CN109576565A - A kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase - Google Patents
A kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN109576565A CN109576565A CN201811602680.9A CN201811602680A CN109576565A CN 109576565 A CN109576565 A CN 109576565A CN 201811602680 A CN201811602680 A CN 201811602680A CN 109576565 A CN109576565 A CN 109576565A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- crankcase
- axis hole
- casting
- endurance
- sand
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/22—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings
- B22C9/24—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings for hollow articles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
- C22C37/10—Cast-iron alloys containing aluminium or silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/24—Nitriding
- C23C8/26—Nitriding of ferrous surfaces
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase, the specific steps are as follows: mold production: using core box mold by the production of fire clay precoated sand in several loam cores of crankcase；Two sand molds are made using resin sand；Smelting and pouring: small-bore sand casting is used first, places into the type chamber of large aperture and carries out reaming；Casting cleaning: extra corner angle are first cut；It is roughly ground again；Finally refined；Heat treating castings: shove charge, heating furnace are passed through ammonia, ignition while heating；Ethyl alcohol is instilled during burning；Come out of the stove it is air-cooled after workpiece immersed into aqueous rust preventive, endurance crankcase is made.Present invention process improves the closeness of axis hole surrounding metal by carrying out reaming to not solidified axis hole, to improve the endurance life of crankcase, avoids the phenomenon that shrinkage porosite phenomenon leads to crackle；And the heat treatment mode of tufftride improves crankcase high temperature resistant, crocking resistance, effectively extends the service life of crankcase.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to crankcase manufacturing process technology field more particularly to a kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase.
Background technique
Crankcase plays a key role in the transmission process of engine, and the axis hole precision of crankcase directly influences
Performance, precision and the service life of engine.In the casting process of prior art crankcase, since crankcase thick and thin wall intersection is cooling
Speed is uneven, causes the reinforcing rib of crankcase and thick, thin-walled junction easily to generate shrinkage porosite, in addition since the active force of axis makes
It obtains the stress carried around the axis hole on crankcase and is greater than other cabinet positions, therefore the box portion on axis hole periphery is easy
Fatigue damage, processing finished product is opened in use for some time to be cracked, and is led to permeability even serious oil leak, is shortened entire song
The service life of axle box.
Summary of the invention
Present invention seek to address that the deficiencies in the prior art, and a kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase is provided.
The present invention to achieve the above object, using following technical scheme:
A kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase, casting use the parts by weight of each element in molten iron as follows:
95-100 parts of iron,
3.1-3.5 parts of carbon,
0.5-0.7 parts of titanium,
1.8-2.4 parts of silicon,
1.8-2.3 parts of manganese；
Specific step is as follows:
Step 1, mold production:
Using core box mold by the production of fire clay precoated sand in several loam cores of crankcase, sulfur type coating pair is hindered with alcohol radical
Loam core carries out dip-coating, and baking oven is put into after to be coated and carries out drying and processing；Two sand molds are made using resin sand, with being formed after mould mould assembling
Resin bonded sand mould；The diameter of the crankcase axis hole of one of sand mold is made less than design diameter value and is greater than 1/3 design directly
The diameter of diameter value, the crankcase axis hole of another sand mold is manufactured into design diameter value；
Step 2, smelting and pouring:
First use the lesser sand casting in crankcase axis hole aperture, 1380-1450 DEG C of pouring temperature, the duration of pouring≤
8min；When the also not solidification completely of the liquid metals in mold cavity, tank body blank taking-up is put into another crankcase axis
Hole aperture meets in the type chamber of design value, and carries out reaming to axis hole；
Step 3, casting cleaning:
The extra corner angle in the edge of the riser and crankcase casting ontology that cut crankcase casting first；Crankcase is cast again
The spue line of part ontology surrounding, parting line, core print fash and riser edge are roughly ground；Finally using small sanding machine to crankcase
It is refined at the die joint and core print fash of casting ontology, while to the scab of crankcase casting body surface and inner cavity, knot
Scar, overlap, burr are handled；
Step 4, heat treating castings:
Shove charge after crankcase bodies are cleaned with gasoline, heating furnace are passed through ammonia while heating, and the flow for being passed through ammonia is
180-220L/h, heating furnace stop heating after being warming up to 565-575 DEG C；The spiral cover on heating furnace is reached later straight-through, igniting
Burning；Ethyl alcohol is instilled with the speed of 40-60d/min during burning；And regulating cock makes furnace pressure 40-45mm Gao Shui
Column is come out of the stove after constant temperature 180-240min；Come out of the stove it is air-cooled after will crankcase bodies immerse aqueous rust preventive 3min after take out, be made endurance
Crankcase.
