CN109451244B - Automatic focusing method and system based on liquid lens - Google Patents
Automatic focusing method and system based on liquid lens Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides an automatic focusing method and system based on a liquid lens, which comprises the following steps: carrying out Canny operator edge detection on the whole image to obtain a boundary image of the original image; performing 2 × 2 window expansion operation on the boundary map, and increasing the width of a boundary region; performing Sobel operator calculation on an original image, and calculating an improved Tenengrad gradient value through an improved Tenengrad gradient image quality evaluation function to serve as a final image definition evaluation reference value; and converting the image definition evaluation reference value into a voltage signal, and after the liquid lens receives the voltage signal, realizing automatic focusing by a variable-step peak search hill-climbing algorithm. Through improvement of an automatic focusing algorithm and setting of a hardware system, the obtained image definition evaluation reference value has good unimodal performance and robustness, the focusing speed is improved, and the real-time performance of self-focusing is guaranteed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of automatic focusing, in particular to an automatic focusing method and system based on a liquid lens.
Background
The focusing system is a key technology of a photoelectric imaging system, and the photoelectric imaging system is used as a tool for acquiring image information and can be used for production process monitoring, working condition detection, image shooting, microscopic observation, medical image analysis, geological remote sensing, military remote sensing and the like. Accurate focusing is a key point in acquiring a clear image. The traditional manual focusing excessively depends on the judgment of human eyes, and the repeated manual operation is needed to obtain a clear image until the clear image is obtained, and the clear image obtained by the conventional focusing is not necessarily the clearest because the reaction speed of the human eyes is limited to a certain extent. In recent years, with the development of computer hardware level and digital image processing technology, the automatic focusing technology based on digital image processing is developing vigorously.
The traditional automatic focusing method mainly comprises three methods: a distance measurement method; a phase method; contrast ratio method. The basic principle of the distance measuring method is that electromagnetic waves are transmitted to a target, the position of a target object is judged according to the reflected electromagnetic waves, automatic focusing is achieved through control of a computer, and the distance measuring method can be divided into an infrared distance measuring method, an ultrasonic distance measuring method, a laser distance measuring instrument and the like according to different distance measuring electromagnetic wave sources. The phase method is mainly characterized in that different position differences are generated according to specific differences of reference light and reference light along with a shot object, the position differences are converted into phase differences, the phase differences are compared with the phase differences which are not generated, the moving amount and the moving direction of the lens are obtained according to focusing operation, and finally the control system controls and clicks the lens to adjust so that the phase differences are zero to finish the focusing process. The contrast method is to judge according to the edge information of the image, and the sharper the edge of the image outline is, the larger the gradient value of the image brightness is, that is, the larger the contrast between the object at the edge and the background is; two photo detectors are placed at equal distances in front of and behind the negative film position to respectively obtain two images and calculate corresponding contrast, if the contrast difference is smaller, the two images are closer to the focus, the focus is continuously adjusted, the contrast difference is minimum, and the focusing process is completed.
The automatic focusing method based on the digital image technology is based on the completely different angle from the traditional automatic focusing technology, and directly adopts the image processing technology aiming at the shot image to evaluate the definition of the imaging quality of the image to obtain the current focusing state of the system, and then adjusts the focal length of the lens of the imaging system through the driving mechanism, thereby realizing the automatic focusing. Currently, in a digital imaging system, the automatic focusing method can be broadly divided into two types: the defocus depth method and the focus depth method.
The out-of-focus depth method realizes automatic focusing by acquiring depth information of images, and can realize automatic focusing only by acquiring a plurality of images with different definition degrees. The method needs to obtain 2-3 images under different imaging parameters, also needs to describe an imaging system by a mathematical model in advance, and then calculates the optimal focusing position according to the images obtained from a small number of imaging positions. The defocus depth method requires a small number of images, and thus the number of times of acquiring images by a mechanical mechanism such as a drive motor is greatly reduced, so that the speed is high, but the accuracy is low due to a small amount of information. The depth of focus method mainly has two types: one is a defocus depth method based on image restoration, which is related to a point spread function and utilizes an image degradation model to perform inverse calculation to restore an original image of a blurred image; the other method is based on defocus estimation, and related to the defocus is the analysis of the fuzzy degree (the size of the diffuse spot), and the relation between the size of the diffuse spot and the imaging parameters of the lens is determined, so that the optimal imaging position is calculated. The main disadvantages of the defocus depth method are: the focusing accuracy can be guaranteed only by obtaining an accurate mathematical model of the imaging system in advance, and the mathematical model cannot be determined accurately in theory and can only be estimated approximately, so that the error is extremely large.
