CN109490417B - Ultrasonic detection method for plane anisotropy of metal material - Google Patents

Ultrasonic detection method for plane anisotropy of metal material Download PDF

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CN109490417B
CN109490417B CN201811578638.8A CN201811578638A CN109490417B CN 109490417 B CN109490417 B CN 109490417B CN 201811578638 A CN201811578638 A CN 201811578638A CN 109490417 B CN109490417 B CN 109490417B
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ultrasonic
plane
measured
anisotropy
metal
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刘海波
李亚鹏
王永青
刘彦坤
刘天然
张祥
李特
刘阔
盛贤君
贾振元
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Dalian University of Technology
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/023—Solids
    • G01N2291/0234—Metals, e.g. steel

Abstract

The invention discloses an ultrasonic detection method for plane anisotropy of a metal material, belongs to the technical field of ultrasonic detection, and relates to an ultrasonic detection method for plane anisotropy of a metal material. The method firstly introduces a planar anisotropy characterization factor and defines the planar anisotropy characterization factor. And measuring the sound time difference in N directions to be measured in the plane of the metal material, detecting the ultrasonic velocity in the N directions to be measured, and calculating the planar anisotropy characterization factor in a reverse manner. The method fully considers the phenomena of polarization direction change and acoustic birefringence in the ultrasonic wave transmission process, realizes contact type ultrasonic automatic reliable measurement, has small measurement error, and improves the stability and reliability of measurement. And the operation is convenient, the cost is low, and the application range is wide. The method can also be used for detecting the main shaft of the machine tool, realizes contact type ultrasonic automatic reliable measurement, and improves the measurement precision and the detection efficiency.

Description

Ultrasonic detection method for plane anisotropy of metal material
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ultrasonic detection, and relates to an ultrasonic detection method for plane anisotropy of a metal material.
Background
In actual production, due to the phenomena of grain extension, recrystallization and the like, the random distribution state of original grains of the metal material is damaged, a texture with preferential orientation is generated in the metal material, different mechanical properties of the material are presented in different directions, and the metal material has anisotropic characteristics. Taking a formed metal thin-wall part as an example, such as spinning, rolling and the like, the surface of the material has the characteristic of plane anisotropy. Among existing non-destructive testing methods, the ultrasonic method is often used for material parameter and feature evaluation. However, when the constant of the metal material is measured by ultrasonic, the isotropy of the measured material is often assumed, and the influence of the anisotropy of the material is ignored, which results in that the traditional ultrasonic detection method for the constant of the material has low sensitivity and the measurement accuracy is difficult to guarantee. Therefore, quantitative evaluation of the plane anisotropy characteristics of the material is important for material constant determination, mechanical analysis and state evaluation.
For a metal material with planar anisotropic characteristics, the distribution of the elastic constants of the material in the in-plane directions is different. When the ultrasonic waves propagate in different directions, different phase velocities are generated. Based on the method, the plane anisotropy constants of different depths of the material can be obtained by calculation by utilizing the sound time deviation, and further the ultrasonic evaluation of the plane anisotropy characteristics of the material is realized.
Zhang jin dynasty et al invented the principle that the transmission coefficient of ultrasonic waves to a metal sheet changes with the incident angle in a utility model patent "full-automatic detector for elastic anisotropy of metal sheet", publication No. CN2085981U, and measured and obtained the material constants of the metal sheet such as the Young's modulus, the shear modulus, the Poisson ratio and the like along each direction to be measured, but it cannot be applied to the evaluation of plane anisotropy. Micheltan et al, in patent "ultrasonic method and apparatus for characterizing weak anisotropic soft media, and ultrasonic probe assembly for the characterization apparatus", publication No. CN106232013A, invented an anisotropic soft media material in which anisotropy is determined by observing shear waves emitted at the center of the material in different directions, inferring propagation parameters, but the method is directed only to the material of the anisotropic soft media containing a fibrous material inside the material.
