CN109532518B - Composite power supply comprising two unidirectional direct current converters and control method thereof - Google Patents

Composite power supply comprising two unidirectional direct current converters and control method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109532518B
CN109532518B CN201811607624.4A CN201811607624A CN109532518B CN 109532518 B CN109532518 B CN 109532518B CN 201811607624 A CN201811607624 A CN 201811607624A CN 109532518 B CN109532518 B CN 109532518B
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unidirectional
converter
super capacitor
battery pack
unidirectional buck
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CN109532518A (en
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王斌
周佳辉
郑惠文
马光亮
张乐
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Xian Jiaotong University
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Xian Jiaotong University
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00Converter types
    • B60L2210/10DC to DC converters
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/72Electric energy management in electromobility

Abstract

A composite power supply containing two unidirectional direct current converters and a control method thereof comprise the following steps: the system comprises a battery pack, a switch, a power diode integration box, a motor inverter, a one-way Buck-Boost converter, a super capacitor and a one-way Buck converter; the method comprises the following steps: the hybrid power supply determines the high and low level states of four digital control interfaces of the two unidirectional direct current converters according to the running state of the electric automobile and the voltage of the super capacitor, so that the working modes of the two unidirectional direct current converters are controlled. The beneficial effects produced by the invention are as follows: the composite power supply structure and the working mode and the control method of the direct current converter can avoid frequent and disordered charging and discharging of the battery pack, when the braking energy is sufficient, the super capacitor can carry out constant current charging on the battery pack, the safety of the battery is effectively protected, the service life of the battery is prolonged, the time delay problem generated during the alternating working period of the forward current and the reverse current of the bidirectional direct current converter is avoided, and the stability and the reliability of a composite power supply system are improved.

Description

Composite power supply comprising two unidirectional direct current converters and control method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of vehicle-mounted power supplies of electric automobiles, and particularly relates to a composite power supply comprising two unidirectional direct-current converters and a control method thereof.
Background
With the gradual popularization of electric vehicles, the problem that the service life of a battery pack is shortened due to the influence of frequent charging and discharging is obvious. In addition, automobile manufacturers and research institutions of various countries around the world are further researching overall improvement and optimization of the performance of electric automobile components and the performance of the whole automobile, and the vehicle-mounted power supply is one of the most critical components for improving the performance of the electric automobile. As the battery technology cannot be developed in a breakthrough way in a short time, the super capacitor and the battery are adopted to form the composite power supply, so that the battery pack is prevented from being produced by the technology of frequent charging and discharging.
With the progress of research, the composite power supply structure is continuously improved to meet the requirements of high-performance electric vehicles. The super capacitor/battery pack composite power supply with a semi-active structure adopts a battery pack to be directly connected in parallel at two ends of a motor inverter, and the super capacitor is firstly connected in series with a bidirectional direct current converter and then connected in parallel with the battery pack; the battery pack is connected with the motor inverter in parallel to play a role in voltage stabilization, the battery pack is used as a main energy source to supply power directly, energy is not converted by the direct current converter, and the output efficiency of the battery pack is high; the voltage of the super capacitor can be higher or lower than the voltage of the battery pack, and the selection is more flexible. Although a proper control strategy is adopted to enable the output power of the super capacitor to follow the power required by the motor inverter, the battery pack is directly connected in parallel at two ends of the motor inverter and can be impacted by high-frequency charging and discharging current, and the service life of the battery pack is shortened; in addition, if the bidirectional direct current converter is connected with the super capacitor and the battery pack, a certain time delay exists in the period of alternate forward and reverse working of the current of the bidirectional direct current converter, and the working stability and safety of the whole composite power supply system can be affected.
