CN109580926B - Method for comprehensively identifying day age of Mount Ruizhou white ducks - Google Patents
Method for comprehensively identifying day age of Mount Ruizhou white ducks Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN109580926B CN109580926B CN201811583531.2A CN201811583531A CN109580926B CN 109580926 B CN109580926 B CN 109580926B CN 201811583531 A CN201811583531 A CN 201811583531A CN 109580926 B CN109580926 B CN 109580926B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- age
- duck
- length
- crested
- growth
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 241000272517 Anseriformes Species 0.000 title abstract description 16
- 241000272525 Anas platyrhynchos Species 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000010219 correlation analysis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 210000002303 tibia Anatomy 0.000 claims description 14
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 241001293030 Lophonetta specularioides Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 9
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 6
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 4
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 4
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000023560 heart growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013594 poultry meat Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutamic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000006439 Lemna minor Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000209501 Spirodela Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013364 duck meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000003746 feather Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013922 glutamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004220 glutamic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004731 jugular vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013441 quality evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5082—Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms
- G01N33/5088—Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms of vertebrates
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B5/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of mechanical techniques
- G01B5/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of mechanical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01G—WEIGHING
- G01G17/00—Apparatus for or methods of weighing material of special form or property
- G01G17/08—Apparatus for or methods of weighing material of special form or property for weighing livestock
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N5/00—Analysing materials by weighing, e.g. weighing small particles separated from a gas or liquid
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
- Medical Treatment And Welfare Office Work (AREA)
Abstract
一种润州凤头白鸭日龄综合鉴定方法，属于畜牧学技术领域。本发明选取主要的肌肉组织、器官以及骨骼等鸭日龄相关指标，利用SPSS进行相关性分析，然后运用Curve Expert2.6拟合曲线模型，最后确定出最佳曲线模型和鉴定方案。本发明通过准确鉴定润州凤头白鸭日龄，将对优质肉鸭行业起到促进作用。一方面，改变传统的通过体貌判断鸭日龄大小的不准确性和局限性；另一方面，维护优质肉鸭市场稳定，可以有效防止部分不良商家为节省生产成本以假乱真，使消费者能得到优质产品。The invention discloses a comprehensive identification method for the age of Runzhou crested white duck, belonging to the technical field of animal husbandry. The present invention selects main duck age-related indicators such as muscle tissue, organs and bones, uses SPSS for correlation analysis, and then uses Curve Expert 2.6 to fit a curve model, and finally determines the best curve model and an identification scheme. By accurately identifying the age of the Runzhou crested white duck, the invention will play a promoting role in the high-quality meat duck industry. On the one hand, it changes the inaccuracy and limitations of the traditional way of judging the age of ducks by physical appearance; on the other hand, maintaining the stability of the high-quality meat duck market can effectively prevent some unscrupulous merchants from mixing the fakes with the real ones in order to save production costs, so that consumers can get high-quality meat ducks. product.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种润州凤头白鸭日龄综合鉴定方法，属于畜牧学技术领域。The invention relates to a comprehensive identification method for the age of Runzhou crested white duck, belonging to the technical field of animal husbandry.
背景技术Background technique
润州凤头白鸭是由扬州大学与镇江市天成农业科技有限公司经过10余年的工作而形成的国内唯一的观赏与药用遗传资源。润州凤头白鸭以乌嘴、白羽、凤头为特征，富含微量元素硒及丰富的谷氨酸，肉质风味独特、营养丰富等优点深受消费者青睐。Runzhou crested white duck is the only domestic ornamental and medicinal genetic resource formed by Yangzhou University and Zhenjiang Tiancheng Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. after more than 10 years of work. Runzhou crested white duck is characterized by black mouth, white feathers and crested head. It is rich in trace elements selenium and rich in glutamic acid.
目前对优质鸭肉品质的研究较多，但缺乏统一的评价标准，导致市场产品鱼龙混杂，严重阻碍了以凤头白鸭为代表的优质鸭业的发展。一般而言，优质鸭生长较大体型肉鸭缓慢，饲养周期长，只有满足一定饲养日龄的鸭才具有更好的风味与口感；但是，消费者仅通过体貌特征难以准确判定鸭的真实日龄，因此有必要建立一种准确鉴定优质鸭日龄的新方法，做到“优质产品与高端价值的统一”，确保优质鸭产业健康发展。At present, there are many studies on the quality of high-quality duck meat, but there is a lack of unified evaluation standards, resulting in mixed products in the market, which seriously hinders the development of high-quality duck industry represented by crested white duck. Generally speaking, high-quality ducks grow slowly with larger meat ducks and have a long feeding cycle. Only ducks that meet a certain feeding age can have better flavor and taste; however, it is difficult for consumers to accurately determine the true age of ducks only by physical characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a new method to accurately identify the age of high-quality ducks, so as to achieve "unification of high-quality products and high-end value" and ensure the healthy development of the high-quality duck industry.
