CN109514066B - Device for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse additive manufacturing - Google Patents
Device for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse additive manufacturing Download PDFInfo
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- CN109514066B CN109514066B CN201811290613.8A CN201811290613A CN109514066B CN 109514066 B CN109514066 B CN 109514066B CN 201811290613 A CN201811290613 A CN 201811290613A CN 109514066 B CN109514066 B CN 109514066B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
- B23K15/0046—Welding
- B23K15/0086—Welding welding for purposes other than joining, e.g. built-up welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
- B23K15/0026—Auxiliary equipment
Abstract
The invention discloses a device for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse wire additive manufacturing, which comprises an electron gun, a control circuit and a control circuit, wherein the electron gun comprises a filament, a cathode, a grid, an anode, a focusing coil and a deflection coil which are sequentially arranged in the vertical direction and used for generating electron beams; the electron gun vacuum chamber is arranged at the top of the vacuum forming chamber and communicated and isolated with the vacuum forming chamber through an electron gas valve, and the electron gun vacuum chamber is provided with a temperature control system which comprises a heat insulation furnace and a circulating cooling device which are arranged on a working platform in the vacuum forming chamber, a resistance wire which can realize temperature rise, a thermocouple for conducting and measuring temperature, a cover plate for forming a closed space and a heating control device arranged outside the vacuum chamber. The device of the invention realizes good surface molding of parts and uniformity of microstructure; the device disclosed by the invention does not need to realize temperature control in a waiting heat dissipation mode in the additive manufacturing process, so that the time is saved, and the production efficiency is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of additive manufacturing, and particularly relates to a device for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse additive manufacturing.
Background
The metal additive manufacturing technology is a technology which is based on a three-dimensional digital model, realizes flat slicing and path planning by using a computer-aided technology and realizes metal powder or wire material accumulation manufacturing by using a corresponding numerical control technology to obtain a complete solid part. The technology covers many technical fields, has wide application range and is known as an important mark for third-time industrial leather hit digital manufacturing. The more mature technology additive manufacturing technology now includes Selective Laser Melting (SLM), selective electron beam melting (EBSM), electron beam fuse deposition (EBFF), Laser Solid Forming (LSF), arc fuse additive manufacturing (WAAM), etc. The electron beam fuse wire deposition technology has the advantages that the deposition environment is in a vacuum environment, the material is attractive in forming, the oxidation defect is not easy to generate, the electron beam heat source is concentrated, the heat input is large, the fuse wire material increasing speed is high, and the production efficiency is high. Therefore, the electron beam fuse deposition technology is widely applied to the manufacturing of integral components of titanium alloy and easily oxidized metal in the aerospace field.
At present, the electron beam fuse deposition technology is mature, but the formed part has poor tissue uniformity, and the phenomena of component segregation, tissue segregation and the like are easy to occur. Essentially, the electron beam fuse deposition process is a micro-casting process, and the molten pool accomplishes the part fabrication through a "point-line-surface" process. In the electron beam fuse deposition process, the heat exchange between the part and the surrounding environment is mainly carried out in a radiation heat transfer mode, the temperature of the part and the temperature of the surrounding environment are continuously increased along with the increase of the number of deposition layers, and the heat is continuously accumulated, so that the substrate is red hot and the interlayer temperature is overhigh. This will lead to the fluidity increase of the metal deposition process, the phenomenon of 'flow' near the edge area, the uneven surface of the single layer of the part, the reduction of the weight of the part surface quality, and the increase of the processing difficulty.
In the deposition process, the cooling process is a transient non-equilibrium process, and needle-shaped fragile tissues are easy to appear; with the increase of the number of the stacked layers, the deposited layers are repeatedly heated and cooled, crystal grains grow continuously in the process, and the components are obviously segregated. The method not only causes the nonuniformity of the structure and can not obtain the desired structure morphology, but also seriously reduces the mechanical property of the part, reduces the service time of the part and increases the failure probability of the part. On the other hand, the additive manufacturing process is a repeated welding process, the integral temperature distribution of the part is uneven, so that the material has larger welding stress, cracks are easy to be initiated at the positions, and the integral performance of the part is reduced. Therefore, in the electric arc additive manufacturing process, the reasonable control of the structure evolution is realized, and the elimination of the residual internal stress is one of the key ways for improving the mechanical property of the part.
