substrate film according to examples 1 to 3;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the structure of the aluminized polypropylene substrate film before in-line longitudinal stretching in examples 1 to 3;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the structure of the aluminized polypropylene substrate film after in-line longitudinal stretching in examples 1 to 3;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the structure of the polypropylene film of example 4;
in the figure, a storage bin 1, an extruder 2, a die head 3, an automatic air ring 4, a film bubble 5, a primary thickness measuring module 6, a traction roller mechanism 7, a preheating roller 8, a stretching roller 9, an annealing roller 10, a cooling roller 11, a secondary thickness measuring module 12 and a winding mechanism 13 are arranged.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following embodiments in order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the invention more comprehensible. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used herein in the description of the invention is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Example 1
The embodiment adopts a single-layer material structure, 100% of Nordic chemical copolymer polypropylene resin RB707CF is selected as a high-melt-strength polypropylene material, and the Vicat softening point of RB707CF is 125 ℃.
As shown in fig. 1, the specific preparation method comprises: RB707CF is added into a stock bin 1, heated and melted by an extruder 2 and then extruded from a die head 3, the blow-up ratio is 2.3, the temperature of the melted material is adjusted and controlled between 210 ℃ and 230 ℃, the initial thickness of the film is set to be 48 micrometers, the film is blown into a film bubble 5 by an automatic air ring 4 and the thickness is adjusted, the thickness of the film is measured by a primary thickness measuring module 6, then a traction roller mechanism 7 is used for clamping and traction, the traction speed is 50 m/min, the online longitudinal drawing is carried out by a drawing roller 9 at the temperature of 90 ℃, the drawing multiple is 4, the thickness of the stretched film is 12 micrometers, the stretched film enters an annealing roller 10 for annealing at the temperature of 95 ℃, then enters a cooling roller 11 for cooling at the temperature of 38 ℃, the secondary thickness measuring module 12 is used for secondary thickness measuring, the secondary thickness measuring result is fed back to the automatic air ring 4, the uniformity of the film is adjusted by the linkage of the secondary thickness measuring and the automatic air, the winding mechanism 13 winds at a high speed under the condition of 200 m/min to obtain the ultrathin polypropylene aluminized substrate film with an ultra-mirror surface, which can be applied to aluminizing, and the detection results of relevant properties are shown in table 1.
Example 2
The embodiment adopts a three-layer material structure, the structure composition is A/B/C, wherein the thickness ratio of A, B, C three layers is 1:2:1, A and B are surface layers, the selected materials are 100 percent of Nordic chemical co-polypropylene RB707CF with high melt strength, and the Vicat softening point is 125 ℃; c is a heat sealing layer, and the material of the layer is selected from the following components: 80% of Nordic chemical copolymer polypropylene RB707CF, 19% of Exxon Mobil elastomer Vistamaxx 6102FL and 1% of Schumann open lubricant masterbatch FSU 105E.
As shown in fig. 1, the specific preparation process is as follows: the A, B, C three-layer materials are added into a stock bin 1, heated and melted by an extruder 2 and then extruded from a die head 3, the blow-up ratio is 2.3, the temperature of the melted materials is adjusted and controlled between 210 ℃ and 230 ℃, the initial thickness of the film is set to be 60 micrometers, the film is blown into a film bubble 5 by an automatic air ring 4 and adjusted in thickness, the thickness of the film is measured by a primary thickness measuring module 6 for the first time, then a traction roller mechanism 7 is used for clamping and traction, the traction speed is 40 meters/minute, the on-line longitudinal stretching is carried out by a stretching roller 9 at the temperature of 100 ℃, the stretching multiple is 5, the thickness of the stretched film is 12 micrometers, the film enters an annealing roller 10 for annealing at the temperature of 105 ℃, then enters a cooling roller 11 for cooling at the temperature of 38 ℃, the secondary thickness measuring module 12 carries out the secondary thickness measurement, the secondary thickness measurement result is fed back to the automatic air ring 4, the thickness measurement of the two times and the, then corona treatment is carried out, the winding mechanism 13 winds at a high speed under the condition of 200 m/min, the ultrathin polypropylene aluminized base material film with the super mirror surface is obtained, the ultrathin polypropylene aluminized base material film can be applied to aluminizing, low-temperature heat sealing and good opening performance are achieved, wherein the initial heat sealing temperature of the film can be reduced by 5 ℃ to 8 ℃ when the dosage of a low-density elastomer (Vistamaxx 6102FL) is increased by 10% of a heat sealing layer C, and other related performance detection results are shown in table 1.
