CN109543254A - A kind of groups of building fire three-dimensional sprawling analogy method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of groups of building fire three-dimensional sprawling analogy method, belongs to civil engineering and prevents and reduces natural disasters technical field.This method initially sets up inside fire progressions model, then establishes three-dimensional fire spread model between building, finally carries out the simulation of groups of building fire spread.Indoors in fire development model, fire development is divided into 4 stages: it is on fire, with a loud crash, sufficiently develop, decay, this 4 stages are described using temperature and heat release rate curve, different types of structure uses different parameters of curve；Three-dimensional fire spread model is made of radiation model, Thermal plume model and ignition condition between building, and wherein heat radiation and the calculating of Thermal plume are based on three-dimensional system of coordinate；The simulation of groups of building fire spread refers to the fire spread situation in conjunction with fire spread modeling groups of building three-dimensional between inside fire progressions model and building.The present invention is contemplated that the influence that dimensional topography spreads building fire, provides sprawling coverage, provides important decision reference for fire rescue and prevention.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of civil engineering disaster prevention and reduction, in particular to a building group fire three-dimensional spread simulation method.
Background
The building is a main place for production and life of people and a place with highly concentrated wealth, and once a fire spreading accident of the building occurs, serious economic loss and casualties can be caused. In recent years, many serious fire spread accidents of building groups occur, for example, in 2014, the fire of Shangri-La-Duke ancient city has the burning loss of 59980.66 square meters and the economic loss of 8983.93 ten thousand yuan. The building group fire simulation can provide a detailed process of fire spreading, measures such as fire hidden danger screening, fire prevention isolation and the like can be pertinently developed according to a simulation result, the possibility of large-area fire spreading is reduced, and the method has great significance for preventing the building group fire spreading.
At present, building group fire spread is mainly based on GIS two-dimensional fire spread, for example, Xiasai Yang and the like, on the basis of summarizing the experience of people before, research is carried out on fire risk simulation, possible ignition point simulation, simulation of fire spread range and dynamic simulation of a fire spread process of buildings in an earthquake city after earthquake, and an earthquake secondary fire spread simulation system based on GIS is developed (Xiasai Yang, Aizhu, GIS-based earthquake secondary fire dynamic spread simulation [ J ]. China engineering science 2007, 8: 82-87.). The two-dimensional fire spreading cannot consider the elevation difference of the terrain where the building is located, and the accuracy of a fire simulation result can be influenced.
The invention discloses a building group fire three-dimensional spreading simulation method which is suitable for simulating a building fire with small plane change, can also consider the elevation of the terrain where a building is located, is suitable for an area with obvious elevation change and has better applicability.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a three-dimensional spreading simulation method for a fire disaster of a building group.
The method comprises the following steps:
firstly, establishing an indoor fire development model, then establishing a three-dimensional fire spread model between buildings, and finally performing fire spread simulation of a building group; wherein the indoor fire development model comprises a temperature-time curve and a heat release rate-time curve; the three-dimensional fire spreading model between buildings comprises a thermal radiation model, a thermal plume model and an ignition condition; and simulating the fire spread of the building group by combining an indoor fire development model and an inter-building three-dimensional fire spread model.
The development of the fire is divided into 4 stages in an indoor fire development model: fire, bombing, fully developed and attenuated; describing the development process of the indoor fire by adopting a temperature-time curve and a heat release rate-time curve of 4 stages; different curve parameters are respectively adopted for the wood structure, the fireproof structure and the fireproof structure.
The heat radiation model is:
wherein ,is the intensity of heat radiation (kW/m) emitted by a building on fire2) S is an angle coefficient, k is the proportion of the area of all opening outsourcing rectangles of the outer wall to the total area of the outer wall,is a conversion factor of total radiation intensity after removing flame and outer wall radiation, and is obtainedSigma is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and the value is 5.667 multiplied by 10-11kW/m2K，TOThe temperature (K) of the building room is the temperature of the fire.