In order to effectively avoid the impact of frequent charging current on the battery pack, a battery pack one-way output circuit needs to be designed, when the braking energy of the electric automobile is recovered, the one-way output circuit can prevent the energy from flowing back to the battery pack, and the super capacitor preferentially recovers the energy. However, the unidirectional output circuit cannot enable the battery pack to recover energy, and the situation that the battery pack is charged orderly after the super capacitor is fully charged needs to be considered, so that a circuit or a component for charging the battery pack by the super capacitor needs to be additionally designed. In addition, when the working mode of the traditional compound power supply changes, the controller changes the PWM control signal according to the voltage and current signals to realize the working mode change of the dc converter, the program is complex, and the delay of the program can cause the system to be unstable momentarily and even out of control during the delay period.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to a hybrid power supply including two unidirectional dc converters and a control method thereof, so as to solve the above problems.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a composite power supply containing two unidirectional direct current converters comprises a battery pack, a switch, a power diode integration box, a motor inverter, a unidirectional Buck-Boost converter, a super capacitor and a unidirectional Buck converter; the positive electrodes of the battery packs are respectively connected with an input port A of a switch, an output port B of the switch is connected with an anode integrated input end of a power diode integrated box, and the power diode is integratedThe cathode output end of the box is respectively connected with the anode port of the motor inverter and the anode input interface a of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter1The negative port of the motor inverter is respectively connected with the negative input interface b of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter1And a negative electrode of the battery; positive output interface c of unidirectional Buck-Boost converter1And a negative output interface d1Respectively connecting the anode and the cathode of the super capacitor; the anode and the cathode of the super capacitor are respectively connected with the anode input interface a of the unidirectional Buck converter2And a negative input interface b2(ii) a Positive output interface c of unidirectional Buck converter2And a negative output interface d2Respectively connected with the positive pole and the negative pole of the battery pack.
Furthermore, an output circuit where the battery pack, the switch and the power diode integration box are located is a main circuit, and the switch located on the main circuit can control output of the super capacitor and the battery pack at the same time.
Furthermore, the battery pack realizes unidirectional output through a power diode integration box, and the power diode integration box consists of a plurality of diodes.
Furthermore, the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter is a digital direct current converter controlled by high and low levels, is only used for unidirectional boosting or step-down charging of the super capacitor, and cannot discharge the super capacitor.
Furthermore, the unidirectional Buck converter is a digital direct-current converter controlled by high and low levels, is only used for unidirectional voltage reduction and discharge of the super capacitor, and cannot charge the super capacitor.
Furthermore, the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter, the super capacitor and the unidirectional Buck converter form an auxiliary circuit for orderly charging the battery pack with braking energy, the battery pack can be charged to the super capacitor through the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter, and the super capacitor can be charged to the battery pack through the unidirectional Buck converter; meanwhile, the super capacitor can provide energy for the motor inverter through the unidirectional Buck converter.
Further, a control method of a composite power supply including two unidirectional dc converters is based on any one of the above composite power supply including two unidirectional dc converters, and includes the following steps:
step 1, respectively controlling a digital interface D of a one-way Buck-Boost converter according to the running state of the electric automobile and the voltage of a super capacitor1And D2And a digital interface D of the unidirectional Buck converter3And D4High and low level input of (1);
step 2, judging the values of the digital interfaces of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter and the unidirectional Buck converter, and determining the working states of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter and the unidirectional Buck converter;
further, in step 2, when D is reached1=0,D2When the voltage is equal to 0, the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter does not work; when D is present1=0, D2When the input voltage is 1, the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter performs voltage reduction and constant current work aiming at the input end; when D is present1=1,D2When the input voltage is 0, the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter performs boosting constant current work aiming at the input end.
Further, in step 2, when D is reached3=0,D4When the voltage is equal to 0, the unidirectional Buck converter does not work; when D is present3=0,D4When the output end of the unidirectional Buck converter is equal to 1, the unidirectional Buck converter performs constant-voltage work aiming at the output end; when D is present3=1,D4When the output end of the unidirectional Buck converter is equal to 0, the unidirectional Buck converter performs constant current operation on the output end.