Depth of focus method: is a focusing method established in the searching process. The method evaluates the definition of the image obtained from different focusing positions by selecting a proper image quality evaluation function, and corresponds to the best focusing position when the definition value is maximum. The method determines the distance from an object to the phase plane of the detector through a series of images which are gradually focused accurately, the position can be accurately found only by searching 10-12 images, and the more the images are used, the higher the focusing precision is. The theoretical basis for this approach is that the ideal autofocus evaluation function has a single peakiness, i.e., the peak point is the clearest position in focus. In order to accurately find the peak position and reduce the interference of the local extreme value, i.e. the edge protrusion effect, generated by noise, the optimal focusing position can be found by using a Fibonacci search method, a hill climbing method, a curve fitting method and the like. A typical searching process needs a plurality of images under different imaging parameters, the lens is driven to move by clicking, the detector obtains one image after the lens moves by one compensation, and the image is sent to a PC for sampling, analyzing, evaluating and other calculations to obtain an image definition evaluation function value. The lens continuously moves (mechanical movement control of the motor), the system obtains evaluation function values of a plurality of images, compares the evaluation function values to judge whether the images are clear or not and whether focusing is accurate or not, and gives a feedback signal to control the micromotor until the collected images meet the use requirements, namely, automatic focusing is finished.
The existing automatic focusing algorithm based on digital image processing has various limitations and various defects, and needs to be further improved. Problems with current autofocus systems:
(1) the focusing accuracy is not high enough, and the focusing error is easy to happen;
(2) the focusing stability is not strong, and the focusing device is easily influenced by environment and noise;
(3) the focusing speed is not enough, and the real-time performance is to be improved;
(4) the problems of hardware errors and time delay exist, for example, errors exist in a stepping motor for controlling the movement of a lens in system hardware; the problems of inertia existing in lens movement, time delay existing in hardware driving and the like exist; generally, the variable-step peak hill climbing search algorithm can complete one-time focusing only by a focusing process of 8-12 steps, the focusing process is completed within about 2 seconds, and the real-time requirement is met to a certain extent.
The most important point is the real-time property of the automatic focusing algorithm, because under different environments, certain requirements are imposed on the real-time property of the automatic focusing imaging system of the camera; the user's needs can only be met if a certain real-time performance is met. Particularly in the field of microcirculation monitoring, the requirement on the real-time performance of an automatic focusing imaging system of a microcirculation detector is high, so that the microcirculation condition of critical patients can be judged quickly and accurately.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide an automatic focusing method and system based on a liquid lens, and through improvement of an automatic focusing algorithm and setting of a hardware system, an obtained image definition evaluation reference value has good unimodal performance, so that the focusing speed is improved, and the real-time performance of self-focusing is ensured; the problems of errors and time delay of a stepping motor for controlling the movement of the lens in traditional hardware are solved.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: an automatic focusing method based on a liquid lens comprises the following steps:
a) carrying out Canny operator edge detection on the whole image to obtain a boundary image of the original image;
b) performing 2 × 2 window expansion operation on the boundary map, and increasing the width of a boundary region;
c) performing Sobel operator calculation on the original image;
d) selecting a window area;
e) calculating an improved Tenengrad gradient value by adopting an improved Tenengrad gradient image quality evaluation function according to the expanded boundary image in the step b) and the window area selected in the step d), and taking the improved Tenengrad gradient value as a final image definition evaluation reference value; the improved Tenengrad gradient image quality evaluation function expression is as follows:
wherein G isx(x，y)，Gy(x, y) are respectively the convolution of each pixel point F (x, y) of the image and a Sobel operator, M and N respectively represent the number of pixel points in the horizontal direction and the number of pixel points in the vertical direction of an evaluated image window area, FTenengradThe image gradient is an improved Tenengrad gradient value, and f (x, y) is a gray value of a pixel point at an (x, y) coordinate position of the image and can be directly read and obtained;
f) and converting the image definition evaluation reference value into a voltage signal, and after receiving the voltage signal, the liquid lens performs feedback control on the imaging target, the liquid lens and the control module by adopting a variable-step peak search hill-climbing algorithm so as to complete real-time automatic focusing.
