CN109429610A - 一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦使用的人工土壤及其复垦方法 - Google Patents
一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦使用的人工土壤及其复垦方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦使用的人工土壤及其复垦方法，通过将尾矿废渣回填开采区，填筑压实；将优化设计的人工土壤的各组分混合均匀，最后将新型的人工土壤以一定厚度覆盖在尾矿废渣的回填表面，来实现矿山尾矿的有效治理。有益效果：(1)本发明制备的人工土壤，营养成分丰富，有机质含量增加，土壤透气性增加，具有优秀的保水和保肥性能，适合植物的生长；(2)本发明提供的有机腐熟物来源于农林废弃物，来源广泛，容易获得，实现了固体废物的“减量化、资源化、无害化”的综合利用，符合循环经济的原则；(3)本发明能够同时解决尾矿库的占地问题和采空区土地复垦的任务，具有很大的市场空间。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及矿山治理技术领域，具体涉及一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦使用的人工土壤及其复垦方法。
背景技术
伴随着我国经济快速发展，基础建设突飞猛进，越来越多的石矿被开采应用于生活和生产的各行各业中，其中原矿进入选矿厂经过破碎、磨矿和选别作业之后，形成了大量的尾矿；截止到2010年，全国尾矿堆积总量110.0亿吨，约合73.3亿立方米，并且每年以数亿吨增加；目前尾矿已成为我国工业生产中产出量最大、综合利用率最低的大宗固体废弃物。
尾矿库存在的问题主要有：大量堆放的尾矿废渣一方面是占用了大量的土地资源，减少百姓的农耕林土地，影响当地居民的生活；另外一方面部分尾矿含有重金属离子或者其它有毒有害的离子，随水流入下游或渗入地下，造成环境污染；再者尾矿废渣区还是一个巨大的沙尘源，对周围的空气带来严重的环境污染。例如包钢和鞍山尾矿库尾矿废渣，盐碱程度高，植物不能生存，生态修复很难成功，给当地经济和环境带来巨大负担。
金矿是大宗尾矿废弃物的一部分，金矿尾矿中有用成分含量低，粒度细、成分复杂，盐碱程度高，为此亟待一种行之有效的金矿尾矿渣的综合治理方法，减少金矿废渣对周围环境造成污染，恢复尾矿废渣成为林地或者耕地，增加居民土地资源。
发明内容
本发明的目的克服现有技术的不足，提供一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦的方法。通过将尾矿废渣回填开采区，填筑压实；将人工土壤的各组分混合均匀，最后将新型的人工土壤以一定厚度覆盖在尾矿废渣的回填表面，来实现矿山尾矿的有效治理。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术措施达到的：一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦使用的人工土壤：按体积百分比计量，包括金矿尾矿废渣40％～ 55％、酸性壤土15％～25％、有机腐熟物15％～20％、高岭土2％～10％、有机肥2％～ 3％、微肥1％～2％、土壤调和剂0.2％～1％、阳性聚丙烯酰胺0.1％～2％、自生固氮菌剂0.05％～1％、豆科植物0.5％～2％。
进一步地，所述土壤调和剂为硫酸钙、硫酸亚铁、消石灰、过磷酸钙中的一种或几种。
进一步地，所述高岭土为粉末状，规格为600～1200目，细度小于2μm的含量大于90％。
进一步地，所述阳性聚丙烯酰胺的分子量＞500万，浓度0.1％～0.5％，丙烯酰胺单体的含量小于0.05％。阳性聚丙烯酰胺能够与酸性壤土、尾矿废渣发生正负电荷反应，产生聚沉现象，形成稳定的团聚体，具有良好的透气性。
进一步地，所述的酸性土壤为砖红壤、赤红壤、红壤、燥红土中的一种或几种，pH4.5～6.0；砖红壤、赤红壤等酸性土壤能够中和尾矿废渣的碱性条件，并且带负电荷，能够更好和阳性聚丙烯酰胺发生聚沉反应。
进一步地，所述的有机腐熟物的制备方法：按体积百分比计量，包括花生壳50％、棕榈渣20％、椰渣10％、食用菌残渣10％、绿色植物茎叶10％，将混合物加水，充分混合，搅拌均匀，混合物的含水量40％～60％，保持温度25℃～35℃，直到混合物没有臭味并伴有酒味，发酵完全，制备成有机腐熟物。
进一步地，所述人工土壤的气孔导度＞40％，pH为5.5～8.0，容重＜0.8g/cm3, 有机质含量＞4％，总氮＞0.2％，速效氮＞0.015％，速效钾＞0.02％，速效磷＞ 0.004％。
一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦的方法，包括以下步骤：
1)将尾矿废渣回填开采区，填筑压实；
2)将上述人工土壤各组分混合均匀；
3)在尾矿废渣的回填表面，堆积上述人工土壤，堆积厚度为50cm～80cm。
4)将豆科植物播种在上述人工土壤上，播种深度为1～3cm。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果是：(1)本发明制备的人工土壤，营养成分丰富，有机质含量增加，土壤透气性增加，具有优秀的保水和保肥性能，适合植物的生长；(2)本发明提供的有机腐熟物来源于农林废弃物，来源广泛，容易获得，实现了固体废物的“减量化、资源化、无害化”的综合利用，符合循环经济的原则；(3)本发明能够同时解决尾矿库的占地问题和采空区土地复垦的任务，具有很大的市场空间。
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明作详细说明。