However, none of the above methods or devices mention a method for ultrasonic detection and evaluation of planar anisotropy of metallic materials.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly solves the technical problem of overcoming the defects of the existing method, and provides a planar anisotropy ultrasonic detection method for a metal material aiming at the difficult problems of anisotropy ultrasonic detection and evaluation of the metal material. According to the method, firstly, a planar anisotropy characterization factor is introduced, and quantitative depiction of planar anisotropy characteristics is realized. And giving an index for comprehensively evaluating the anisotropy of the region to be measured, and describing the anisotropy of the surface of the metal material qualitatively and quantitatively. The method for measuring the wave velocity from multiple angles fully considers the phenomena of change of polarization direction and acoustic birefringence in the process of ultrasonic wave transmission, and can measure the crystal grain orientation characterization factor only by refracting longitudinal wave velocity from three directions. The measurement error is small, the measurement stability and the reliability evaluation method are improved, and the reliability is high.
The invention adopts the technical scheme that a metal material plane anisotropy ultrasonic detection method is adopted, firstly, a plane anisotropy characterization factor is introduced, and a plane anisotropy characterization factor K is defined22And K12(ii) a Measuring sound time differences in N directions to be measured in a metal material plane, detecting ultrasonic wave speeds in the N directions to be measured, and calculating a plane anisotropy characterization factor in a reverse mode; the method comprises the following specific steps:
first, a test piece and an ultrasonic probe are mounted
The method comprises the steps that a metal test piece 1 is fixed on a measuring platform, N measuring directions of a point O to be measured on the metal test piece 1 are determined, wherein N is 1,2,3, the1A second measurement direction b2,.n(ii) a The ultrasonic receiver 3 and the ultrasonic transmitter 4 form an ultrasonic probe 2, the ultrasonic probe 2 is placed at a point O to be measured on the metal piece 1, the ultrasonic probe 2 is ensured to be reliably contacted with the surface to be measured, the center of the ultrasonic probe 2 is coincided with the point O to be measured, and the central axis of the ultrasonic probe 2 is coincided with the first measuring direction b1Overlapping;
secondly, introducing a planar anisotropy characterization factor, and quantitatively depicting planar anisotropy;
two characterization factors for defining the plane anisotropy of material, metal plane orthotropic parameter K22Anisotropy parameter K coupled with metal plane12，
Figure GDA0002268798410000021
Wherein, c11、c12、c22And c66The elastic constant of the material in the Voigt representation method and rho are the density of the material to be measured;
metal plane orthotropic parameter K22The strain detection device is used for representing the difference degree between the stresses generated in the corresponding directions when the strains with the same magnitude are respectively applied to two orthogonal main directions of the plane of the test piece; metal plane coupling anisotropy parameter K12The device is used for representing the stress increment of the anisotropic material relative to the isotropic material when the strain acts on one main direction of the plane of the material and the stress generated by the anisotropic material in the other main direction of the plane;
thirdly, detecting the ultrasonic velocity in the plane
First, the measurement direction N at the point O to be measured is determined to be 1,2,3, i.e. the first measurement direction b1A second measurement direction b2And a third measuring direction b3. Then, the ultrasonic probe 2 is placed at the point to be measured O, so that the center of the ultrasonic probe 2 coincides with the point to be measured O, and the central axis of the ultrasonic probe 2 and the first measuring direction b1Overlapping and ensuring the reliable contact of the ultrasonic probe 2 and the surface to be detected; then, under the control of a signal regulation and control system, an ultrasonic pulse excitation signal sent by the ultrasonic transmitter 4 is transmitted on the surface of the metal test piece 1 for a certain distance L and then is received by the ultrasonic receiver 3; carrying out cross-correlation calculation on an ultrasonic pulse excitation signal sent by an ultrasonic transmitter 4 and a received signal received by an ultrasonic receiver 3 according to a formula (2), taking the difference between the positions of the maximum values of two cross-correlation sequences, and calculating to obtain a first measurement direction b1Acoustic time difference t of1，
Figure GDA0002268798410000031
Wherein, X1For ultrasonic pulse excitation signals, X2For receiving signals ultrasonically, TsIs the sampling period, t1Is the acoustic time difference, t is the ultrasonic pulse excitation signal X1And ultrasonic receiving signal X2A phase difference.