Preferably, packet mouth is directed at sprue cup when being poured in step 2 and molten iron must not stop, while paying attention to pushing off the slag bleed.
Preferably, the not solidified metal on axis hole periphery is squeezed to axis hole four using countersinking stick when reaming in step 2
Week diffusion, so that the density metal of axis hole surrounding is more intensive compared with other positions.
Preferably, in the cutting process of step 3, cutting sheet is located at crankcase casting ontology 1-2mm.
Preferably, before coming out of the stove in step 4, exhaust gas in furnace once, is passed through burning and exhausting by palpus ignition after bell rises
It goes out.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are: present invention process is improved around axis hole by carrying out reaming to not solidified axis hole
The closeness of metal avoids the phenomenon that shrinkage porosite phenomenon leads to crackle to improve the endurance life of crankcase；And it is soft
The heat treatment mode of nitridation improves crankcase high temperature resistant, crocking resistance, effectively extends the service life of crankcase.
Specific embodiment
Below with reference to embodiment, the invention will be further described:
A kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase, casting use the parts by weight of each element in molten iron as follows:
95-100 parts of iron,
3.1-3.5 parts of carbon,
0.5-0.7 parts of titanium,
1.8-2.4 parts of silicon,
1.8-2.3 parts of manganese；
Specific step is as follows:
Step 1, mold production:
Using core box mold by the production of fire clay precoated sand in several loam cores of crankcase, sulfur type coating pair is hindered with alcohol radical
Loam core carries out dip-coating, and baking oven is put into after to be coated and carries out drying and processing；Two sand molds are made using resin sand, with being formed after mould mould assembling
Resin bonded sand mould；The diameter of the crankcase axis hole of one of sand mold is made less than design diameter value and is greater than 1/3 design directly
The diameter of diameter value, the crankcase axis hole of another sand mold is manufactured into design diameter value；
Step 2, smelting and pouring:
First use the lesser sand casting in crankcase axis hole aperture, 1380-1450 DEG C of pouring temperature, the duration of pouring≤
8min；When the also not solidification completely of the liquid metals in mold cavity, tank body blank taking-up is put into another crankcase axis
Hole aperture meets in the type chamber of design value, and carries out reaming to axis hole；
Step 3, casting cleaning:
The extra corner angle in the edge of the riser and crankcase casting ontology that cut crankcase casting first；Crankcase is cast again
The spue line of part ontology surrounding, parting line, core print fash and riser edge are roughly ground；Finally using small sanding machine to crankcase
It is refined at the die joint and core print fash of casting ontology, while to the scab of crankcase casting body surface and inner cavity, knot
Scar, overlap, burr are handled；
Step 4, heat treating castings:
Shove charge after crankcase bodies are cleaned with gasoline, heating furnace are passed through ammonia while heating, and the flow for being passed through ammonia is
180-220L/h, heating furnace stop heating after being warming up to 565-575 DEG C；The spiral cover on heating furnace is reached later straight-through, igniting
Burning；Ethyl alcohol is instilled with the speed of 40-60d/min during burning；And regulating cock makes furnace pressure 40-45mm Gao Shui
Column is come out of the stove after constant temperature 180-240min；Come out of the stove it is air-cooled after will crankcase bodies immerse aqueous rust preventive 3min after take out, be made endurance
Crankcase.
Preferably, packet mouth is directed at sprue cup when being poured in step 2 and molten iron must not stop, while paying attention to pushing off the slag bleed.
Preferably, the not solidified metal on axis hole periphery is squeezed to axis hole four using countersinking stick when reaming in step 2
Week diffusion, so that the density metal of axis hole surrounding is more intensive compared with other positions.
Preferably, in the cutting process of step 3, cutting sheet is located at crankcase casting ontology 1-2mm.
Preferably, before coming out of the stove in step 4, exhaust gas in furnace once, is passed through burning and exhausting by palpus ignition after bell rises
It goes out.