The angle coefficient calculation formula is as follows:
s＝1/π(l2+h2)
wherein l is the distance between the ignition building and the target building in the horizontal direction, and h is the height difference between the ignition building and the target building in the vertical direction; the calculation method of h is as follows: the highest point of the target building is lower than the lowest point of the ignition building, and the height difference is the height difference between the highest point of the target building and the lowest point of the ignition building; the highest point of the target building is higher than the lowest point of the fire building, the lowest point is lower than the lowest point of the fire building, and the height difference is 0; the highest point of the target building is higher than the highest point of the ignition building, the lowest point of the target building is lower than the most point of the ignition building, and the height difference is also 0; the lowest point of the target building is higher than the highest point of the fire building, and the height difference is the height difference between the lowest point of the target building and the highest point of the fire building.
Temperature delta T of target building at plume axis projection point in thermal plume model0The calculation formula is as follows:
wherein z is the projection of the target building on the plume axis of the firing building to the firing building distance, QcTo calculate the heat release rate (kW) of a building on fire at the moment,
the temperature Δ t (r) of the downwind building rise is calculated as:
ΔT(r)/ΔT0＝exp[-β(r/It)2]
wherein r is the projection distance of the target building on the plume axis of the fire building to the target building, β is the ratio of the temperature half width to the velocity half width, ltIs gaussian half width (m); ltAnd β are both empirical parameters, ltValues of 0.1z and β values of 1.0.
Ignition conditions were judged as follows: whether the target building is ignited or not is judged according to the heat flux received by the window and the wall of the building, and the larger value of the heat flux received by the window and the heat flux received by the wall exceeds the limit heat radiation flux of the target building, so that the building is considered to be on fire;
the heat flux received by the window and the wall is calculated by a function of the calculated values of the heat radiation and the heat plume, and the specific formula is as follows:
Tq＝T∞+ΔT(r)
wherein ,QdHeat flux received for window (kW/m)2) The value of sigma is 5.667 multiplied by 10-11kW/m2K，TqIs the temperature (K) of the target building under the action of the thermal plume of the fire-initiating building,is the intensity of the heat radiation emitted by the building on fire, T∞Is the outdoor ambient temperature (K), QwHeat flux (kW/m) received by the wall2) W is the external wall emission coefficient, and w is 0.9, hwIs the heat exchange of the building outer wall hw＝0.23。
The limit heat radiation flux of the target building is 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 (kW/m) according to the humidity2) One of them.
The technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the scheme, a detailed fire spreading process can be given, measures such as fire hazard screening, fire prevention isolation and the like can be pertinently developed according to a simulation result, the possibility of large-area fire spreading is reduced, and important decision reference is provided for fire rescue and prevention. The invention can be suitable for the fire simulation of the building with small plane change, can also consider the elevation of the terrain where the building is positioned, is suitable for the area with obvious elevation change, and has better applicability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for simulating the three-dimensional spread of a fire in a building group according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a temperature-time curve of the development of a fire in a building room;
FIG. 3 is a heat release rate versus time curve for the development of a fire in a building room;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a method for calculating the vertical height difference between a fire building and a target building;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a model for calculating the temperature of an inclined thermal plume axis under the action of wind;
FIG. 6 is a graph of building distribution, elevation information, and location of a fired building in an example;
fig. 7 is a graph comparing the result of the propagation simulation with the actual fire situation.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the following detailed description is given with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
The invention provides a building group fire three-dimensional spread simulation method, as shown in figure 1, the method comprises the following steps:
firstly, establishing an indoor fire development model, then establishing a three-dimensional fire spread model between buildings, and finally performing fire spread simulation of a building group; wherein the indoor fire development model comprises a temperature-time curve and a heat release rate-time curve; the three-dimensional fire spreading model between buildings comprises a thermal radiation model, a thermal plume model and an ignition condition; and simulating the fire spread of the building group by combining an indoor fire development model and an inter-building three-dimensional fire spread model.
1 indoor fire development model
(1) Indoor fire development model:
indoor fire development can be divided into 4 stages: fire, bombing, fully developed and attenuated.