At present, Harbin industry university studies the influence of interlayer temperature change on additive forming, a certain corresponding relation exists between the interlayer temperature and surface forming in a determined process window, when the time interval is too long, the interlayer temperature is too low, the fluidity of the molten metal is too poor, and a single channel is too narrow; when the interlayer temperature is too high, the fluidity of the molten metal is increased, and the surface of the molten metal flows. The publication CN107433379A discloses a method for controlling the temperature variation between layers by increasing the interval time between layers, which uses a non-contact infrared temperature sensor to monitor the temperature variation, and when the temperature decreases to a set temperature, transmits a signal to a robot control cabinet to start the deposition of the next layer. The method considers the influence of interlayer temperature on forming, but because no cooling measure is adopted, the method is naturally cooled, and the production efficiency is reduced. The publication CN106956060A discloses a method for controlling interlayer temperature by means of induction heating and forced cooling, and the method also determines heat compensation or forced cooling by means of infrared thermometry. The induction heating mode adopted by the method can damage the magnetic field distribution in the electron beam fuse wire additive manufacturing system, and the subsequent fuse wire additive manufacturing is influenced. The publication CN105499566A discloses an in-situ heat treatment method for an additive manufacturing part, which is implemented by melting a molding region after single layer forming. The method adopts an electron beam in-situ heating mode, the temperature input is random, local area melting is easy to occur, and the phenomenon of coarse grains is generated.
At present, the interlayer temperature control and post-processing device and method of the electron beam fuse material additive system are less researched, the interlayer temperature control of the electron beam is difficult, and the temperature change has larger influence on the formation of the electron beam fuse.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problem faced at present, the invention discloses a device for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse additive manufacturing.
A device for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse wire additive manufacturing comprises an electron gun, a wire feeding system, an electron gun vacuum chamber, a vacuum forming chamber, a working platform and a temperature control system, wherein the electron gun comprises a filament, a cathode, a grid, an anode, a focusing coil and a deflection coil which are sequentially arranged in the vertical direction and used for generating electron beams, and the electron gun is arranged in the electron gun vacuum chamber; the electron gun vacuum chamber is arranged at the top of the vacuum forming chamber and communicated with and isolated from the vacuum forming chamber through an electron air valve, and the electron gun vacuum chamber and the vacuum forming chamber realize the required vacuum degree through a vacuum system; the working platform is arranged in the vacuum forming chamber and comprises a bearing platform which realizes the vertical Z-axis direction movement through a vertical guide rail, a working platform which realizes the horizontal XY-axis direction movement and a displacement control system; the wire feeding system comprises a wire feeding mechanism arranged outside the vacuum chamber; the temperature control system comprises a heat insulation furnace and a circulating cooling device which are arranged on a working platform in the vacuum forming chamber, a resistance wire which can realize temperature rise, a thermocouple for conducting and measuring temperature, a cover plate for forming a closed space and a heating control device arranged outside the vacuum chamber.
Furthermore, in the temperature control system, the heat insulation furnace surrounds the circulating cooling device, the heating resistance wire is arranged on the inner wall of the heat insulation furnace, the thermocouple is arranged in the middle of the circulating cooling device, the resistance wire is heated to realize temperature rise in a radiation heat transfer mode, and the circulating cooling is realized to realize temperature reduction in a contact heat transfer mode.
Further, the interlayer temperature adjusting range of the temperature control system is 60-500 ℃; the heat treatment curve can be set according to the material and the required structure of the part and input into a temperature control system for temperature programming.
Furthermore, the heat insulation furnace and the cover plate are made of refractory materials, heating areas of the resistance wires are reduced, and heating efficiency is improved.
Further, the circulation cooling device may be selected from other cooling media such as water and oil according to the physical properties of the molding material.
