CN109588539A - 一种降低饲料植物源性原料对南美白对虾不良影响的环保饲料配方 - Google Patents
一种降低饲料植物源性原料对南美白对虾不良影响的环保饲料配方 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种降低饲料植物源性原料对南美白对虾不良影响的环保饲料配方，以重量计算，所述环保饲料包括地衣芽孢杆菌0.01～0.11%、耐高温中性植酸酶0.01～0.07%和虾青素0.1～1%。本发明通过在饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌、虾青素以及植酸酶，使三者相互交联协同作用，可以保证对虾的营养需求，显著地降解饲料中的呕吐毒素，能够保护对虾肝脏、肠道健康，提高南美白对虾的免疫能力及消化能力，进而提高对虾成活率以及生长性能，同时可以减少对虾饲料中无效磷对水环境的污染，另外，本饲料生产工艺简单可行，便于大规模推广。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及对虾饲料技术领域，具体地，涉及一种降低饲料植物源性原料对南美白对虾不良影响的环保饲料配方。
背景技术
上世纪八十年代末，南美白对虾被引进我国，由于生长快，抗病力强而深受养虾者欢迎，具有广阔的市场前景。
随着国际鱼粉价格的不断升高，如何利用植物性蛋白替代鱼粉用量成为近年来十分重要的议题，但也随之带来很多问题，包括植物性原料易因为储藏等原因产生呕吐毒素等。
呕吐毒素(vomitoxin)，属单端孢霉烯族化合物。呕吐毒素主要作用于增殖活跃的细胞组织，对生物膜的功能和多种酶活有明显的作用，可引起动物体的脂质过氧化损伤，显著影响鱼类的采食量、增重率和生长率等。呕吐毒素对我国谷物类原料的污染相当普遍，其检出率和检出量都是霉菌毒素中最高的一种，呕吐毒素的产毒菌株适宜在阴凉、潮湿的条件下生长，广泛存在于大麦、小麦、玉米和燕麦中。
植酸的化学名称是六磷酸肌醇。有与EDTA近似的很强的螯合能力。单胃动物体内缺少消化植酸的植酸酶，使植物中的磷在单胃动物体内消化率很低，大部分植物饲料中的磷仅有30％能被鱼虾利用。植酸还能与钙、镁、锌、蛋白质、氨基酸和淀粉等形成难以消化的络合物，导致饲料中多种营养消化率下降。植酸在消化道还与消化酶联合，使其活性下降，成为抑制成分，对肠道产生不良影响。若南美白对虾饲料呕吐毒素含量超标将造成对虾肠道肝脏出现损伤，加上植酸的影响，继而更难消化吸收饲料中的营养物质，造成饲料营养的流失浪费，对虾生长受到阻碍，同时植物性原料中的植酸会降低对虾对饲料营养的吸收，尤其植酸会结合饲料中的磷，对虾对磷的利用率大大降低，致使饲料中磷的过度使用导致水体污染。
目前，急需找到一种高效降解呕吐毒素和植酸，且安全性环保的饲料，以满足南美白对虾生长的要求，同时保护环境。
发明内容
本发明为了克服现有技术的上述不足，提供一种降低饲料植物源性原料对南美白对虾不良影响的环保饲料，该饲料不仅可以显著降低呕吐毒素在饲料中的含量，降低其对南美 白对虾肝脏、肠道及免疫系统的影响，还可以提高南美白对虾的免疫能力及消化能力，进而提高对虾成活率以及生长性能，同时减少对虾饲料中无效磷对水环境的污染。
本发明的目的是提供一种降低饲料植物源性原料对南美白对虾不良影响的环保饲料。
本发明的另一个目的是提供上述环保饲料在对促进对虾生长及提高相应免疫力中的应用。
为了实现上述目的，本发明是通过以下方案予以实现的：
一种降低植物源性饲料原料对南美白对虾不良影响的环保饲料，以重量计算，所述饲料包括地衣芽孢杆菌0.01～0.11％、耐高温中性植酸酶0.01～0.07％和虾青素0.1～1％。