Further, digital interface D of unidirectional Buck-Boost converter1And a digital interface D of the unidirectional Buck converter3And D4The hysteresis control is adopted for high-low level switching.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical effects:
compared with a super capacitor/battery pack composite power supply with a semi-active structure, the electric automobile composite power supply with two unidirectional direct current converters is additionally provided with a switch on a battery output main circuit, and can control the output of the battery pack and the super capacitor simultaneously; the power diode integration box enables energy to be output in the main circuit in a single direction, so that the battery pack is prevented from being directly impacted by disordered braking current, the safety of the battery pack is effectively guaranteed, and the service life of the battery pack is prolonged; the method has the advantages that the digital unidirectional Buck-Boost converter with higher efficiency is used for charging the super capacitor or recovering the braking energy, so that the delay problem of the bidirectional direct-current converter during the alternate work switching of the forward and reverse currents is effectively solved, and the stability of the system is improved; through the digital unidirectional Buck converter connected in series between the super capacitor and the battery pack, constant-current charging can be carried out on the battery pack after the super capacitor is fully charged, auxiliary energy can be provided for the motor inverter by the super capacitor, the brake energy can be effectively recovered by the super capacitor, high-power auxiliary output is provided, and the utilization efficiency of the super capacitor is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a circuit topology diagram of a hybrid power supply of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an internal structure of a power diode integrated box according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a super capacitor/battery hybrid power supply with a semi-active structure according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the operation mode selection for two unidirectional DC converters according to an embodiment of the present invention;
5(a) to 5(c) are schematic diagrams of the hysteresis control of the operating modes of two unidirectional DC converters according to the embodiment of the present invention;
Detailed Description
The present invention is further described with reference to the following drawings, which are used to illustrate the present invention without limiting the scope of the present invention, and some parameters can be adjusted according to the specific parameters and specific usage of the components. For example: the number of diodes in the power diode integration box is related to the maximum power of the braking and energy recovery of the hybrid power supply; the upper and lower limit values of the hysteresis interval of the hysteresis control of the working modes of the two digital unidirectional direct current converters can be adjusted according to the actual application condition.
The embodiment describes an electric automobile composite power supply comprising two unidirectional direct current converters and a control method of the working mode of the direct current converters, the specific circuit topology is shown in figure 1, and the system comprises a battery pack 1, a switch 7, a power diode integration box 2, a motor inverter 3, a unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4, a super capacitor 5 and a unidirectional Buck converter 6; positive electrode of battery pack 1 is connectedAn input port A of a switch 7, an output port B of the switch 7 are connected with an anode input end of a power diode integration box 2, a cathode output end of the power diode integration box 2 is respectively connected with an anode port of a motor inverter 3 and an anode input interface a of a unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 41The negative port of the motor inverter 3 is respectively connected with the negative input interface b of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 41And the negative electrode of the battery 1; positive output interface c of unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 41And a negative output interface d1Respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of the super capacitor 5; the anode and the cathode of the super capacitor 5 are respectively connected with the anode input interface a of the unidirectional Buck converter 62And a negative input interface b2(ii) a Positive output interface c of unidirectional Buck converter 62And a negative output interface d2The positive and negative electrodes of the battery 1 are connected, respectively.
The internal structure of the power diode integration box of the embodiment is shown in fig. 2, the power diode integration box 2 is formed by connecting a plurality of power diodes in parallel, and anodes of the diodes are connected to form an anode integration end of the power diode integration box 2; the cathodes of the diodes are connected to form a cathode integrated end of the power diode integrated box 2, and are respectively connected with the anode port of the motor inverter 3 and the anode input interface a of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 41
As shown in fig. 3, compared with the super capacitor/battery pack composite power supply with a semi-active structure, the super capacitor/battery pack composite power supply with the semi-active structure of the invention has the advantages that a switch 7 is additionally arranged on the output main circuit of the battery pack 1, so that the output of the battery pack 1 and the output of the super capacitor 5 can be simultaneously controlled; the power diode integration box 2 enables energy to be output in a single direction in the main circuit, the battery pack 1 is prevented from being directly impacted by disordered braking current, the safety of the battery pack 1 is effectively guaranteed, and the service life of the battery pack 1 is prolonged; the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4, the super capacitor 5 and the unidirectional Buck converter 6 form an auxiliary circuit for orderly charging the battery pack 1 with braking energy, the battery pack 1 can charge the super capacitor 5 through the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4, and the super capacitor 5 can charge the battery pack 1 through the unidirectional Buck converter 6. Meanwhile, the super capacitor 5 can also provide energy for the motor inverter through the unidirectional Buck converter 6.
The standard voltage of the battery pack 1 is set to be 50% of the maximum working voltage of the super capacitor 5, so that the maximum discharge energy of the super capacitor 5 is ensured to be 75%.