Further, the vertical guide rail of the displacement guide rail is made of austenitic stainless steel, specifically 304L or 316L.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable advantages:
1. the device of the invention realizes good surface molding of parts and uniformity of microstructures.
2. The device can design the microstructure in the material according to the requirement, and obtain the electron beam fuse additive manufacturing part with excellent mechanical property.
3. The device disclosed by the invention does not need to realize temperature control in a waiting heat dissipation mode in the additive manufacturing process, so that the time is saved, and the production efficiency is improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse additive manufacturing according to the present invention.
The device comprises a vacuum forming chamber, a working platform, a bearing platform, a vertical guide rail, a heat insulation furnace, a resistance wire heating device, a wire feeding mechanism, a heating control device, a vacuum system, a 10-electronic gas valve, a wire feeding gun, a 12-filament, a 13-cathode, a 14-grid, a 15-anode, a 16-focusing coil, a 17-deflection coil, an 18-electronic gun vacuum chamber, a 19-displacement control system, a cover plate, a 21-thermocouple and a 22-circulating cooling device, wherein the vacuum forming chamber is used for forming a wire, the working platform is used for forming a workpiece, the bearing platform is used for supporting a workpiece.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the operation of the temperature adjustment device of the device for controlling interlayer temperature in electron beam fuse additive manufacturing according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical means, the creation characteristics, the achievement purposes and the effects of the invention easy to understand, the invention is further described with the specific embodiments.
The device for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse additive manufacturing comprises an electron gun, a wire feeding system, an electron gun vacuum chamber, a vacuum forming chamber, a working displacement platform and a temperature control system, wherein the electron gun comprises a filament 12 for generating electron beams, a cathode 13 below the filament, a grid 14 below the cathode, an anode 15 below the grid, a focusing coil 16 below the anode and a deflection coil 17 below the focusing coil, and the electron gun is arranged in the electron gun vacuum chamber 18; the electron gun vacuum chamber 18 is arranged at the top of the vacuum forming chamber 1 and is communicated with and isolated from the vacuum forming chamber through the electron gas valve 10, and the electron gun vacuum chamber 18 and the vacuum forming chamber 1 obtain the working vacuum degree through the vacuum system 9; the working displacement platform is arranged in the vacuum forming chamber 1 and comprises a bearing platform 3 which realizes the vertical Z-axis direction movement through a vertical guide rail 4, a working platform 2 which realizes the horizontal XY-axis direction movement and a displacement control system 19; the wire feeding system comprises a wire feeding mechanism 7 arranged outside the vacuum chamber and a wire feeding gun 11 fixed on the inner wall of the vacuum chamber; the temperature control system comprises a heat insulation furnace 5 and a circulating cooling device 22 which are arranged on a working platform in the vacuum chamber, a resistance wire 6 which can realize temperature rise, a thermocouple 21 for conducting electricity and measuring temperature, a cover plate 20 for forming a closed space and a heating control device 8 arranged outside the vacuum chamber.
Further, the working mode is as follows: 1, establishing a part solid geometric model, importing the part model into a computer for slicing and path planning, importing the part model into a working platform control system, and setting parameters to be controlled; 2 in the processing preparation stage, the vacuum forming chamber and the electron gun vacuum chamber are vacuumized, the wire feeding mechanism sends the wire to a specified position, the working platform is moved to the left side of the vacuum forming chamber, the furnace door is lowered to form a closed space, and the resistance wire heating system is used for preheating the substrate; 3, the control system controls the working platform to move according to the planned slicing path of the part to be processed and controls the electron beam to melt and transition the metal wire to a formulated area, wherein the spray head is fixed, is static and does not move, and is vertically downward; 4, reducing the thickness of the working platform by one layer in the Z-axis direction, translating the working platform to the left side of the vacuum forming chamber, descending the cover plate, and performing heat compensation or cooling according to the set interlayer temperature; 5, moving the built working platform to the center of the vacuum forming chamber, and repeating the step 34 until the part is integrally formed. And 6, translating the working platform to the left side of the vacuum forming chamber, descending the cover plate, and carrying out corresponding heat treatment on the part according to a required heat treatment temperature curve.