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
本发明的目的是针对上述现有技术的不足，提供一种准确的润州凤头白鸭日龄综合鉴定方法，通过肌肉组织中脂肪含量、主要器官指数以及骨骼随日龄的生长发育情况，制定一种准确鉴定鸭子日龄新方法。The object of the present invention is to aim at the deficiencies of the above-mentioned prior art, provide a kind of accurate comprehensive identification method of the age of Runzhou crested white duck, through the growth and development situation of fat content, main organ index and bone with age in muscle tissue, To develop a new method to accurately identify the age of ducks.
本发明的技术方案如下：The technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
一种润州凤头白鸭日龄综合鉴定方法，其特征是，选取鸭日龄相关指标，利用SPSS进行相关性分析，然后运用Curve Expert2.6拟合曲线模型，最后确定出最佳曲线模型和鉴定方案。A comprehensive identification method for the age of Runzhou crested white duck, which is characterized by selecting the relevant indicators of duck age, using SPSS for correlation analysis, and then using Curve Expert2.6 to fit a curve model, and finally determine the best curve model and identification scheme.
进一步地，所述鸭日龄相关指标包括肌肉组织、器官以及骨骼。Further, the duck age-related indicators include muscle tissue, organs and bones.
进一步地，所述鸭日龄相关指标具体为：心脏重量与体重的比值、肝脏重量与体重的比值、胫骨长、龙骨长、肌内脂肪含量。Further, the age-related indicators of the ducks are specifically: the ratio of heart weight to body weight, the ratio of liver weight to body weight, the length of the tibia, the length of the keel, and the intramuscular fat content.
进一步地，用SPSS作各指标不同日龄的差异性分析：Further, SPSS was used to analyze the differences of each index at different ages:
由上表可知：随日龄增长凤头鸭体重、肝脏生长指数、胫骨长、龙骨长都显著增加，其中胫骨长在7周龄时达到生长拐点，符合畜禽S型生长趋势；肝脏生长指数随日龄增长表现出显著下降趋势；心脏增长随日龄变化不大；龙骨长与肌内脂肪含量随日龄增长在缓慢增加，9周龄与43周龄差异不显著，即达到生长拐点。It can be seen from the above table that the body weight, liver growth index, tibia length and keel length of crested ducks increased significantly with age, and the tibia length reached the growth inflection point at 7 weeks of age, which was in line with the S-shaped growth trend of livestock and poultry; the liver growth index It showed a significant downward trend with age; heart growth did not change much with age; keel length and intramuscular fat content increased slowly with age, and the difference between 9 weeks and 43 weeks was not significant, that is, reaching the growth inflection point.
进一步地，运用Curve Expert分别做出体重、肝脏相对重量、胫骨长、龙骨长、肌内脂肪含量随日龄增加的生长模型，利用Hyperbolic Decline，Rational Model，Bleasdale，Bleasdale-YD模型来描述其动态变化过程：Furthermore, Curve Expert was used to make growth models of body weight, relative liver weight, tibia length, keel length, and intramuscular fat content with age, and Hyperbolic Decline, Rational Model, Bleasdale, and Bleasdale-YD models were used to describe their dynamics. transformation:
最终通过对比R2选出最佳线性模型，通过输入各种指标相应的X值可求出可靠的凤头白鸭日龄。Finally, the best linear model is selected by comparing R 2 , and the reliable age of the crested white duck can be obtained by inputting the corresponding X values of various indicators.
为了稳定优质肉鸭的市场秩序和消费者的合法权益，有关部门可以更加准确的鉴定鸭的日龄大小，满足消费者的需求，同时消除由于肉品质评价指标和测定方法不统一带来的不便，以期规范润州凤头白鸭市场秩序，从而扩大市场占有率，特制定了该鸭日龄鉴定的新方法，以为其提供基础和客观依据。本发明旨在规范润州凤头白鸭日龄大小的评价指标和鉴定方法，以提高所得数据的准确性，更好的服务于实际。In order to stabilize the market order of high-quality meat ducks and the legitimate rights and interests of consumers, the relevant departments can more accurately identify the age of ducks to meet the needs of consumers, and at the same time eliminate the inconvenience caused by inconsistent meat quality evaluation indicators and measurement methods , in order to standardize the market order of Runzhou crested white duck, thereby expanding the market share, a new method of age identification of the duck is specially formulated to provide a basis and objective basis for it. The invention aims to standardize the evaluation index and identification method of the age of the Runzhou crested white duck, so as to improve the accuracy of the obtained data and better serve the reality.