优选地，以重量计算，所述地衣芽孢杆菌的添加量为0.03～0.09％。
更优选地，以重量计算，所述地衣芽孢杆菌的添加量为0.06％，芽孢含量为2×1010CFU/g。
优选地，以重量计算，所述耐高温中性植酸酶的添加量为0.02～0.05％。
更优选地，以重量计算，所述耐高温中性植酸酶的添加量为0.04％。
优选地，以重量计算，所述虾青素的添加量为0.3～0.8％。
更优选地，以重量计算，所述虾青素的添加量为0.6％。
优选地，以重量计算，所述环保饲料还包括蛋白源原料53～83％、脂肪源原料3～5％、复合维生素0.5～1.5％、复合矿物盐0.3～1.5％、Vc多聚磷酸脂0.01～0.2％、氯化胆碱0.01～2％、磷酸二氢钙0.01～2％，糖源原料补足余量。
所述蛋白源原料包括鱼粉、虾粉、啤酒酵母、去皮豆粕、花生麸中一种或多种的混合物；
所述脂肪源原料包括鱼油、卵磷脂、豆油中一种或多种的混合物；
所述糖源原料为面粉。
更优选地，以重量计算，所述环保饲料还包括蛋白源原料65～71％、脂肪源原料4.2％、复合维生素1％、复合矿物盐1％、Vc多聚磷酸脂0.1％、氯化胆碱1％、磷酸二氢钙1％，糖源原料补足余量。
优选地，所述蛋白源原料包括鱼粉、虾粉、啤酒酵母、去皮豆粕和花生麸，其质量比为22～28：3～9：0～6：21～27：7～13。
更优选的，所述蛋白源原料中鱼粉、虾粉、啤酒酵母、去皮豆粕和花生麸质量比为24～26：5～7：2～4：23～25：9～11。
进一步优选的，所述蛋白源原料中鱼粉、虾粉、啤酒酵母、去皮豆粕和花生麸质量比 为25：6：3：24：10。
优选地，所述脂肪源原料包括鱼油、卵磷脂和豆油，其质量比为1.2～2.3：0.9～1.5：0.9～1.2。
更优选地，所述脂肪源原料包括鱼油、卵磷脂和豆油，其质量比为1.9～2.1：1.1～1.3：0.9～1.1。
进一步优选的，所述脂肪源原料包括鱼油、卵磷脂和豆油，其质量比为2：1.2：1。
优选地，所述糖源原料包括面粉。
另外，所述环保饲料中还添加有氯化胆碱、磷酸二氢钙，Vc多聚磷酸脂。它们各自的作用分别为：氯化胆碱可以促进虾对饲料脂肪的利用，防止出现脂肪肝的问题；磷酸二氢钙可以补充对虾快速生长对钙和磷的大量需求；维C多聚磷酸酯与免疫及抗氧化相关。
更优选地，所述复合维生素的成分组成按饲料重量比为：维生素B10.025％，核黄素0.1％，维生素B6盐酸盐0.075％，烟酸0.25％，肌醇39.9％，泛酸钙0.5％，生物素0.25％，叶酸0.025％，维生素K30.5％，维生素B120.25％，维生素A醋酸酯0.25％，维生素D30.625％，维生素E醋酸盐7.25％，介质纤维素50％。
更优选地，所述复合矿物盐的成分组成按饲料重量比为：镁离子≥1％，铁离子≥0.2％，碘离子≥0.08％，铜离子≥0.3％，锌离子≥2％，硒离子≥0.004％，钴离子≥0.022％。
优选地，以重量计算，所述环保饲料包括鱼粉25％，虾粉6％，啤酒酵母3％，去皮豆粕24％，花生麸10％，鱼油2％，卵磷脂1.2％，豆油1％，磷酸二氢钙1％，复合维生素1％，复合矿物盐1％，氯化胆碱1％，Vc多聚磷酸脂0.1％，地衣芽孢杆菌0.01～0.11％，耐高温中性植酸酶0.01～0.07％，虾青素0.1～1％，面粉补足余量。
一种降低饲料植物源性原料对南美白对虾不良影响的环保饲料配方，其最佳配方如下：
所述环保饲料包括以下质量百分数的各组分：鱼粉25％，虾粉6％，啤酒酵母3％，去皮豆粕24％，花生麸10％，鱼油2％，卵磷脂1.2％，豆油1％，磷酸二氢钙1％，复合维生素1％，复合矿物盐1％，氯化胆碱1％，Vc多聚磷酸脂0.1％，地衣芽孢杆菌0.06％，耐高温中性植酸酶0.04％，虾青素0.6％，面粉补足余量；