Furthermore, the temperature adjusting device is arranged in the vacuum chamber, and the control system is arranged outside the vacuum chamber. The temperature adjusting device comprises a heat insulation furnace to surround the circulating cooling device, a heating resistance wire is arranged on the inner wall of the heat insulation furnace, and a thermocouple is arranged in the middle of the circulating cooling device. The resistance wire heating realizes temperature rise mainly through a radiation heat transfer mode, and the circulating cooling realizes temperature reduction through a contact heat transfer mode.
Further, the interlayer temperature adjusting range is 60-500 ℃; the heat treatment curve can be set according to the material and the required structure of the part and input into a temperature control system for temperature programming.
Furthermore, in order to reduce the damage of high temperature to the electron beam material increase system, the heat insulation furnace and the cover plate both use refractory materials, the heating areas of the resistance wires are reduced, and the heating efficiency is improved.
Further, the cooling device may be selected from other cooling media such as water and oil according to the physical properties of the molding material.
As shown in fig. 1, a metal post-processing device based on electron beam fuse additive manufacturing comprises an electron gun, a wire feeding system, an electron gun vacuum chamber, a vacuum forming chamber, a working displacement platform, a resistance heating system and a control system, wherein the electron gun comprises a filament 12 for generating electron beams, a cathode 13 below the filament, a grid 14 below the cathode, an anode 15 below the grid, a focusing coil 16 below the anode and a deflection coil 17 below the focusing coil, and the electron gun is arranged in the electron gun vacuum chamber 18; the electron gun vacuum chamber 18 is arranged at the top of the vacuum forming chamber 1 and communicated with and isolated from the vacuum forming chamber through an electron gas valve 10, and the two vacuum chambers realize the required vacuum degree through a vacuum system 9; the working displacement platform is arranged in the vacuum forming chamber and comprises a bearing platform 3 which realizes the vertical Z-axis direction movement through a vertical guide rail 4, a working platform 2 which realizes the horizontal XY-axis direction movement and a displacement control system 19; the wire feeding system comprises a wire feeding mechanism 7 arranged outside the vacuum chamber and a wire feeding gun 11 fixed on the inner wall of the vacuum chamber; the temperature control system comprises a heat insulation furnace 5 and a circulating cooling device 22 which are arranged on a working platform in the vacuum chamber, a resistance wire 6 which can realize temperature rise, a thermocouple 21 for conducting electricity and measuring temperature, a cover plate 20 for forming a closed space and a heating control device 8 arranged outside the vacuum chamber.
Taking the deposition of titanium alloy sheet parts by using a continuous wire feeding electron beam fuse as an example:
(1) according to requirements, establishing a part solid geometric model, importing the part model into a computer for slicing and path planning, importing the part model into a working platform control system, and setting parameters to be controlled;
(2) in the processing preparation stage, a vacuum forming chamber and an electron gun vacuum chamber are vacuumized, a wire feeding mechanism sends a wire to a specified position, a working platform is moved to the left side of the vacuum forming chamber, a furnace door is lowered to form a closed space, a resistance wire heating system is used for heating a substrate, a thermocouple is used for measuring the temperature of the substrate, and when the temperature is heated to 200 ℃, heating is stopped;
(3) the control system controls the working platform to move according to the planned slicing path of the part to be processed and controls the electron beam to melt and transition the metal wire to a formulated area, wherein the spray head is fixed, is static and does not move, is vertically downward in direction, and completes the deposition of a first layer of material according to the set path;
(4) the working platform is reduced by 0.5mm in the Z-axis direction, the working platform is translated to the left side of the vacuum forming chamber, the cover plate is lowered, the temperature of the part is measured through the thermocouple, and when the temperature feedback is lower than 200 ℃, the resistance wire is heated to perform temperature compensation; when the temperature is higher than 200 ℃, the temperature is reduced through a lower cooling water circulation system; the operation of the temperature adjusting means of the device for controlling interlayer temperature is shown in fig. 2.
(5) And (5) moving the construction platform to the center of the vacuum forming chamber, and repeating the steps (3) and (4) until the part is integrally formed.