Preferably, the Sobel operator is defined as:
Gx＝[f(x-1，y-1)+2f(x+1，y)+f(x+1，y+1)]-[f(x-1，y-1)+2f(x-1，y)+f(x-1，y+1)]Gy＝[f(x-1，y+1)+2f(x，y+1)+f(x+1，y+1)]-[f(x-1，y-1)+2f(x，y-1)+f(x+1，y-1)]。
preferably, the window area is selected through a focusing window, wherein the focusing window is selected by adopting a multi-point window area selection algorithm; the multi-point window area selection algorithm gives a main scene estimation area by counting the images, and then, the multi-point window area is taken as a focusing area; specifically, a digital image f with the size of m × n is subjected to multi-point window area selection, including a large window in the central area and four small windows around the central area, and the selected window area is expressed as the following formula:
wherein, I is a selected window area, and m and n respectively represent the number of pixels in the horizontal direction and the number of pixels in the vertical direction of the image; i is1Large window in the central region, I2、I3、I4、I5Four small windows around the central area.
The multi-point window-taking region selection method is generally used for avoiding the situation that the center window-taking cannot adapt to the situation that the subject scenery deviates from the center, and the window-taking method adapts to the situation that the subject scenery deviates and improves the success rate of covering the subject scenery.
Preferably, the imaging target, the liquid lens and the control module are subjected to feedback control by adopting a variable-step-size peak search hill-climbing algorithm, which specifically comprises the following steps: by aligning the initial [ V ]min，Vmax]A voltage in a range, wherein VminIs a minimum voltage, VmaxFor the maximum voltage, the range is continuously reduced to achieve the final focusing, and the specific steps are as follows:
(1) firstly, setting an initial fixed focal plane focal length and an initial focusing area range;
(2) and in the range of the initial focusing area, the focusing range is narrowed in a coarse adjustment mode: 1/4 of the range of the initial focusing area is used as focusing compensation, and a smaller focusing range is determined;
(3) in the peak hill climbing searching process, if the image definition evaluation value suddenly drops in the process of continuously rising and keeps dropping twice, the image definition evaluation value is represented to pass through a focal plane;
(4) setting the previous focal length position of the focal length of the maximum image definition evaluation value as the left boundary of the focusing area; setting the focal length position of the first descent as the right boundary of the focusing area;
(5) and (4) if the focusing range is reduced, reducing the corresponding focusing step length to half of the original focusing step length until the minimum focusing step length is reached, continuing to perform peak climbing search in the focusing range, and repeating the step (3) and the step (4) until the peak is found.
Generally, the variable-step peak hill climbing search algorithm can complete one-time focusing only by 8-12 steps of focusing process, the focusing process is completed within about 2 seconds, and the real-time requirement is met to a certain extent.
The invention also comprises an automatic focusing system adopting the automatic focusing method based on the liquid lens, which comprises the liquid lens, an optical imaging component, a lower computer current/voltage control module, a PC end automatic focusing software system and an image storage and output module; the lower computer current/voltage control module is communicated with the PC end automatic focusing software system, synchronously controls the focal length of the liquid lens, and changes the focal length by adjusting a voltage value; the optical imaging component is connected with the PC-end automatic focusing software system, and the PC-end automatic focusing software system is connected with the image storage and output module; and the lower computer current/voltage control module is combined with the liquid lens to form a focusing component, and the focusing component realizes the focusing function by controlling the input voltage. The lower computer directly controls the driving voltage of the liquid lens to change the focal length, so that the problems of hardware error, time delay and the like caused by the stepping motor are solved.