Rotating the ultrasonic probe 2 by an angle theta in an anticlockwise incremental manner by taking the point O to be measured as the center, so that the central axis of the ultrasonic probe 2 and the second measuring direction b2Coincide according to a first measuring direction b1Obtaining a second measurement direction b2Acoustic time difference t of2. On the basis, the ultrasonic probe 2 is rotated counterclockwise again by an incremental angle theta, so that the central axis of the ultrasonic probe 2 and the third measuring direction b3Coincide according to a first measuring direction b1Obtaining a third measurement direction b3Acoustic time difference t of3；
Calculating the longitudinal wave velocities of the three measurement directions at the point O to be measured according to a formula (3),
Figure GDA0002268798410000032
wherein v is1Is a first measuring direction b1Velocity, v, of longitudinal wave of2Is a second measuring direction b2Velocity, v, of longitudinal wave of3Is a third measuring direction b3L is the distance of the ultrasonic wave propagating on the surface of the metal test piece 1.
Thirdly, calculating a planar anisotropy characterization factor
A first measuring direction b1Velocity v of longitudinal wave1A second measurement direction b2Velocity v of longitudinal wave2And a third measuring direction b3Velocity v of longitudinal wave3Substituting the formula (4) to calculate the orthotropic parameter K of the metal plane22Anisotropy parameter K coupled with metal plane12，
Figure GDA0002268798410000041
And detecting and calculating the plane anisotropy parameters of the metal test piece.
The invention has the following effects: the invention defines two plane anisotropy characterization factors K12And K22The anisotropy in the metal plate surface is represented, and the anisotropy parameters, namely the anisotropy characterization factors, of the material can be calculated only by using the wave velocity of the refracted longitudinal waves in three directions by adopting a multi-angle wave velocity measuring method. The ultrasonic wave transmission device has the advantages that the phenomenon that the polarization direction changes and the acoustic birefringence occurs in the ultrasonic wave transmission process is fully considered, the measurement error is small, the stability and the reliability of measurement are improved, the operation is convenient, the cost is low, and the application range is wide. The method can also be used for detecting the main shaft of the machine tool, realizes contact type ultrasonic automatic reliable measurement, and improves the measurement precision and the detection efficiency.
Drawings
FIG. 1-schematic diagram of the detection of the anisotropy characterization factor of the metal plane, wherein: 1-metal test piece, 2-ultrasonic probe, 3-ultrasonic receiver and 4-ultrasonic transmitter.
FIG. 2-flow chart for the determination of the anisotropy characterization factor of a metal plane.
Detailed Description
The implementation process of the invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and technical solutions, and the planar anisotropy ultrasonic testing method for metal materials is described.
Measuring parameters: the material of the aluminum alloy plate has the size of 150mm multiplied by 150mm and the thickness of 10 mm; the resonant frequency of the ultrasonic sensors 3 and 4 is 5MHz, and the propagation distance L of ultrasonic waves on the surface of the metal test piece is 20 mm. FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the detection of the anisotropy characterization factor of a metal plane, and the method comprises the following specific implementation steps:
first, a test piece and an ultrasonic probe are mounted
As shown in fig. 1, a metal test piece 1 is fixed on a measuring platform, and a measuring direction at a point O to be measured on the metal test piece 1 is determined, in this embodiment, measurement is performed in three directions of 0 °, 45 °, and 90 °, and is recorded as a first measuring direction b0A second measurement direction b45And a third measuring direction b90. Then the ultrasonic probe 2 is placed in the goldThe reliable contact between the ultrasonic probe 2 and the surface to be measured is ensured at the point O to be measured on the accessory 1, so that the center of the ultrasonic probe 2 is coincided with the point O to be measured, and the central axis of the ultrasonic probe 2 is in the first measuring direction b0Overlapping;
and secondly, introducing a plane anisotropy characterization factor, and quantitatively describing the plane anisotropy measurement to calculate the three-direction sound velocity. Two characterization factors for defining the plane anisotropy of material, metal plane orthotropic parameter K22Anisotropy parameter K coupled with metal plane12. Metal plane orthotropic parameter K22The strain detection device is used for representing the difference degree between the stresses generated in the corresponding directions when the strains with the same magnitude are respectively applied to two orthogonal main directions of the plane of the test piece; metal plane coupling anisotropy parameter K12The method is used for characterizing the stress increment of the anisotropic material relative to the isotropic material when the strain acts on one main direction of the plane of the material and the stress generated by the anisotropic material in the other main direction of the plane.