Example 3
The embodiment adopts a five-layer material structure, the structure composition is A/B/C/D/E (the thickness proportion of each layer is 20%), A and E are surface layers, the selected materials are 100% of Nordic chemical co-polypropylene RB707CF with high melt strength, and the Vicat softening point is 125 ℃; the materials of the B and D layers are as follows: 50% of Nordic chemical copolymer polypropylene RB707CF and 50% of Dow chemical metallocene material DOW INNATE ST 50; the material of the material C is as follows: 100% of Dow chemical metallocene material DOW INNATE ST 50.
As shown in fig. 1, the specific preparation process is as follows: the A, B, C, D, E five layers of materials are added into a stock bin 1, heated and melted by an extruder 2 and then extruded from a die head 3, the blow-up ratio is 2.3, the temperature of the melted materials is adjusted and controlled between 210 ℃ and 230 ℃, the initial thickness of the film is set to be 30 micrometers, the film is blown into a film bubble 5 by an automatic air ring 4 and the thickness is adjusted, the thickness of the film is measured by a primary thickness measuring module 6 for the first time, then a traction roller mechanism 7 is used for clamping and traction, the traction speed is 66 meters/minute, the on-line longitudinal stretching is carried out by a stretching roller 9 at the temperature of 100 ℃, the stretching multiple is 3, the thickness of the stretched film is 10 micrometers, the film enters an annealing roller 10 for annealing at the temperature of 105 ℃, then enters a cooling roller 11 for cooling at the temperature of 38 ℃, the secondary thickness measuring module 12 is used for the secondary thickness measurement, the secondary thickness measurement result is fed back to the automatic air ring 4, the thickness measurement of the two times and, then corona treatment is carried out, the winding mechanism 13 winds at a high speed under the condition of 200 m/min to obtain the ultrathin super mirror surface polypropylene aluminized substrate film which can be applied to aluminizing, the puncture resistance strength of the film is obviously improved through the application of a metallocene material (DOW INNATE ST50) in a formula, and other related performance detection results are shown in table 1.
Example 4
The film was produced using the same material as in example 1, except that the in-line longitudinal stretching technique with a stretching ratio of 3 or more was not performed in this example. The specific performance test results are shown in table 1.
Table 1 results of testing the properties of the films of examples 1-4
| Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | Example 4 | |
| Surface layer material | RB707CF | RB707CF | RB707CF | RB707CF |
| Stretching temperature | 100℃ | 100℃ | 100℃ | 100℃ |
| Stretching ratio | 4 | 5 | 3 | 1 (not drawn) |
| Longitudinal tensile strength | 100Mpa | / | / | 40Mpa |
| Degree of gloss* | 114.3％ | 116.2％ | 110.6％ | 75.2％ |
In Table 1, gloss*The incident angle is 45 degrees, wherein the glossiness of the glass surface is 100 percent, the glossiness index corresponds to the mirror surface effect of the film surface, and the larger the glossiness value is, the better the mirror surface effect of the film surface is.
As can be seen from the comparison results in table 1, the mirror effect of the polypropylene aluminized substrate film produced by using the formulation and the method (examples 1-3) according to the present invention exceeds 100%; the same material is applied to the surface, and higher stretching proportion can be achieved under the same stretching temperature condition, so that higher glossiness index and better mirror effect can be obtained, and the longitudinal stretching strength of the film is improved by more than 2 times.