Preferably, the optical imaging component is a CMOS camera or a CCD camera.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the improved Tenengrad gradient image quality evaluation function is provided, and the improved Tenengrad gradient value is obtained by combining a reasonable multi-point window area selection method, edge detection and boundary image expansion operation and is used as an image definition evaluation reference value, so that the method has good unimodal performance and strong robustness and meets the requirement of camera non-reference image evaluation.
(2) A variable-step peak hill climbing algorithm is adopted in the automatic focusing peak searching process, the whole automatic focusing process is completed through the variable focusing step, the definition peak can be quickly found, and the real-time requirement is met.
(3) The automatic focusing system is composed of the liquid lens, and the driving voltage of the liquid lens is directly controlled by the lower computer to change the focal length, so that the problems of hardware error, time delay and the like caused by the stepping motor are solved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of an automatic focusing method based on a liquid lens according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a multi-point window selection area according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an automatic focusing system based on a liquid lens according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the image sharpness estimate calculated by the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1, an automatic focusing method based on a liquid lens includes the steps of:
a) carrying out Canny operator edge detection on the whole image to obtain a boundary image of the original image;
b) performing 2 × 2 window expansion operation on the boundary map, and increasing the width of a boundary region;
c) performing Sobel operator calculation on the original image;
d) selecting a window area;
e) calculating an improved Tenengrad gradient value serving as a final image definition evaluation reference value by adopting an improved Tenengrad gradient image quality evaluation function according to the expanded boundary image in the step b) and the window area selected in the step d); the improved Tenengrad gradient image quality evaluation function is expressed as follows:
wherein G isx(x，y)，Gy(x, y) are respectively the convolution of each pixel point F (x, y) of the image and the Sobel operator, M and N respectively represent the number of pixel points in the horizontal direction and the number of pixel points in the vertical direction of the window area selected in the step d), and FTenengradThe image gradient is an improved Tenengrad gradient value, and f (x, y) is a gray value of a pixel point at an (x, y) coordinate position of the image and can be directly read and obtained;
f) and after the liquid lens receives the voltage signal, the imaging target, the liquid lens and the control module are subjected to feedback control by adopting a variable-step-length peak search hill-climbing algorithm, so that real-time automatic focusing is completed.
In addition, the actual using process can also adopt an approximate value to replace the improved Tenengrad gradient image quality evaluation function, and a specific expression is shown as the following formula: fTenengrad＝0.5Gx+0.5Gy。
Specifically, Sobel operator calculation is performed on the original image, and the Sobel operator is defined as:
Gx＝[f(x-1，y-1)+2f(x+1，y)+f(x+1，y+1)]-[f(x-1，y-1)+2f(x-1，y)+f(x-1，y+1)]Gy＝[f(x-1，y+1)+2f(x，y+1)+f(x+1，y+1)]-[f(x-1，y-1)+2f(x，y-1)+f(x+1，y-1)]。
as shown in fig. 2, a window area is selected through a focusing window, wherein the focusing window is selected by adopting a multi-point window area selection algorithm; the multi-point window area selection algorithm gives a main scene estimation area by counting the images, and then, the multi-point window area is taken as a focusing area; specifically, a multi-point window area selection is performed on an image with the size of mxn, the multi-point window area selection includes a large window in the central area and four small windows around the central area, and the selected window area is expressed as follows:
wherein, I is a selected window area, and m and n respectively represent the number of pixels in the horizontal direction and the number of pixels in the vertical direction of the image; i is1Large window in the central region, I2、I3、I4、I5Four small windows around the central area.
The multi-point window-taking region selection method is generally used for avoiding the situation that the center window-taking cannot adapt to the situation that the subject scenery deviates from the center, and the window-taking method adapts to the situation that the subject scenery deviates and improves the success rate of covering the subject scenery.