本发明通过准确鉴定润州凤头白鸭日龄，将对优质肉鸭行业起到促进作用。一方面，改变传统的通过体貌判断鸭日龄大小的不准确性和局限性；另一方面，维护优质肉鸭市场稳定，可以有效防止部分不良商家为节省生产成本以假乱真，使消费者能得到优质产品。By accurately identifying the age of the Runzhou crested white duck, the invention will play a promoting role in the high-quality meat duck industry. On the one hand, it changes the inaccuracy and limitations of the traditional way of judging the age of ducks by physical appearance; on the other hand, maintaining the stability of the high-quality meat duck market can effectively prevent some unscrupulous merchants from mixing the fakes with the real ones in order to save production costs, so that consumers can get high-quality meat ducks. product.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
一种润州凤头白鸭日龄综合鉴定方法：选取主要的肌肉组织、器官以及骨骼等鸭日龄相关指标，利用SPSS进行相关性分析，然后运用Curve Expert2.6拟合曲线模型，最后确定出最佳曲线模型和鉴定方案。A comprehensive identification method for the age of Runzhou crested white ducks: select the main indicators related to the age of ducks such as muscle tissue, organs and bones, use SPSS for correlation analysis, and then use Curve Expert2.6 to fit the curve model, and finally determine The optimal curve model and identification scheme are obtained.
1、本实施例选取的5个鸭日龄评价指标的测定方法：1, the measuring method of 5 duck day age evaluation indexes that the present embodiment chooses:
1)心脏相对重量1) Heart relative weight
心脏重量与体重的比值。The ratio of heart weight to body weight.
2)肝脏相对重量2) Liver relative weight
肝脏重量与体重的比值。Ratio of liver weight to body weight.
3)胫骨长3) tibia length
将润州凤头白鸭颈静脉放血屠宰之后统一分离左侧胫骨，然后用游标卡尺测量胫骨长度。The left tibia of Runzhou crested white duck was uniformly separated after jugular vein bleeding and slaughtered, and then the length of the tibia was measured with a vernier caliper.
4)龙骨长4) Keel length
参考NY/T823-2004用卡尺测量龙骨长度。Refer to NY/T823-2004 to measure keel length with calipers.
5)肌内脂肪5) Intramuscular fat
取胸肌样品15g左右，样品肌内脂肪含量(按肌肉干样计算)的测定按GB/T14772执行。About 15g of breast muscle sample is taken, and the determination of the intramuscular fat content of the sample (calculated by the dry muscle sample) is carried out according to GB/T14772.
2、用SPSS作各指标不同日龄的差异性分析：2. Use SPSS for the difference analysis of each index at different ages:
表1用SPSS作各指标不同日龄的差异性分析Table 1 Using SPSS for the difference analysis of each index at different ages
由表1可知，随日龄增长凤头鸭体重、肝脏生长指数、胫骨长、龙骨长都显著增加，其中胫骨长在7周龄时达到生长拐点，符合畜禽S型生长趋势；肝脏生长指数随日龄增长表现出显著下降趋势；心脏增长随日龄变化不大；龙骨长与肌内脂肪含量随日龄增长在缓慢增加，9周龄与43周龄差异不显著，即达到生长拐点。It can be seen from Table 1 that the body weight, liver growth index, tibia length and keel length of crested ducks increased significantly with age, and the tibia length reached the growth inflection point at 7 weeks of age, which was in line with the S-type growth trend of livestock and poultry; the liver growth index It showed a significant downward trend with age; heart growth did not change much with age; keel length and intramuscular fat content increased slowly with age, and the difference between 9 weeks and 43 weeks was not significant, that is, reaching the growth inflection point.
3、运用Curve Expert做出凤头鸭日龄相关指标最佳线性模型3. Use Curve Expert to make the best linear model for age-related indicators of crested ducks
表2凤头鸭日龄相关指标最佳线性模型Table 2 The best linear model for age-related indicators of crested ducks
运用Curve Expert分别做出体重、肝脏相对重量、胫骨长、龙骨长、肌内脂肪随日龄增加的生长模型，利用Hyperbolic Decline，Rational Model，Bleasdale，Bleasdale-YD模型来描述其动态变化过程，最终通过对比确定系数R2选出最佳线性模型，通过输入各种指标相应的X值可求出可靠的凤头白鸭日龄。Curve Expert was used to make growth models of body weight, relative liver weight, tibia length, keel length, and intramuscular fat with age, and Hyperbolic Decline, Rational Model, Bleasdale, and Bleasdale-YD models were used to describe the dynamic change process. The best linear model is selected by comparing the coefficient of determination R 2 , and the reliable age of the crested white duck can be obtained by inputting the corresponding X values of various indicators.