Thirdly, detecting the ultrasonic velocity in the plane
Under the control of the signal regulating system, an ultrasonic pulse excitation signal sent by the ultrasonic transmitter 4 is transmitted along the surface of the metal test piece 1 to be tested by a distance L of 20mm and then received by the ultrasonic receiver 3; and performing cross-correlation calculation on the ultrasonic pulse excitation signal sent by the ultrasonic transmitter 4 and the received signal received by the ultrasonic receiver 3, and calculating according to the formulas (1) and (2). Taking the difference between the positions of the maximum values of the two cross-correlation sequences, and calculating to obtain a first measurement direction b0Acoustic time difference t of1。
The ultrasonic probe 2 is rotated by 45 degrees in an anticlockwise incremental manner by taking the point O to be measured as the center, so that the central axis of the ultrasonic probe 2 and the second measurement direction b45Coincide according to a first measuring direction b0Obtaining a second measurement direction b45Acoustic time difference t of2. On this basis, the ultrasound probe 2 is rotated again in incremental counterclockwise fashion by 45 ° such that the center axis of the ultrasound probe 2 and the third measuring direction b are aligned90Coincide according to a first measuring direction b0Obtaining a third measurement direction b90Acoustic time difference t of3。
The three directions of sound are time-differentiated by t1、t2And t3Substituting the formula into the formula (3) to calculate the longitudinal wave velocity of the point O to be measured in three measuring directions.
Fourthly, calculating a characterization factor of the plane anisotropy
A first measuring direction b0Velocity v of longitudinal wavel0A second measurement direction b45Velocity v of longitudinal wavel45And a third measuring direction b90Velocity v of longitudinal wavel90Substituting the formula (4) to calculate the orthotropic parameter K of the metal plane22Anisotropy parameter K coupled with metal plane12. And detecting and calculating the plane anisotropy parameters of the metal test piece.
The invention defines two grain orientation characterization factors K12And K22The anisotropy in the metal plate surface is represented, the index for comprehensively evaluating the anisotropy of the region to be measured is given, and the anisotropy of the metal material surface can be qualitatively and quantitatively described; by adopting the method for measuring the wave velocity from multiple angles, the grain orientation characterization factor K can be measured only by refracting the longitudinal wave velocity from three directions12And K22The device has the advantages of fully considering the phenomenon of change of the polarization direction and acoustic birefringence in the process of ultrasonic wave propagation, small measurement error, high measurement stability and reliability, convenient operation, low cost and wide application range, can realize automatic and reliable measurement of contact type ultrasonic waves, and improves the measurement precision and efficiency.