The method adopts a variable-step peak value searching hill climbing algorithm to perform feedback control on an imaging target, a liquid lens and a control module, and specifically comprises the following steps: by aligning the initial [ V ]min，Vmax]A voltage in a range, wherein VminIs a minimum voltage, VmaxThe maximum voltage is continuously reduced in the range to achieve the final focusing, and the specific steps are as follows:
(1) firstly, setting an initial fixed focal plane focal length and an initial focusing area range;
(2) and in the range of the initial focusing area, the focusing range is narrowed in a coarse adjustment mode: 1/4 of the range of the initial focusing area is used as focusing compensation, and a smaller focusing range is determined;
(3) in the peak hill climbing searching process, if the image definition evaluation value suddenly drops in the process of continuously rising and keeps dropping twice, the image definition evaluation value is represented to pass through a focal plane;
(4) setting the previous focal length position of the focal length of the maximum image definition evaluation value as the left boundary of the focusing area; setting the focal length position of the first descent as the right boundary of the focusing area;
(5) and (4) if the focusing range is reduced, reducing the corresponding focusing step length to half of the original focusing step length until the minimum focusing step length is reached, continuing to perform peak climbing search in the focusing range, and repeating the step (3) and the step (4) until the peak is found.
Generally, the variable-step peak hill climbing search algorithm can complete one-time focusing only by 8-12 steps of focusing process, the focusing process is completed within about 2 seconds, and the real-time requirement is met to a certain extent.
The invention also comprises an automatic focusing system adopting the automatic focusing method based on the liquid lens, as shown in fig. 3, the automatic focusing system comprises the liquid lens, an optical imaging component, a lower computer current/voltage control module, a PC (personal computer) end automatic focusing software system and an image storage and output module; the lower computer current/voltage control module is communicated with the PC end automatic focusing software system, synchronously controls the focal length of the liquid lens and changes the focal length by adjusting a voltage value; the optical imaging component is connected with a PC (personal computer) end automatic focusing software system, and the PC end automatic focusing software system is connected with the image storage and output module; the lower computer current/voltage control module is combined with the liquid lens to form a focusing component, and the focusing component realizes the focusing function by controlling the input voltage. The optical imaging component is a CMOS camera or a CCD camera.
In order to detect the effect of the automatic focusing method and system based on the liquid lens, the automatic focusing method and system are practically applied. Fig. 4 shows an image sharpness evaluation curve graph calculated by the liquid lens-based auto-focusing method in practical application, where the abscissa is the number of frames and the ordinate is the sharpness value, as can be seen from fig. 4, the method has good unimodal and robust properties, and the determination of the sharpness completion focal plane can be obtained by only 8-12 frames in the focusing process in the actual use process.
In the technical scheme of the invention, an improved Tenengrad gradient image quality evaluation function is provided, and a reasonable multi-point window area selection method, edge detection and boundary image expansion operation are combined to obtain an improved Tenengrad gradient value and an image definition evaluation reference value, so that the improved Tenengrad gradient image quality evaluation function has good unimodal performance and strong robustness and meets the requirement of camera no-reference image evaluation.