In addition, as shown in fig. 2 and fig. 3, a schematic diagram of the polypropylene aluminum-plated substrate film before the on-line longitudinal stretching in examples 1 to 3 and a schematic diagram of the polypropylene aluminum-plated substrate film after the on-line longitudinal stretching in examples 1 to 3 are respectively shown, and a comparison between the two diagrams shows that the film with excellent thickness deviation can be obtained by performing the on-line longitudinal stretching and performing the linked adjustment of the thickness measurement twice and the automatic air ring 4 when the preparation of the polypropylene aluminum-plated substrate film is performed by the method of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the polypropylene film of example 4, from which it is seen that the film obtained without on-line high-power longitudinal stretching has a poor surface effect, and if it is used for an aluminizer, the aluminizing effect is seriously affected.
Example 5
At present, the existing instant noodle packaging material has the structure that: BOPP 20/VM-CPP 25, wherein BOPP 20 is a model of a biaxially oriented polypropylene film, and VM-CPP 25 is a model of a vacuum aluminized cast polypropylene film. If the polypropylene aluminized base material film prepared by the method is aluminized, and the prepared aluminized film replaces VM-CPP 25 in the existing instant noodle packaging material structure, the polypropylene material can be saved by more than 50 percent.
Example 6
At present, the structure of the conventional leisure food packaging material is as follows: BOPP 20/VM-CPP 20, wherein BOPP 20 is a type of biaxially oriented polypropylene film and VM-CPP 20 is a type of vacuum aluminized cast polypropylene film. If the polypropylene aluminized base material film prepared by the method is aluminized, and the prepared aluminized film replaces VM-CPP 20 in the structure of the conventional leisure food packaging material, about 50% of polypropylene material can be saved.
The technical features of the embodiments described above may be arbitrarily combined, and for the sake of brevity, all possible combinations of the technical features in the embodiments described above are not described, but should be considered as being within the scope of the present specification as long as there is no contradiction between the combinations of the technical features.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present patent shall be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. A preparation method of an ultrathin ultra-mirror surface polypropylene aluminized substrate film is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of blowing a high-melt-strength polypropylene material serving as a surface layer of a film under the condition of 210-230 ℃, blowing the film into a film bubble through an automatic air ring, clamping and drawing the film bubble after the thickness of the film bubble is adjusted through a thickness measuring module for one time, preheating the film bubble, and performing online longitudinal stretching for more than 3 times, wherein the temperature during the online longitudinal stretching is 20-35 ℃ below the softening temperature of the high-melt-strength polypropylene material, annealing and cooling the film after the online longitudinal stretching is completed, performing corona treatment and edge removal on the cooled film after the secondary thickness measurement, and finally performing high-speed winding to obtain the ultrathin super-mirror-surface polypropylene aluminized substrate film;
the polypropylene material with high melt strength is RB707CF high melt strength copolymerized polypropylene resin;
the polypropylene material with high melt strength adopts a single-layer film or multi-layer film co-extrusion mode and uses an up-blowing method to blow the film.
2. The method for preparing the ultrathin and ultra-specular polypropylene aluminum-plated substrate film according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: adding a low density elastomer or plastomer to said multilayer film.
3. The method for preparing the ultrathin and ultra-specular polypropylene aluminum-plated substrate film according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: adding metallocene polyethylene material into the multilayer film.
4. The method for preparing the ultrathin and ultra-specular polypropylene aluminum-plated substrate film according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the film blowing was carried out under a blow-up ratio of 2.3.
5. The method for preparing the ultrathin and ultra-specular polypropylene aluminum-plated substrate film according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the clamping and pulling speed is 40-70 m/min.
6. The method for preparing the ultrathin and ultra-specular polypropylene aluminum-plated substrate film according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the temperature during annealing is 5 ℃ higher than the on-line longitudinal stretching temperature.
7. The method for preparing the ultrathin and ultra-specular polypropylene aluminum-plated substrate film according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the temperature during the cooling was 38 ℃.
8. The method for preparing the ultrathin and ultra-specular polypropylene aluminum-plated substrate film according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the high-speed winding speed is 200 m/min.
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| CN102152543A (en) * | 2010-12-14 | 2011-08-17 | 郑勇 | Polyethylene aluminum-plated film with metal luster of aluminum foil diffuse surface |
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