And the working modes of the two unidirectional direct current converters are controlled:
fig. 4 shows a specific working mode selection flowchart of the two unidirectional dc converters, and after the hybrid power supply is started, it is first determined whether the voltage of the super capacitor 5 is lower than the voltage of the battery pack 1, and if the voltage of the super capacitor 5 is lower than the voltage of the battery pack 1, the working modes of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4 and the unidirectional Buck converter 6 are further controlled until the voltage of the super capacitor 5 is greater than or equal to the voltage of the battery pack 1. When the voltage of the super capacitor 5 is larger than the voltage of the battery pack 1, whether the required power is positive is judged, if the required power is not positive, the running mode of the electric automobile is braking, and the working modes of the one-way Buck-Boost converter 4 and the one-way Buck converter 6 are further controlled by combining the voltage of the super capacitor. If the required power is positive, the running mode of the electric automobile is driving, whether the required power is more than 5kW needs to be further judged, and the working modes of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4 and the unidirectional Buck converter 6 are further controlled by combining the voltage of the super capacitor 5;
digital control interface level signal corresponding to working mode
After the composite power supply starts to work, whether the voltage of the super capacitor 5 is lower than the voltage of the battery pack 1 or not is detected, and when the voltage of the super capacitor 5 is lower than the voltage of the battery pack 1, a level signal of a digital interface of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4 is D1=0,D 21, carrying out voltage reduction and constant current work on the input end of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4; the level signal of the digital interface of the unidirectional Buck converter 6 is D3=0,D4The unidirectional Buck converter 6 is not active at 0. At this point, the battery 1 is separately energized and charges the super capacitor 5.
When the required power of the electric automobile is negative, namely the running mode of the electric automobile is braking, the super capacitor 5 preferentially boosts the input end by the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4 and works in a constant current mode to recover energy, and the energy corresponds to D1=1,D 20; at this time, the working mode of the unidirectional Buck converter 6 needs to be further selected by combining the voltage of the super capacitor, and when the voltage of the super capacitor 5 rises to 99% of the rated voltage, the digital interface D of the unidirectional Buck converter3The level signal of (1) is converted from 0 to 1, and the unidirectional Buck converter 6 works on the output end in a constant current mode. When the voltage of the super capacitor 5 is reduced to 95% of the rated voltage, the digital interface D of the unidirectional Buck converter 63The level signal of the converter is converted from 1 to 0, and the unidirectional Buck converter 6 does not work; when the required power is negative, the digital interface D3The signal conversion of (2) adopts hysteresis control, as shown in fig. 5(a), and frequent switching of the working mode of the unidirectional Buck converter 6 is avoided. In order to ensure the safety of the super capacitor, the boosting constant-current working power of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4 is specified to be smaller than the constant-current working power of the Buck converter 6.
When the required power of the electric automobile is positive, namely the running mode of the electric automobile is driving, the working modes of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4 and the unidirectional Buck converter 6 are further controlled by combining the required power and the voltage of the super capacitor 5. If the required power is more than 5kW, the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4 does not work, and D is carried out at the moment1=0,D 20. Whether the voltage of the super capacitor 5 is larger than 75% needs to be judged, when the voltage of the super capacitor 5 is larger than 75%, the unidirectional Buck converter 6 works on the output end in a constant voltage mode, and at the moment D3=0,D 41 is ═ 1; when the voltage of the super capacitor 5 is less than 75%, the unidirectional Buck converter 6 works on the output end in a constant current mode, and D is achieved at the moment3=1,D 40. If the required power is less than 5kW and the voltage of the super capacitor 5 is lower than 85% of the rated voltage, the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4 boosts the input end and works in a constant current mode, the unidirectional Buck converter 6 does not work, and at the moment D1=1,D2=0,D3=0,D4At this time, the battery pack 1 is powered alone, and the extra energy charges the super capacitor 5. When the voltage 5 of the super capacitor is higher than the rated voltage by 95%, the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4 does not work, the unidirectional Buck converter 6 works at a constant voltage on the output end, and at the moment D1=0,D2=0,D3=0,D4When the battery pack 1 and the super capacitor 5 output together, the battery 1 and the super capacitor 5 are powered by the batteryGroup 1 provides constant power and super capacitor 5 provides peak power. When the required power is less than 5kW, the digital interface D1And D4The signal conversion of (2) adopts hysteresis control, and as shown in fig. 5(b) and 5(c), frequent switching of the working modes of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter 4 and the unidirectional Buck converter 6 is avoided.