Using 4 stages (t)1,t2,t3,t4) The temperature-time curve and the heat release rate-time curve describe the development process of the indoor fire, and are respectively shown in fig. 2 and 3, wherein the peak value of the temperature curve is taken at 800-1200 ℃, and the peak value of the heat release rate is taken at 40-50 MW; for wood structure, fire-proof structure and fire-resistant structure, different curve parameters (t) are adopted1,t2,t3,t4) As shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 time parameter of indoor fire development model of single building
2 three-dimensional fire spreading model between buildings
The three-dimensional fire spreading model between buildings comprises a thermal radiation model, a thermal plume model and an ignition condition.
1) Heat radiation model
The thermal radiation model for spreading between two buildings is as follows:
wherein ,is the intensity of heat radiation (kW/m) emitted by a building on fire2) S is an angle coefficient, k is the proportion of the area of all opening outsourcing rectangles of the outer wall to the total area of the outer wall,is a conversion factor of total radiation intensity after removing flame and outer wall radiation, and is obtainedSigma is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and is 5.667 × 10-11kW/m2K，TOThe temperature (K) of the building room is the temperature of the fire. The angle coefficient calculation formula is as follows:
s＝1/π(l2+h2)
wherein, l is the distance between the fire building and the target building in the horizontal direction, and h is the height difference with the vertical direction.
The calculation method for calculating the height difference between the fire building and the target building in the vertical direction is shown in fig. 4. The highest point of the target building A is lower than the lowest point of the firing building, and the height difference is the height difference between the highest point of the target building A and the lowest point of the firing building; the highest point of the target building B is higher than the lowest point of the ignition building, the lowest point is lower than the lowest point of the ignition building, and the height difference is 0; the highest point of the target building C is higher than the highest point of the ignition building, the lowest point of the target building C is lower than the most point of the ignition building, and the height difference is also 0; the lowest point of the target building D is higher than the highest point of the fire building, and the height difference is the height difference between the lowest point of the building and the highest point of the fire building.
2) Thermal plume model
Under the action of wind power, the influence range of a fire building can be divided into three areas: a fire zone (Region I), a discontinuous fire zone (Region II), and a hot smoke zone (Region III), as shown in FIG. 5. Assume that the calculated point coordinates of the target building are (x)1,y1H) the coordinates of the calculated point of the fire building are (x)2,y20), the length l and radius r of the plume influence range can be calculated by the following formula:
wherein vx and vyWind difference is wind x and y direction components; θ is the angle of inclination of the thermal plume, k is a coefficient of calculation, and can be determined by the following equation:
tanθ＝01[U∞/(Q·g/ρ∞CpT∞)1/3]-3/4
q is the heat release rate per unit length (kW); a. theBIs the floor plan area (m) of the building on fire2)；U∞Ambient wind speed (m/s); rho∝Is the density of the surrounding air (kg/m)3)；CpIs the specific heat of the hot flue gas (kJ/kg. K); t is∞Is the temperature (K) of the surroundings; qcThe heat release rate (kW) of the building that is on fire at the moment is calculated.
The thermal plume model of the building room mainly calculates the temperature rise of the target building in the downwind direction of the burning building due to the hot smoke. Temperature delta T of target building at plume axis projection point0The calculation formula is as follows:
the temperature Δ t (r) of the downwind building rise is calculated as:
ΔT(r)/ΔT0＝exp[-β(r/lt)2]
wherein β is the ratio of the temperature half width to the speed half widthtIs gaussian half width (m); ltAnd β are both empirical parameters, ltValues of 0.1z and β values of 1.0.