具体实施方式
某黄金矿业尾矿的pH8.6、含盐量为0.21％、总砷1.6μg/L。
实施例1、实验面积为100平方米，人工土壤的厚度为50cm，尾矿废渣40％、酸性壤土25％、有机腐熟物20％、高岭土10％、有机肥2％、微肥1％、土壤调和剂 0.5％、阳性性聚丙烯酰胺0.5％、自生固氮菌剂0.25％～1％、豆科植物0.75％；所制造人工土壤的气孔导度47％，pH为6.3，容重0.70g/cm3,有机质含量4.3％，总氮0.26％，速效氮0.02％，速效钾0.027％，速效磷0.005％；将豆科植物紫花苜蓿播种在人工土壤中，深度为1cm，正常养护，60d后统计紫花苜蓿的生长状况：其中高度17cm，根系长度为12cm，每平方密度为175株,覆盖率92％，尾矿废渣的裸露率＜8％，和未覆盖人工土壤的相比较，有效降低了施工区域的裸露率，增加植被覆盖率，从源头上阻止了沙尘的移动。
实施例2、实验面积为100平方米，人工土壤的厚度为80cm，尾矿废渣55％、酸性壤土15％、有机腐熟物17％、高岭土2％、有机肥3％、微肥2％、土壤调和剂 1％、阳性聚丙烯酰胺2％、自生固氮菌剂1％、豆科植物2％；人工土壤的气孔导度 43％，pH为5.7，容重0.79g/cm3,有机质含量4.9％，总氮0.32％，速效氮0.029％，速效钾0.04％，速效磷0.0059％；将豆科植物刺槐、紫穗槐播种在人工土壤中，深度为2cm，正常养护，60d后统计刺槐、紫穗槐的生长状况，其中刺槐的平均高度25cm，根系长度为19cm，紫穗槐的平均高度15cm，根系的长度为10cm，每平方密度为104株,覆盖率94％，尾矿废渣的裸露率＜6％，和未覆盖人工土壤的相比较，有效降低了施工区域的裸露率，增加植被覆盖率，从源头上阻止了沙尘的移动。
实施例3、实验面积为100平方米，人工土壤的厚度为65cm，尾矿废渣49％、酸性壤土20.5％、有机腐熟物18％、高岭土6％、有机肥2.5％、微肥1.5％、土壤调和剂0.2％、阳性聚丙烯酰胺0.75％、自生固氮菌剂0.05％、豆科植物1.5％；人工土壤的气孔导度44％，pH为6.9，容重0.74g/cm3,有机质含量4.5％，总氮 0.3％，速效氮0.022％，速效钾0.03％，速效磷＞0.0053％；将豆科植物合欢播种在人工土壤中，深度为3cm，正常养护，60d后统计合欢的生长状况：其中高度为22cm，根系长度为17cm，每平方密度为99株,覆盖率89％，尾矿废渣的裸露率＜11％，和未覆盖人工土壤的相比较，有效降低了施工区域的裸露率，增加植被覆盖率，从源头上阻止了沙尘的移动。
有机腐熟物的制备方法：按体积百分比计量，包括花生壳50％、棕榈渣20％、椰渣10％、食用菌残渣10％、绿色植物茎叶10％，将混合物加水，充分混合，搅拌均匀，混合物的含水量40％～60％，保持温度25℃～35℃，直到混合物没有臭味并伴有酒味，发酵完全，制备成有机腐熟物。该有机腐熟物有利于调节尾矿的PH值，同时也有利于植物的生长。
Claims (8)
1.一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦使用的人工土壤：按体积百分比计量，包括金矿尾矿废渣40％～55％、酸性土壤15％～25％、有机腐熟物15％～20％、高岭土2％～10％、有机肥2％～3％、微肥1％～2％、土壤调和剂0.2％～1％、阳性聚丙烯酰胺0.1％～2％、自生固氮菌剂0.05％～1％、豆科植物0.5％～2％。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦使用的人工土壤，其特征在于：所述土壤调和剂为硫酸钙、硫酸亚铁、石灰石、过磷酸钙中的一种或几种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦使用的人工土壤，其特征在于：所述高岭土为粉末状，规格为600～1200目，细度小于2μm的含量大于90％。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦使用的人工土壤，其特征在于：所述阳性聚丙烯酰胺的分子量＞500万，浓度0.1％～0.5％，丙烯酰胺单体的含量小于0.05％。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦使用的人工土壤，其特征在于：所述的酸性土壤为砖红壤、赤红壤、红壤、燥红土中的一种或几种，pH4.5～6.0。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦使用的人工土壤，其特征在于：所述有机腐熟物的制备方法：按体积百分比计量，包括花生壳50％、棕榈渣20％、椰渣10％、食用菌残渣10％、绿色植物茎叶10％，将混合物加水，充分混合，搅拌均匀，混合物的含水量40％～60％，保持温度25℃～35℃，直到混合物没有臭味并伴有酒味，发酵完全，制备成有机腐熟物。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦使用的人工土壤，其特征在于：所述人工土壤的气孔导度＞40％，pH为5.5～8.0，容重＜0.8g/cm3,有机质含量＞4％，总氮＞0.2％，速效氮＞0.015％，速效钾＞0.02％，速效磷＞0.004％。
8.一种利用金矿尾矿渣回填开采区进行土地复垦的方法，包括以下步骤：
1)将尾矿废渣回填开采区，填筑压实；
2)将如权利要求1～7任一项所述的人工土壤各组分混合均匀；
3)在尾矿废渣的回填表面，堆积所述人工土壤，堆积厚度为50cm～80cm；
4)将豆科植物播种在所述人工土壤上，播种深度为1～3cm。
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