The above embodiments are merely to show the technical idea and features of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, for example, the upper and lower limits of the hysteresis interval of the three hysteresis control can be adjusted according to the actual situation, and all equivalent substitutions or modifications within the spirit and principle of the present invention are covered by the scope of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. A composite power supply containing two unidirectional direct current converters is characterized by comprising a battery pack (1), a switch (7), a power diode integration box (2), a motor inverter (3), a unidirectional Buck-Boost converter (4), a super capacitor (5) and a unidirectional Buck converter (6); the positive pole of the battery pack (1) is respectively connected with an input port A of a switch (7), an output port B of the switch is connected with an anode integrated input end of a power diode integrated box (2), and a cathode output end of the power diode integrated box (2) is respectively connected with a positive pole port of a motor inverter (3) and a positive pole input interface a of a unidirectional Buck-Boost converter (4)1The negative port of the motor inverter (3) is respectively connected with the negative input interface b of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter1And a negative electrode of the battery (1); positive output interface c of unidirectional Buck-Boost converter1And a negative output interface d1The anode and the cathode of the super capacitor (5) are respectively connected; the anode and the cathode of the super capacitor (5) are respectively connected with the anode input interface a of the unidirectional Buck converter (6)2And a negative input interface b2(ii) a Positive output interface c of unidirectional Buck converter (6)2And a negative output interface d2The positive electrode and the negative electrode of the battery pack (1) are respectively connected;
the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter (4) is a digital direct-current converter controlled by high and low levels, is only used for unidirectional boosting or step-down charging of the super capacitor, and cannot discharge the super capacitor;
the unidirectional Buck converter (6) is a digital direct-current converter controlled by high and low levels, is only used for unidirectional voltage reduction and discharge of the super capacitor, and cannot charge the super capacitor;
the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter (4), the super capacitor (5) and the unidirectional Buck converter (6) form an auxiliary circuit for orderly charging the battery pack with braking energy, the battery pack can charge the super capacitor through the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter, and the super capacitor can charge the battery pack through the unidirectional Buck converter; meanwhile, the super capacitor can provide energy for the motor inverter through the unidirectional Buck converter.
2. The hybrid power supply comprising two unidirectional direct current converters according to claim 1, wherein the output circuit where the battery pack (1), the switch (7) and the power diode integration box (2) are located is a main circuit, and the switch (7) located in the main circuit can control the output of the super capacitor and the battery pack at the same time.
3. A hybrid power supply comprising two unidirectional dc converters according to claim 1, wherein the battery pack (1) achieves unidirectional output through the power diode pack (2), and the power diode pack (2) is composed of a plurality of diodes.
4. A control method of a hybrid power supply including two unidirectional dc converters, characterized in that, based on any one of claims 1 to 3, a hybrid power supply including two unidirectional dc converters includes the following steps:
step 1, respectively controlling a digital interface D of a one-way Buck-Boost converter according to the running state of the electric automobile and the voltage of a super capacitor1And D2And a digital interface D of the unidirectional Buck converter3And D4High and low level input of (1);
and 2, judging the values of the digital interfaces of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter and the unidirectional Buck converter, and determining the working states of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter and the unidirectional Buck converter.
5. According to claim4 the control method of the hybrid power supply comprising two unidirectional dc converters, characterized in that in step 2, when D is reached1=0,D2When the voltage is equal to 0, the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter does not work; when D is present1=0,D2When the input voltage is 1, the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter performs voltage reduction and constant current work aiming at the input end; when D is present1=1,D2When the input voltage is 0, the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter performs boosting constant current work aiming at the input end.
6. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein in step 2, when D is reached3=0,D4When the voltage is equal to 0, the unidirectional Buck converter does not work; when D is present3=0,D4When the output end of the unidirectional Buck converter is equal to 1, the unidirectional Buck converter performs constant-voltage work aiming at the output end; when D is present3=1,D4When the output end of the unidirectional Buck converter is equal to 0, the unidirectional Buck converter performs constant current operation on the output end.
7. The method for controlling the hybrid power supply comprising two unidirectional direct current converters according to claim 4, wherein the digital interface D of the unidirectional Buck-Boost converter1And a digital interface D of the unidirectional Buck converter3And D4The hysteresis control is adopted for high-low level switching.
CN201811607624.4A 2018-12-27 2018-12-27 Composite power supply comprising two unidirectional direct current converters and control method thereof Active CN109532518B (en)

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