Present invention process improves the closeness of axis hole surrounding metal by carrying out reaming to not solidified axis hole, to mention
The high endurance life of crankcase, avoids the phenomenon that shrinkage porosite phenomenon leads to crackle；And the heat treatment mode of tufftride mentions
High crankcase high temperature resistant, crocking resistance, effectively extend the service life of crankcase.
Embodiment one
A kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase, casting use the parts by weight of each element in molten iron as follows:
95 parts of iron,
3.1 parts of carbon,
0.5 part of titanium,
1.8 parts of silicon,
1.8 parts of manganese；
Specific step is as follows:
Step 1, mold production:
Using core box mold by the production of fire clay precoated sand in several loam cores of crankcase, sulfur type coating pair is hindered with alcohol radical
Loam core carries out dip-coating, and baking oven is put into after to be coated and carries out drying and processing；Two sand molds are made using resin sand, with being formed after mould mould assembling
Resin bonded sand mould；The diameter manufacture of the crankcase axis hole of one of sand mold is at the 2/3 of design diameter value, the song of another sand mold
The diameter of axle box axis hole is manufactured into design diameter value；
Step 2, smelting and pouring:
First use the lesser sand casting in crankcase axis hole aperture, 1380 DEG C of pouring temperature, duration of pouring 8min；To
When liquid metals in mold cavity does not solidify also completely, tank body blank taking-up is put into another crankcase axis hole aperture symbol
In the type chamber for closing design value, and reaming is carried out to axis hole；
Step 3, casting cleaning:
The extra corner angle in the edge of the riser and crankcase casting ontology that cut crankcase casting first；Crankcase is cast again
The spue line of part ontology surrounding, parting line, core print fash and riser edge are roughly ground；Finally using small sanding machine to crankcase
It is refined at the die joint and core print fash of casting ontology, while to the scab of crankcase casting body surface and inner cavity, knot
Scar, overlap, burr are handled；
Step 4, heat treating castings:
Shove charge after crankcase bodies are cleaned with gasoline, heating furnace are passed through ammonia while heating, and the flow for being passed through ammonia is
180L/h, heating furnace stop heating after being warming up to 565 DEG C；The spiral cover on heating furnace is reached straight-through, ignition later；Burning
During ethyl alcohol instilled with the speed of 40d/min；And regulating cock, makes furnace pressure 40mm high water column, after constant temperature 180min
It comes out of the stove；Come out of the stove it is air-cooled after will crankcase bodies immerse aqueous rust preventive 3min after take out, be made endurance crankcase.
Preferably, packet mouth is directed at sprue cup when being poured in step 2 and molten iron must not stop, while paying attention to pushing off the slag bleed.
Preferably, the not solidified metal on axis hole periphery is squeezed to axis hole four using countersinking stick when reaming in step 2
Week diffusion, so that the density metal of axis hole surrounding is more intensive compared with other positions.
Preferably, in the cutting process of step 3, cutting sheet is located at crankcase casting ontology 1mm.
Preferably, before coming out of the stove in step 4, exhaust gas in furnace once, is passed through burning and exhausting by palpus ignition after bell rises
It goes out.
Embodiment two
A kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase, casting use the parts by weight of each element in molten iron as follows:
100 parts of iron,
3.5 parts of carbon,
0.7 part of titanium,
2.4 parts of silicon,
2.3 parts of manganese；
Specific step is as follows:
Step 1, mold production:
Using core box mold by the production of fire clay precoated sand in several loam cores of crankcase, sulfur type coating pair is hindered with alcohol radical
Loam core carries out dip-coating, and baking oven is put into after to be coated and carries out drying and processing；Two sand molds are made using resin sand, with being formed after mould mould assembling
Resin bonded sand mould；The 2/3 of the diameter designing for manufacturing diameter value of the crankcase axis hole of one of sand mold, the crankshaft of another sand mold
The diameter of cabinet axis hole is manufactured into design diameter value；
Step 2, smelting and pouring:
First use the lesser sand casting in crankcase axis hole aperture, 1450 DEG C of pouring temperature, duration of pouring 8min；To
When liquid metals in mold cavity does not solidify also completely, tank body blank taking-up is put into another crankcase axis hole aperture symbol
In the type chamber for closing design value, and reaming is carried out to axis hole；
Step 3, casting cleaning:
The extra corner angle in the edge of the riser and crankcase casting ontology that cut crankcase casting first；Crankcase is cast again
The spue line of part ontology surrounding, parting line, core print fash and riser edge are roughly ground；Finally using small sanding machine to crankcase
It is refined at the die joint and core print fash of casting ontology, while to the scab of crankcase casting body surface and inner cavity, knot
Scar, overlap, burr are handled；
Step 4, heat treating castings:
Shove charge after crankcase bodies are cleaned with gasoline, heating furnace are passed through ammonia while heating, and the flow for being passed through ammonia is
220L/h, heating furnace stop heating after being warming up to 575 DEG C；The spiral cover on heating furnace is reached straight-through, ignition later；Burning
During ethyl alcohol instilled with the speed of 60d/min；And regulating cock, makes furnace pressure 45mm high water column, after constant temperature 240min
It comes out of the stove；Come out of the stove it is air-cooled after will crankcase bodies immerse aqueous rust preventive 3min after take out, be made endurance crankcase.