(6) And translating the working platform to the left side of the vacuum forming chamber, descending the cover plate, heating the part to 670 ℃ according to requirements, preserving heat for 1 hour, cooling the furnace, and annealing the part.
Claims (6)
1. An apparatus for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse additive manufacturing, comprising: the electron gun comprises a filament (12) for generating electron beams, a cathode (13), a grid (14), an anode (15), a focusing coil (16) and a deflection coil (17), wherein the filament, the cathode (13), the grid (14), the anode (15), the focusing coil and the deflection coil (17) are sequentially arranged in the vertical direction, and the electron gun is arranged in an electron gun vacuum chamber (18); the electron gun vacuum chamber (18) is arranged at the top of the vacuum forming chamber (1) and communicated and isolated with the vacuum forming chamber (1) through an electron air valve (10), and the electron gun vacuum chamber (18) and the vacuum forming chamber (1) realize the required vacuum degree through a vacuum system (9); the vacuum forming device is characterized in that the working platform (2) is arranged in the vacuum forming chamber (1), the working platform (2) can move along the XY axis direction of a horizontal plane, and the vacuum forming device also comprises a bearing platform (3) which can move along the vertical Z axis direction through a vertical guide rail (4) and a displacement control system (19); the wire feeding system comprises a wire feeding mechanism (7) arranged outside the vacuum chamber; the temperature control system comprises a heat insulation furnace (5) arranged on a working platform (2) in the vacuum forming chamber (1), a circulating cooling device (22), a resistance wire (6) for realizing temperature rise, a thermocouple (21) for conducting and measuring temperature, a cover plate (20) for forming a closed space and a heating control device (8) arranged outside the vacuum forming chamber (1);
the working process of the device is as follows: step 1, in a processing preparation stage, vacuumizing a vacuum forming chamber and an electron gun vacuum chamber, feeding a wire to a specified position by a wire feeding mechanism, moving a working platform to the left side of the vacuum forming chamber, descending a furnace door to form a closed space, and preheating a substrate by using a resistance wire; step 2, the control system controls the working platform to move according to the planned slicing path of the part to be processed and controls the electron beam to melt and transition the metal wire to a formulated area, wherein the spray head is fixed, is static and does not move, and is vertically downward in direction; 3, reducing the thickness of the working platform by one layer in the Z-axis direction, translating the working platform to the left side of the vacuum forming chamber, descending the cover plate, and performing heat compensation or cooling according to the set interlayer temperature; step 4, moving the working platform to the center of the vacuum forming chamber, and repeating the steps 2 and 3 until the part is integrally formed; and 5, translating the working platform to the left side of the vacuum forming chamber, descending the cover plate, and carrying out corresponding heat treatment on the part according to a heat treatment temperature curve.
2. The device for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse additive manufacturing of claim 1, wherein: in the temperature control system, a heat insulation furnace (5) surrounds a circulating cooling device (22), a resistance wire (6) is arranged on the inner wall of the heat insulation furnace, a thermocouple (21) is arranged in the middle of the circulating cooling device (22), wherein the resistance wire is heated to realize temperature rise in a radiation heat transfer mode, and the circulating cooling is realized to realize temperature reduction in a contact heat transfer mode.
3. The device for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse additive manufacturing of claim 1, wherein: the interlayer temperature adjusting range of the temperature control system is 60-500 ℃; and setting a heat treatment curve according to the material and structure requirements of the part, and inputting the heat treatment curve into a temperature control system for temperature programming.
4. The device for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse additive manufacturing of claim 1, wherein: the heat insulation furnace (5) and the cover plate (20) both use refractory materials, heating areas of the resistance wires are reduced, and heating efficiency is improved.
5. The device for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse additive manufacturing of claim 1, wherein: the circulating cooling device (22) is selected from water or oil according to the physical properties of the molding material.
6. The device for controlling interlayer temperature based on electron beam fuse additive manufacturing according to claim 1, characterized in that the vertical guide rail (4) is made of austenitic stainless steel, in particular 304 or 316L.
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