Claims (1)

1. A method for ultrasonic testing the planar anisotropy of metallic material includes such steps as introducing the planar anisotropy characterizing factor K22And K12(ii) a Measuring sound time differences in N directions to be measured in a metal material plane, detecting ultrasonic wave speeds in the N directions to be measured, and calculating a plane anisotropy characterization factor in a reverse mode; the method comprises the following specific steps:
first, a test piece and an ultrasonic probe are mounted
The metal test piece (1) is fixed on the measuring platform to determine the metal testN measurement directions, N1, 2,3,. N, at the point O to be measured on the piece (1), are measured in each of the N directions, i.e. the first measurement direction b1A second measurement direction b2.., n-th measuring direction bn(ii) a An ultrasonic probe (2) is formed by the ultrasonic receiver (3) and the ultrasonic transmitter (4), the ultrasonic probe (2) is placed at a point O to be measured on the metal test piece (1) to ensure that the ultrasonic probe (2) is reliably contacted with the surface to be measured, the center of the ultrasonic probe (2) is coincided with the point O to be measured, and the central axis of the ultrasonic probe (2) is coincided with the first measuring direction b1Overlapping;
secondly, introducing a planar anisotropy characterization factor, and quantitatively depicting planar anisotropy;
two characterization factors for defining the plane anisotropy of material, metal plane orthotropic parameter K22Anisotropy parameter K coupled with metal plane12，
Figure FDA0002268798400000011
Wherein, c11、c12、c22And c66The elastic constant of the material in the Voigt representation method and rho are the density of the material to be measured;
metal plane orthotropic parameter K22The strain detection device is used for representing the difference degree between the stresses generated in the corresponding directions when the strains with the same magnitude are respectively applied to two orthogonal main directions of the plane of the test piece; metal plane coupling anisotropy parameter K12The device is used for representing the stress increment of the anisotropic material relative to the isotropic material when the strain acts on one main direction of the plane of the material and the stress generated by the anisotropic material in the other main direction of the plane;
thirdly, detecting the ultrasonic velocity in the plane
First, the direction to be measured at the point O to be measured is determined, taking N as 1,2,3, i.e. the first measuring direction b1A second measurement direction b2And a third measuring direction b3(ii) a Then, the ultrasonic probe (2) is placed at the point O to be measured, so that the center of the ultrasonic probe (2) coincides with the point O to be measured, and the central axis of the ultrasonic probe (2) and the first measurement are carried outDirection b1Overlapping and ensuring the reliable contact of the ultrasonic probe (2) and the surface to be detected; then, under the control of a signal regulation and control system, an ultrasonic pulse excitation signal sent by the ultrasonic transmitter (4) is transmitted on the surface of the metal test piece (1) for a certain distance L and then is received by the ultrasonic receiver (3); carrying out cross-correlation calculation on an ultrasonic pulse excitation signal sent by an ultrasonic transmitter (4) and a received signal received by an ultrasonic receiver (3) according to a formula (2), taking the difference between the positions of the maximum values of two cross-correlation sequences, and calculating to obtain a first measurement direction b1Acoustic time difference t of1，
Figure FDA0002268798400000021
Wherein, X1For ultrasonic pulse excitation signals, X2For receiving signals ultrasonically, TsIs the sampling period, t1Is the acoustic time difference, t is the ultrasonic pulse excitation signal X1And ultrasonic receiving signal X2Phase difference;
rotating the ultrasonic probe (2) by an angle theta in an anticlockwise incremental manner by taking the point O to be measured as the center, so that the central axis of the ultrasonic probe (2) and the second measuring direction b2Coincide according to a first measuring direction b1Obtaining a second measurement direction b2Acoustic time difference t of2(ii) a On the basis, the ultrasonic probe (2) is rotated counterclockwise by an increment of theta again, so that the central axis of the ultrasonic probe (2) and the third measuring direction b3Coincide according to a first measuring direction b1Obtaining a third measurement direction b3Acoustic time difference t of3；
Calculating the longitudinal wave velocities of the three measurement directions at the point O to be measured according to a formula (3),
Figure FDA0002268798400000022
wherein v is1Is a first measuring direction b1Velocity, v, of longitudinal wave of2Is a second measuring direction b2Velocity, v, of longitudinal wave of3Is a third measuring direction b3L is the distance of the ultrasonic wave transmitted on the surface of the metal test piece (1);
thirdly, calculating a planar anisotropy characterization factor
A first measuring direction b1Velocity v of longitudinal wave1A second measurement direction b2Velocity v of longitudinal wave2And a third measuring direction b3Velocity v of longitudinal wave3Substituting the formula (4) to calculate the orthotropic parameter K of the metal plane22Anisotropy parameter K coupled with metal plane12，
Figure FDA0002268798400000023
And detecting and calculating the plane anisotropy parameters of the metal test piece.
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