Preferably, packet mouth is directed at sprue cup when being poured in step 2 and molten iron must not stop, while paying attention to pushing off the slag bleed.
Preferably, the not solidified metal on axis hole periphery is squeezed to axis hole four using countersinking stick when reaming in step 2
Week diffusion, so that the density metal of axis hole surrounding is more intensive compared with other positions.
Preferably, in the cutting process of step 3, cutting sheet is located at crankcase casting ontology 2mm.
Preferably, before coming out of the stove in step 4, exhaust gas in furnace once, is passed through burning and exhausting by palpus ignition after bell rises
It goes out.
Embodiment three
A kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase, casting use the parts by weight of each element in molten iron as follows:
98 parts of iron,
3.4 parts of carbon,
0.6 part of titanium,
1.9 parts of silicon,
1.9 parts of manganese；
Specific step is as follows:
Step 1, mold production:
Using core box mold by the production of fire clay precoated sand in several loam cores of crankcase, sulfur type coating pair is hindered with alcohol radical
Loam core carries out dip-coating, and baking oven is put into after to be coated and carries out drying and processing；Two sand molds are made using resin sand, with being formed after mould mould assembling
Resin bonded sand mould；The diameter manufacture of the crankcase axis hole of one of sand mold is at the 2/3 of design diameter value, the song of another sand mold
The diameter of axle box axis hole is manufactured into design diameter value；
Step 2, smelting and pouring:
First use the lesser sand casting in crankcase axis hole aperture, 1390 DEG C of pouring temperature, duration of pouring 7min；To
When liquid metals in mold cavity does not solidify also completely, tank body blank taking-up is put into another crankcase axis hole aperture symbol
In the type chamber for closing design value, and reaming is carried out to axis hole；
Step 3, casting cleaning:
The extra corner angle in the edge of the riser and crankcase casting ontology that cut crankcase casting first；Crankcase is cast again
The spue line of part ontology surrounding, parting line, core print fash and riser edge are roughly ground；Finally using small sanding machine to crankcase
It is refined at the die joint and core print fash of casting ontology, while to the scab of crankcase casting body surface and inner cavity, knot
Scar, overlap, burr are handled；
Step 4, heat treating castings:
Shove charge after crankcase bodies are cleaned with gasoline, heating furnace are passed through ammonia while heating, and the flow for being passed through ammonia is
190L/h, heating furnace stop heating after being warming up to 570 DEG C；The spiral cover on heating furnace is reached straight-through, ignition later；Burning
During ethyl alcohol instilled with the speed of 50d/min；And regulating cock, makes furnace pressure 42mm high water column, after constant temperature 185min
It comes out of the stove；Come out of the stove it is air-cooled after will crankcase bodies immerse aqueous rust preventive 3min after take out, be made endurance crankcase.
Preferably, packet mouth is directed at sprue cup when being poured in step 2 and molten iron must not stop, while paying attention to pushing off the slag bleed.
Preferably, the not solidified metal on axis hole periphery is squeezed to axis hole four using countersinking stick when reaming in step 2
Week diffusion, so that the density metal of axis hole surrounding is more intensive compared with other positions.
Preferably, in the cutting process of step 3, cutting sheet is located at crankcase casting ontology 1.5mm.
Preferably, before coming out of the stove in step 4, exhaust gas in furnace once, is passed through burning and exhausting by palpus ignition after bell rises
It goes out.