所述复合维生素的成分组成按饲料重量比为：维生素B10.025％，核黄素0.1％，维生素B6盐酸盐0.075％，烟酸0.25％，肌醇39.9％，泛酸钙0.5％，生物素0.25％，叶酸0.025％，维生素K30.5％，维生素B120.25％，维生素A醋酸酯0.25％，维生素D30.625％，维生素E醋酸盐7.25％，介质纤维素50％；
所述复合矿物盐的成分组成按饲料重量比为：镁离子≥1％，铁离子≥0.2％，碘离子≥0.08％，铜离子≥0.3％，锌离子≥2％，硒离子≥0.004％，钴离子≥0.022％。
上述述南美白对虾环保饲料对虾生长及相应免疫中的应用也在本发明保护范围之内。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下有益效果：
本发明通过在饲料中添加适量的地衣芽孢杆菌、虾青素以及植酸酶，使三者相互交联协同作用，显著地降解饲料中的呕吐毒素，提高南美白对虾的免疫能力及消化能力，进而提高对虾成活率以及生长性能，同时减少对虾饲料中无效磷对水环境的污染，具体如下：
(1)从饲料营养分析可以看出，地衣芽孢杆菌对南美白对虾饲料中的呕吐毒素具有很好的降解作用，能够保护对虾肝脏、肠道及免疫的健康。
(2)从饲料营养分析可以看出，植酸酶对饲料中植酸具有很好的分解作用，可以大大提高饲料营养的消化吸收，减少肠道损伤。
(3)从生长方面看出，虾青素本身的抗氧化性能在与地衣芽孢杆菌和植酸酶的复合协同作用下，可以发挥出更大的作用。
(4)现有技术仅仅将几种添加剂单独进行添加使用，本专利将三种添加剂进行最优化复合，将三种添加剂按最适剂量进行整合应用，具有较单独使用更好的效果。
(5)本饲料生产工艺简单可行，便于大规模推广。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例来进一步说明本发明，但实施例并不对本发明做任何形式的限定。除非特别说明，本发明采用的试剂、方法和设备为本技术领域常规试剂、方法和设备。
除非特别说明，以下实施例所用试剂和材料均为市购。
实施例一种南美白对虾饲料配方
一种南美白对虾配方饲料，其配方如表1所示。
表1南美白对虾配方饲料：
对照例一种南美白对虾饲料配方
一种南美白对虾配方饲料，其配方如表2所示。
表2南美白对虾配方饲料：
应用例1一种南美白对虾饲料对南美白对虾生长的影响
一、试验方法
将实施例和对照例中所述饲料配方于广东省湛江市东海岛恒兴863养殖基地试验车间500L玻璃纤维桶中进行试验，饲养初始平均体重0.5g的南美白对虾，饲养密度为30尾/桶，共饲养56天。测定其增重率、饲料系数、存活率、蛋白质消化率和磷消化率，结果如表3和表4所示。
所述的增重率、饲料系数、存活率、蛋白质消化率和磷消化率分别按以下公式计算：
增重率(％)＝100％×(末重－初重)/初重；
存活率(％)＝(实验结束时的条数/实验开始时的条数)×100％；
饲料系数＝饲料消耗量/增重量；
蛋白质消化率(％)＝(摄入氮量-粪氮量)/摄入氮量×100％；
磷消化率测定，参照GBNY/T2713-2015《水产动物表观消化率测定方法》，添加饲料质量0.01％的三氧化二钇进行测定：
磷消化率(％)＝(摄入磷量-粪磷量)/摄入磷量×100％。
二、实验结果
结果如表3和表4所示。
表3实施例中所述饲料对南美白对虾生长的影响
由表3可知，使用本发明的饲料配方饲养南美白对虾，其增重率均在970％以上，饲料系数在1.8以下，存活率在93％以上，蛋白质消化率和磷消化率均较高，证明本饲料能够显著促进南美白对虾的生长，提高免疫力，降低死亡率，降低水中蛋白质和磷含量，保护环境。
表4对照例中所述饲料对南美白对虾生长的影响