3) Ignition conditions
Whether the target architect is ignited or not can be judged according to the heat flux measurement size received by a window and a wall of the building, the heat flux received by the window and the wall is a function of the calculated values of heat radiation and heat plume, and the specific formula is as follows:
Tq＝T∞+ΔT(r)
Qdheat flux received for window (kW/m)2) The value of sigma is 5.667 multiplied by 10-11kW/m2K，TqIs the temperature (K) of the target building under the action of the thermal plume of the fire-initiating building,is the intensity of the heat radiation emitted by the building on fire, T∞Is the outdoor ambient temperature (K), QwHeat flux (kW/m) received by the wall2) W is the external wall emission coefficient, and w is 0.9, hwIs the heat exchange of the building outer wall hw＝0.23。
When Q isd and QwThe larger value exceeds the limit heat radiation flux of the target building, and the building is considered to be on fire. The thermal limit flux is 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 (kW/m) according to the humidity2)。
3 building group fire spreading simulation
The indoor fire development model is adopted to simulate the fire spreading condition in the building, and the three-dimensional fire spreading model between the buildings is adopted to simulate the fire spreading condition between the buildings, so that the three-dimensional fire spreading simulation of the building group is realized.
The following description is given with reference to specific examples.
18 th 20 th 2 th month in 2016, the Guizhou Dongyan Dong nationality of Jianhe county in Cen Song town Hoquan village generated village fire. According to statistics, the fire causes more than 60 houses to be burnt out, and nearly 2/3 emulates are destroyed. When a fire disaster happens, the temperature is 6-16 ℃, breeze is breeze, and the wind direction is northeast.
The indoor fire development model is adopted to simulate the fire spreading condition in the building, and the three-dimensional fire spreading model between the buildings is adopted to simulate the fire spreading condition between the buildings, so that the three-dimensional fire spreading simulation of the building group is realized. According to the model of the invention, a building group fire spread simulation program is developed by relying on a GIS platform and is used for the fire spread simulation of the accident.
The area building distribution, elevation information, and fire building are shown in fig. 6. The building height is increased from south to north. The buildings are all wood structures, so the fire spread parameters in the buildings take values according to the table 1 of the invention. The building height information is used to calculate the inter-building height difference for calculating the thermal radiation and thermal plume of the burning building. The heat limit flux of ignition is 16kW/m according to the humidity condition of fire2. The simulation method is utilized to simulate, and the burning time is simulated for 5 hours by referring to the actual fire accident.
The simulation results are shown in fig. 7, and it can be seen that the combustion building area obtained by the simulation is mostly overlapped with the building area actually burned, which also proves the usability of the method of the present invention. Moreover, the building area has height difference, and the method is more suitable for the three-dimensional spreading simulation method.
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. A building group fire three-dimensional spreading simulation method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
firstly, establishing an indoor fire development model, then establishing a three-dimensional fire spread model between buildings, and finally performing fire spread simulation of a building group; wherein the indoor fire development model comprises a temperature-time curve and a heat release rate-time curve; the three-dimensional fire spreading model between buildings comprises a thermal radiation model, a thermal plume model and an ignition condition; and simulating the fire spread of the building group by combining an indoor fire development model and an inter-building three-dimensional fire spread model.
2. The method for simulating the three-dimensional spread of a fire in a building group according to claim 1, wherein: the indoor fire development model divides the fire development into 4 stages: fire, bombing, fully developed and attenuated; describing the development process of the indoor fire by adopting a temperature-time curve and a heat release rate-time curve of 4 stages; different curve parameters are respectively adopted for the wood structure, the fireproof structure and the fireproof structure.
3. The method for simulating the three-dimensional spread of a fire in a building group according to claim 1, wherein: the thermal radiation model is as follows:
wherein ,is the intensity of heat radiation emitted by a fire building in kW/m2(ii) a s is an angular coefficient; k is the proportion of the area of all the openings of the outer wall wrapped by rectangles to the total area of the outer wall;is a conversion factor of total radiation intensity after removing flame and outer wall radiation, and is obtainedSigma is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and is 5.667 × 10-11kW/m2K；ToThe temperature in the building room is the temperature in the fire, K.