The present invention is exemplarily described above in conjunction with specific embodiment, it is clear that the present invention implements not by upper
The limitation of mode is stated, as long as using the various improvement that the inventive concept and technical scheme of the present invention carry out, or not improved straight
It scoops out for other occasions, it is within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase, which is characterized in that the parts by weight of each element are as follows in casting molten iron:
95-100 parts of iron,
3.1-3.5 parts of carbon,
0.5-0.7 parts of titanium,
1.8-2.4 parts of silicon,
1.8-2.3 parts of manganese；
Specific step is as follows:
Step 1, mold production:
Using core box mold by the production of fire clay precoated sand in several loam cores of crankcase, with alcohol radical resistance sulfur type coating to loam core
Dip-coating is carried out, baking oven is put into after to be coated and carries out drying and processing；Two sand molds are made using resin sand, with forming resin after mould mould assembling
Sand mold；The diameter of the crankcase axis hole of one of sand mold is made less than design diameter value and is greater than 1/3 design diameter value,
The diameter of the crankcase axis hole of another sand mold is manufactured into design diameter value；
Step 2, smelting and pouring:
First use the lesser sand casting in crankcase axis hole aperture, 1380-1450 DEG C of pouring temperature, the duration of pouring≤
8min；When the also not solidification completely of the liquid metals in mold cavity, tank body blank taking-up is put into another crankcase axis
Hole aperture meets in the type chamber of design value, and carries out reaming to axis hole；
Step 3, casting cleaning:
The extra corner angle in the edge of the riser and crankcase casting ontology that cut crankcase casting first；Again to crankcase casting sheet
The spue line of body surrounding, parting line, core print fash and riser edge are roughly ground；Finally using small sanding machine to crankcase casting
Refined at the die joint and core print fash of ontology, at the same to the scab of crankcase casting body surface and inner cavity, scab, fly
Side, burr are handled；
Step 4, heat treating castings:
Shove charge after crankcase bodies are cleaned with gasoline, heating furnace are passed through ammonia while heating, and the flow for being passed through ammonia is 180-
220L/h, heating furnace stop heating after being warming up to 565-575 DEG C；The spiral cover on heating furnace is reached straight-through, ignition later；
Ethyl alcohol is instilled with the speed of 40-60d/min during burning；And regulating cock makes furnace pressure 40-45mm high water column, permanent
It comes out of the stove after warm 180-240min；Come out of the stove it is air-cooled after will crankcase bodies immerse aqueous rust preventive 3min after take out, be made endurance crankshaft
Case.
2. the manufacturing process of endurance crankcase according to claim 1, which is characterized in that packet mouth when being poured in step 2
It is directed at sprue cup and molten iron must not stop, while paying attention to pushing off the slag bleed.
3. the manufacturing process of endurance crankcase according to claim 1, which is characterized in that used when reaming in step 2
Countersinking stick squeeze axis hole periphery not solidified metal to axis hole surrounding spread so that the density metal of axis hole surrounding compared with
Other positions are more intensive.
4. the manufacturing process of endurance crankcase according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the cutting process of step 3
In, cutting sheet is located at crankcase casting ontology 1-2mm.
5. the manufacturing process of endurance crankcase according to claim 1, which is characterized in that before coming out of the stove in step 4, furnace
Palpus ignition once, is gone out exhaust gas in furnace by burning and exhausting after lid rises.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811602680.9A CN109576565A (en) | 2018-12-26 | 2018-12-26 | A kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811602680.9A CN109576565A (en) | 2018-12-26 | 2018-12-26 | A kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN109576565A true CN109576565A (en) | 2019-04-05 |
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ID=65932864
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| CN201811602680.9A Pending CN109576565A (en) | 2018-12-26 | 2018-12-26 | A kind of manufacturing process of endurance crankcase |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111519129A (en) * | 2020-05-07 | 2020-08-11 | 徐州万达回转支承有限公司 | Rotation-driven surface soft nitriding chemical heat treatment strengthening method |
-
2018
- 2018-12-26 CN CN201811602680.9A patent/CN109576565A/en active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111519129A (en) * | 2020-05-07 | 2020-08-11 | 徐州万达回转支承有限公司 | Rotation-driven surface soft nitriding chemical heat treatment strengthening method |
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Application publication date: 20190405 |
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