| 配方 | 增重率 | 饲料系数 | 存活率 | 蛋白质消化率 | 磷消化率 |
| 对照例1 | 957.93±60.33％ | 1.82±0.23 | 90.38±0.9％ | 89.25±0.22％ | 32.95±0.11％ |
| 对照例2 | 957.44±52.72％ | 1.72±0.19 | 90.75±1.0％ | 90.41±0.15％ | 31.24±0.09％ |
| 对照例3 | 946.22±45.09％ | 1.84±0.33 | 88.91±1.7％ | 87.62±0.31％ | 30.72±0.15％ |
| 对照例4 | 957.91±32.13％ | 1.82±0.06 | 88.73±2.2％ | 90.53±0.09％ | 31.42±0.33％ |
| 对照例5 | 958.65±35.18％ | 1.83±0.41 | 86.97±5.1％ | 89.01±0.36％ | 30.58±0.92％ |
| 对照例6 | 951.27±38.15％ | 1.83±0.87 | 91.06±2.6％ | 90.53±0.12％ | 29.84±0.98％ |
| 对照例7 | 945.35±37.29％ | 1.89±0.36 | 90.08±1.5％ | 86.54±0.12％ | 29.51±0.38％ |
| 对照例8 | 947.23±35.14％ | 1.87±0.26 | 89.64±2.3％ | 90.01±0.59％ | 28.81±0.29％ |
| 对照例9 | 923.72±57.57％ | 1.76±0.10 | 81.48±0.6％ | 88.17±0.13％ | 26.73±0.18％ |
由表4可知，相较于表3，当使用的饲料配方缺少其中某一种或多种成分，或添加的成分的量过低或过高时，南美白对虾的增重率有所降低，均低于960％，饲料系数均在1.7以上，存活率低于92％，蛋白质消化率和磷消化率均较低，不利于水资源环境保护，证明对照例中所述饲料配方不能够足够满足南美白对虾生长的需要。
总结表3和表4可以发现，地衣芽孢杆菌、植酸酶和虾青素三者协同使用时，比单独使用一种或两种时，南美白对虾的增重率、存活率、蛋白质消化率和磷消化率更高，饲料系数更低，证明本发明中饲料配方对南美白对虾的生长、免疫力的提高以及环境的保护，均可以起到协同促进效果，缺少其中一种或多种，则无法起到相同的作用。
应用例2一种南美白对虾配方饲料对南美白对虾生长的影响
一、试验方法
使用实施例1和对照例1～3及9的南美白对虾配方饲料，饲养南美白虾，具体饲养方式同应用例1。
其中，实施例1和对照例1～3及9饲喂南美白对虾的同时，还额外添加饲料总量的1000ppb的呕吐毒素(DON)，其中，以实施例1和对照例1～3依次作为实验组1～4，以对照例9饲喂南美白对虾作为对照组。
测定其增重率、饲料系数、存活率、蛋白质消化率和磷消化率，其测定方法如应用例1，结果如表5所示。
二、实验结果
表5对照例中所述饲料对南美白对虾生长的影响：
| 增重率 | 饲料系数 | 存活率 | 蛋白质消化率 | 磷消化率 | |
| 实验组1 | 966.15±40.21％ | 1.80±0.33 | 92.62±1.2％ | 92.85±0.24％ | 31.77±0.14％ |
| 实验组2 | 917.91±60.33％ | 1.92±0.23 | 80.31±0.9％ | 81.22±0.22％ | 28.92±0.11％ |
| 实验组3 | 937.42±52.72％ | 1.92±0.19 | 84.75±1.0％ | 82.41±0.15％ | 27.23±0.09％ |