4. The method for simulating the three-dimensional spread of a fire in a building group according to claim 3, wherein: the angle coefficient calculation formula is as follows:
s＝1/π(l2+h2)
wherein l is the distance between the ignition building and the target building in the horizontal direction, and h is the height difference between the ignition building and the target building in the vertical direction; the calculation method of h is as follows: the highest point of the target building is lower than the lowest point of the ignition building, and the height difference is the height difference between the highest point of the target building and the lowest point of the ignition building; the highest point of the target building is higher than the lowest point of the fire building, the lowest point is lower than the lowest point of the fire building, and the height difference is 0; the highest point of the target building is higher than the highest point of the ignition building, the lowest point of the target building is lower than the most point of the ignition building, and the height difference is also 0; the lowest point of the target building is higher than the highest point of the fire building, and the height difference is the height difference between the lowest point of the target building and the highest point of the fire building.
5. The method for simulating the three-dimensional spread of a fire in a building group according to claim 1, wherein: the temperature delta T of the target building at the projected point of the plume axis in the thermal plume model0The calculation formula is as follows:
wherein z is the projection of the target building on the plume axis of the firing building to the firing building distance, QcIn order to calculate the heat release rate of the building on fire at the moment, kW;
the temperature Δ t (r) of the downwind building rise is calculated as:
ΔT(r)/ΔT0＝exp[-β(r/lt)2]
wherein r is the projection distance of the target building on the plume axis of the fire building to the target building, β is the ratio of the temperature half width to the velocity half width, ltIs the gaussian half width, m; ltAnd β are empirical parameters, ltThe value is 0.1z, and β is 1.0.
6. The method for simulating the three-dimensional spread of a fire in a building group according to claim 5, wherein: the ignition condition is judged as follows: whether the target building is ignited or not is judged according to the heat flux received by the window and the wall of the building, and the larger value of the heat flux received by the window and the heat flux received by the wall exceeds the limit heat radiation flux of the target building, so that the building is considered to be on fire;
the heat flux received by the window and the wall is calculated by a function of the calculated values of the heat radiation and the heat plume, and the specific formula is as follows:
Tq＝T∞+ΔT(r)
wherein ,QdHeat flux received for the window, kW/m2(ii) a The value of sigma is 5.667 multiplied by 10-11kW/m2K；TqIs the temperature of the target building under the action of the hot plume of the firing building, K;is the intensity of the thermal radiation emitted by the building on fire; t is∞Is the outdoor ambient temperature, K; qwHeat flux received by the wall, kW/m2(ii) a w is the external wall emission coefficient, and w is 0.9; h iswIs the heat exchange of the building outer wall hw＝0.23。
7. The method for simulating the three-dimensional spread of a fire in a building group according to claim 6, wherein: the limit heat radiation flux of the target building is one of 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 according to the value of humidity.
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| CN111982456A (en) * | 2020-08-10 | 2020-11-24 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Building group wind-heat environment simulation experiment measuring device and measuring method under calm wind condition |
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| CN111751406A (en) * | 2020-07-02 | 2020-10-09 | 应急管理部沈阳消防研究所 | Quantitative identification method for fire spreading direction |
| CN111751406B (en) * | 2020-07-02 | 2023-05-30 | 应急管理部沈阳消防研究所 | Quantitative identification method for fire spreading direction |
| CN111982456A (en) * | 2020-08-10 | 2020-11-24 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Building group wind-heat environment simulation experiment measuring device and measuring method under calm wind condition |
| CN111982456B (en) * | 2020-08-10 | 2022-02-15 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Building group wind-heat environment simulation experiment measuring device and measuring method under calm wind condition |
| CN113158300A (en) * | 2021-03-30 | 2021-07-23 | 南京林业大学 | BIM-based building fire easy ignition point determination method |
| CN115661245A (en) * | 2022-10-24 | 2023-01-31 | 东北林业大学 | Large-scale live wire instantaneous positioning method based on unmanned aerial vehicle |
| CN115600827A (en) * | 2022-12-15 | 2023-01-13 | 广东广宇科技发展有限公司（Cn） | Regional fire assessment method based on big data interconnection |
| CN115600827B (en) * | 2022-12-15 | 2023-03-14 | 广东广宇科技发展有限公司 | Regional fire assessment method based on big data interconnection |
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