Claims (1)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811583531.2A CN109580926B (en) | 2018-12-24 | 2018-12-24 | Method for comprehensively identifying day age of Mount Ruizhou white ducks |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811583531.2A CN109580926B (en) | 2018-12-24 | 2018-12-24 | Method for comprehensively identifying day age of Mount Ruizhou white ducks |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN109580926A CN109580926A (en) | 2019-04-05 |
| CN109580926B true CN109580926B (en) | 2020-08-14 |
Family
ID=65931501
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811583531.2A Active CN109580926B (en) | 2018-12-24 | 2018-12-24 | Method for comprehensively identifying day age of Mount Ruizhou white ducks |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN109580926B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110129454A (en) * | 2019-05-13 | 2019-08-16 | 扬州大学 | A kind of white duck varieties identification method of Runzhou phoenix |
| CN111820184B (en) * | 2020-06-09 | 2022-01-11 | 扬州大学 | Method for determining optimal market-selling age of meat ducks |
| CN113564265A (en) * | 2021-08-27 | 2021-10-29 | 浙江省农业科学院 | Method for identifying age of duck based on quantitative PCR |
-
2018
- 2018-12-24 CN CN201811583531.2A patent/CN109580926B/en active Active
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 肉鸡肌肉、内脏和消化器官的生长规律;韩进城等;《饲料工业》;20141231(第10期);第27页-29页 * |
| 黑羽肉鸭不同屠宰日龄体尺性状分析;陈明银等;《湖北农业科学》;20150430;第54卷(第7期);第1644-1647页 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN109580926A (en) | 2019-04-05 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN109580926B (en) | Method for comprehensively identifying day age of Mount Ruizhou white ducks | |
| CN104950091A (en) | Method for quickly determining intramuscular fat content of fattening duroc landrace big white | |
| CN117665225A (en) | Method for constructing comprehensive evaluation of quality of black-mouth white-feather duck meat and novel comprehensive evaluation method | |
| Hankins et al. | Physical characteristics of hog carcasses | |
| CN105510573A (en) | Method for breeding Wuding chicken by blood biochemical markers based on growth axis related genes | |
| Knecht et al. | Variability of fresh pork belly quality evaluation results depends on measurement locations | |
| Wang et al. | Preliminary genetic parameter estimates of meat quality traits in Hu sheep | |
| CN103927453B (en) | A kind of feed essential amino acid harmony assessment model and method | |
| Jie et al. | Distinct patterns of feed intake and their association with growth performance in broilers | |
| Gornowicz et al. | The qualiTy of duck meaT from The perspecTive of physical measuremenTs and experT judgmenT | |
| Santos et al. | Carcass traits and growth curve parameters in Santa Inês sheep | |
| CN109287566A (en) | A method for estimating the meat production of breast muscles in live goose | |
| Hossein-Zadeh | A meta-analysis of genetic estimates for economically important traits in ducks | |
| Ruleva et al. | Nutritional value of rabbit meat | |
| Čobanović et al. | Horse carcass and meat quality—current knowledge and research gaps | |
| CN107456245A (en) | A kind of goose liveweight evaluation method based on body surface mensurable characters | |
| Souza et al. | Influence of fat level reduction in the drying of Italian salami | |
| Assan | Genotype and sex influencing dressing percentage, carcass parameters and meat quality properties in indigenous chickens | |
| Ikonić et al. | Drying characteristics of traditional fermented sausage Petrovská klobása-the effect of different ripening conditions and use of starter culture | |
| GHOMSI et al. | Comparison of carcass and meat sensory quality of Bandjock local and Crossbred Pigs. | |
| Sinclair et al. | Some observations on carcass quality in the bacon hog | |
| CN119250597A (en) | A comprehensive evaluation method for the quality of recombinant foie gras products | |
| CN103257210B (en) | Method for calculating pasture proportion in daily ration of meat goose | |
| Souza et al. | Equations of prediction for abdominal fat in brown egg-laying hens fed different diets | |
| CN119989196A (en) | Grading evaluation method for fish eating quality |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| TR01 | Transfer of patent right | ||
| TR01 | Transfer of patent right |
Effective date of registration: 20220110 Address after: 225009 No. 88, South University Road, Jiangsu, Yangzhou Patentee after: YANGZHOU University Patentee after: Zhenjiang Tiancheng Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd Address before: 225009 No. 88, South University Road, Jiangsu, Yangzhou Patentee before: YANGZHOU University |