| 实验组4 | 926.24±45.09％ | 1.94±0.33 | 78.94±1.7％ | 87.68±0.31％ | 24.76±0.15％ |
| 对照组 | 889.68±24.86％ | 1.91±0.30 | 75.15±1.4％ | 70.47±0.23％ | 22.44±0.12％ |
由表5可知，相较于表3，当添加呕吐毒素时，南美白对虾的生长受到严重的影响。但是，同时添加适量的地衣芽孢杆菌、植酸酶和虾青素，可以抵消由于呕吐毒素带来的不利影响，提高南美白对虾的生长，但是当缺少地衣芽孢杆菌、植酸酶和虾青素其中一种或多种时，南美白对虾的增重率、存活率、蛋白质消化率和磷消化率明显降低，饲料系数明显增大。再次表明，适量的地衣芽孢杆菌、植酸酶和虾青素三者协同使用可以显著促进南美白对虾的生长，提高其免疫能力，有利于环境保护。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式，但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制，其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化，均应为等效的置换方式，都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种降低植物源性饲料原料对南美白对虾不良影响的环保饲料，其特征在于，以重量计算，所述环保饲料包括地衣芽孢杆菌0.01～0.11%、耐高温中性植酸酶0.01～0.07%和虾青素0.1～1%。
2.根据权利要求1所述环保饲料，其特征在于，以重量计算，所述地衣芽孢杆菌的添加量为0.03～0.09%。
3.根据权利要求1所述环保饲料，其特征在于，以重量计算，所述耐高温中性植酸酶的添加量为0.02～0.05%。
4.根据权利要求1所述环保饲料，其特征在于，以重量计算，所述虾青素的添加量为0.3～0.8%。
5.根据权利要求1所述环保饲料，其特征在于，以重量计算，所述环保饲料还包括蛋白源原料53～83%、脂肪源原料3～5%、复合维生素0.5～1.5%、复合矿物盐0.3～1.5%、Vc多聚磷酸脂0.01～0.2%、氯化胆碱0.01～2%、磷酸二氢钙0.01～2%，糖源原料补足余量；
所述蛋白源原料包括鱼粉、虾粉、啤酒酵母、去皮豆粕、花生麸中一种或多种的混合物；
所述脂肪源原料包括鱼油、卵磷脂、豆油中一种或多种的混合物；
所述糖源原料为面粉。
6.根据权利要求5所述环保饲料，其特征在于，所述蛋白源原料包括鱼粉、虾粉、啤酒酵母、去皮豆粕和花生麸，其质量比为22～28：3～9：0～6：21～27：7～13。
7.根据权利要求5所述环保饲料，其特征在于，所述脂肪源原料包括鱼油、卵磷脂和豆油，其质量比为1.2～2.3：0.9～1.5：0.9～1.2。
8.根据权利要求5～7所述环保饲料，其特征在于，以重量计算，所述环保饲料包括鱼粉25%，虾粉6%，啤酒酵母3%，去皮豆粕24%，花生麸10%，鱼油2%，卵磷脂1.2%，豆油1%，磷酸二氢钙1%，复合维生素1%，复合矿物盐1%，氯化胆碱1%，Vc多聚磷酸脂0.1%，地衣芽孢杆菌0.01～0.11%，耐高温中性植酸酶0.01～0.07%，虾青素0.1～1%，面粉补足余量。
9.权利要求1～8任一所述环保饲料在促进对虾生长和/或提高相应免疫力中的应用。
10.权利要求1～8任一所述环保饲料在促进对虾生长及提高相应免疫力包括增重率、饲料系数、存活率、蛋白质消化率和/或磷消化率中的应用。
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