In the automatic focusing peak value searching process, a variable step peak hill climbing algorithm is adopted, the whole automatic focusing process is completed through the variable focusing step, the definition peak value can be quickly found, and the real-time requirement is met; the automatic focusing system is composed of the liquid lens, and the driving voltage of the liquid lens is directly controlled by the lower computer to change the focal length, so that the problems of hardware error, time delay and the like caused by the stepping motor are solved.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (4)
1. An automatic focusing method based on a liquid lens is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a) carrying out Canny operator edge detection on the whole image to obtain a boundary image of the original image;
b) performing 2 × 2 window expansion operation on the boundary map, and increasing the width of a boundary region;
c) performing Sobel operator calculation on the original image;
d) selecting a window area;
e) calculating an improved Tenengrad gradient value by adopting an improved Tenengrad gradient image quality evaluation function according to the expanded boundary image in the step b) and the window area selected in the step d), and taking the improved Tenengrad gradient value as a final image definition evaluation reference value; the improved Tenengrad gradient image quality evaluation function expression is as follows:
wherein G isx(x,y)，Gy(x, y) are respectively the convolution of each pixel point F (x, y) of the image and the Sobel operator, M and N respectively represent the number of pixel points in the horizontal direction and the number of pixel points in the vertical direction of the window area selected in the step d), and FTenengradThe image is an improved Tenengrad gradient value, and f (x, y) is a gray value of a pixel point at an (x, y) coordinate position of the image;
f) converting the image definition evaluation reference value into a voltage signal, and after receiving the voltage signal, the liquid lens performs feedback control on an imaging target, the liquid lens and a control module by adopting a variable-step-length peak search hill-climbing algorithm so as to complete real-time automatic focusing;
the Sobel operator is defined as:
Gx＝[f(x-1,y-1)+2f(x+1,y)+f(x+1,y+1)]-[f(x-1,y-1)+2f(x-1,y)+f(x-1,y+1)]
Gy＝[f(x-1,y+1)+2f(x,y+1)+f(x+1,y+1)]-[f(x-1,y-1)+2f(x,y-1)+f(x+1,y-1)]；
the window area is selected through a focusing window, wherein the focusing window is selected by adopting a multi-point window area selection algorithm; the multi-point window area selection algorithm gives a main scene estimation area by counting the images, and then takes the multi-point window area as a focusing area; specifically, a multi-point window area selection is performed on an image with the size of mxn, the multi-point window area selection includes a large window in the central area and four small windows around the central area, and the selected window area is expressed as follows:
wherein, I is a selected window area, and m and n respectively represent the number of pixels in the horizontal direction and the number of pixels in the vertical direction of the image; i is1Large window in the central region, I2、I3、I4、I5Four small windows around the central area.
2. The automatic focusing method based on the liquid lens as claimed in claim 1, wherein the peak value search hill-climbing algorithm with the variable step length is adopted to perform feedback control on an imaging target, the liquid lens and a control module, and specifically: by aligning the initial [ V ]min,Vmax]A voltage in a range, wherein VminIs a minimum voltage, VmaxFor the maximum voltage, the range is continuously reduced to achieve the final focusing, and the specific steps are as follows:
(1) firstly, setting an initial fixed focal plane focal length and an initial focusing area range;
(2) and in the range of the initial focusing area, the focusing range is narrowed in a coarse adjustment mode: 1/4 of the range of the initial focusing area is used as focusing compensation, and a smaller focusing range is determined;
(3) in the peak hill climbing searching process, if the image definition evaluation value suddenly drops in the process of continuously rising and keeps dropping twice, the image definition evaluation value is represented to pass through a focal plane;
(4) setting the previous focal length position of the focal length of the maximum image definition evaluation value as the left boundary of the focusing area; setting the focal length position of the first descent as the right boundary of the focusing area;
(5) and (4) if the focusing range is reduced, reducing the corresponding focusing step length to half of the original focusing step length until the minimum focusing step length is reached, continuing to perform peak climbing search in the focusing range, and repeating the step (3) and the step (4) until the peak is found.
3. An autofocus system using the liquid lens-based autofocus method according to any of claims 1 to 2, including a liquid lens, an optical imaging module, a lower level electromechanical current/voltage control module, a PC-side autofocus software system, and an image storage and output module;
the lower computer current/voltage control module is communicated with the PC end automatic focusing software system, synchronously controls the focal length of the liquid lens, and changes the focal length by adjusting a voltage value;
the optical imaging component is connected with the PC-end automatic focusing software system, and the PC-end automatic focusing software system is connected with the image storage and output module;
and the lower computer current/voltage control module is combined with the liquid lens to form a focusing component, and the focusing component realizes the focusing function by controlling the input voltage.
4. The autofocus system of claim 3, wherein the optical imaging assembly is a CMOS camera or a CCD camera.
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| CN117472677B (en) * | 2023-12-26 | 2024-03-08 | 深圳市魔力信息技术有限公司 | Face recognition equipment testing method and testing system |
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| CN101840055B (en) * | 2010-05-28 | 2012-01-18 | 浙江工业大学 | Video auto-focusing system based on embedded media processor |
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