CN109392163B - Random frequency division multiple access system multi-carrier allocation method based on collision probability - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a random frequency division multiple access system multi-carrier allocation method based on collision probability, which analyzes the probability of collision of data sent among users in the same base station on the basis of a random access scheme aiming at periodic service, wherein the probability is system information and comprises functions of the number of users, the number of carriers of each user, bandwidth, time slot length and data packet arrival rate; according to the distance between the user and the base station, different user grades are divided according to the collision probability, and each grade corresponds to different single carrier energy consumption and collision probability; and (3) carrying out carrier number distribution according to the user grade, distributing less carrier numbers to users at a close distance, distributing more carrier numbers to users at a far distance, and determining the specific number by comprehensively calculating the collision probability and the energy consumption. Calculation and verification show that the number of the carriers distributed by the method is more advantageous than the traditional Aloha scheme in the aspect of average energy consumption of each user.
Description
[ technical field ] A method for producing a semiconductor device
The invention belongs to the field of Internet of things, and particularly relates to a random frequency division multiple access system multi-carrier allocation method based on collision probability.
[ background of the invention ]
The narrowband internet of things technology for the low-power-consumption wide area network can obviously improve the power spectral density of a useful signal, simultaneously can effectively reduce the noise power, greatly reduces the requirement on user transmitting power, and occupies about 1/4 of the current internet of things market. Low power wide area networks require a more reliable transmission scheme due to equipment cost constraints, with frequency offsets occupying more bandwidth than users. Existing access schemes for low power wide area networks mainly include Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Random Access (RA). The conventional access scheme, frequency division multiple access, cannot be applied to an ultra-narrow band system, because the conventional access scheme needs to reserve a large guard interval for each user to prevent interference between users caused by frequency offset, thereby causing serious waste of frequency spectrum resources. However, in cdma, due to the large size of users, relatively large overhead is required to allocate orthogonal spreading codes to each user, compared with the short information sent by the user. For the random access scheme, an interaction process between the user and the base station may cause additional delay and signaling overhead. The above conventional schemes are not well suited for large-scale, low-cost, low-power wide area networks. An access scheme of Random frequency division multiple access (R-FDMA) based on the timeslot Aloha is taken as an unauthorized scheme, a user is allowed to send data immediately at the beginning of the next timeslot, unnecessary signaling overhead is removed, and therefore time delay, cost and the like are correspondingly reduced, and the research of the Random frequency division multiple access scheme has obvious engineering practical value. Compared with the slotted ALOHA protocol, the basic idea of random frequency division multiple access is that on the basis of the ALOHA scheme, a plurality of users are allowed to transmit in a slot, the users randomly occupy different frequency channels, and due to the characteristic of large frequency offset of a narrowband system, the frequency channel of each user is randomly selected. Thus, there is a possibility that collision occurs between users because the users occupy the same frequency channel, and therefore, it is necessary to analyze and optimize the collision probability between users.
In an internet of things system, especially a low-power-consumption wide area network, the number of devices is often huge, the coverage range is wide, the internet of things devices basically use a disposable power supply, and a new battery needs to be replaced when the battery is exhausted, so the battery life is an important factor influencing the cost. There are two main aspects affecting battery life, one being the path loss factor and the distance of the device from the base station will affect energy consumption. Generally, the further away the device is, the higher the transmission power is required to overcome the path loss to reach the threshold of the receiver, so the energy consumption is greater; on the other hand, the collision probability of the user equipment also affects the total energy consumption by affecting the number of retransmissions. For the random frequency division multiple access mode, how to allocate the number of carriers of active users in each time slot to achieve the purpose of saving the energy consumption of the system is an important problem. The invention provides a method for analyzing user collision probability in a narrow-band Internet of things system based on random frequency division multiple access, and provides a multi-user carrier number distribution scheme to solve the problems.
[ summary of the invention ]
The present invention is directed to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art and to provide a collision probability-based multicarrier allocation method for a random frequency division multiple access system. The method allocates the carrier number according to the user grade, users with close distance allocate less carrier number, and users with far distance allocate more carrier number.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme to realize the purpose:
a multi-carrier distribution method of a random frequency division multiple access system based on collision probability comprises the following steps:
1) aiming at a periodic system, calculating the probability of collision of sending carriers among users in the same base station;
calculating the probability that the ith carrier wave of the target user and the jth user in the same base station do not collide
By passing
Calculating the collision probability P of the collision between the ith carrier wave of the target user and the jth usercollision1(ii) a The above-mentioned
The formula (3) is shown below:
wherein, tau is the length of a time slot in the base station; t isbIs the time domain period of the periodic system, BW is the total bandwidth of the frequency domain in the base station, b is the width of the single frequency band, nc,jN, the number of carriers transmitted by the jth user, j being 1; n,. 1;
2) by collision probability Pcollision1Calculating the energy expectation E consumed by the target user to finish one-time data transmission in the base stationn，
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
a collision probability for the nth user;
indicating an expected number of retransmissions; pthA power threshold required for the base station to successfully receive the user's information;
in dnDistance of arrival of transmission power for a single user at a base station, dnIs more than 1; α is the path loss coefficient;
3) by varying the distance d to the areanThe users of (2) allocate different carrier numbers, so that the energy consumption expectation of a single user in the base station tends to a constant; is defined in formula (8)
The formula (2) is shown in the following formula (9),
in the formula, c0Is a constant such that
The farthest distance between a single user and a base station in the area is recorded as dmaxConsider the range of distances (0.1 d)max,dmax) A user within; according to the distance between the single user and the base station, dmaxDividing M grades, wherein M is a natural number more than or equal to 1; different levels allocate different numbers of carriers.
The invention is further improved in that:
preferably, the ith carrier and the jth carrier of the target user in the step 1)Probability of collision P of individual usercollision1The calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula, CiFor the i-th carrier successful transmission event, i 1,2c；ncIndicates the number of carriers transmitted by the target user,
denotes all ncAll the carriers collide;
by evaluating an independent event for each term in formula (1), as shown in formula (2) below:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
indicating that no collision occurs on all i carriers, indicating the product of no collision with all carriers of the remaining N-1 users,
combination (3), probability of collision Pcollision1The calculation formula is as follows:
preferably, the number n of carriers transmitted by the jth user in step 1)c,jAnd n in step 2)cAre all discrete data.
Preferably, d in step 2)nIs continuous data.
Preferably, in step 1), for a bursty system, the number of new data packets generated in any time slot τ is N (τ), and a poisson distribution is obeyed, where the probability distribution is shown in the following formula (5):
the combination formula (4) is aimed at the collision probability P of collision between the ith carrier wave of the target user and the jth user in the burst systemcollision2The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
average number of carriers for all users
Combining the theorem of large numbers to obtain the collision probability Pcollision2The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
preferably, in step 3), the range of the distance d in the ith level among the M levels is xidmax≤d＜xi+1dmaxM, ═ 1,2.. M; adjusting the number of carriers ncThe upper limit x of d in the ith level is calculated by equalizing both sides of equation (9)i+1dmaxWith a lower limit xidmaxWithin this range, n is allocatedcNumber of carriers.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention discloses a random frequency division multiple access system multi-carrier allocation method based on collision probability, which analyzes the probability of collision of data sent among users in the same base station on the basis of a random access scheme aiming at periodic service, wherein the probability is a function of the number of users, the number of carriers of each user, bandwidth, time slot length and data packet arrival rate; according to the distance between the user and the base station, different user grades are divided according to the collision probability, and each grade corresponds to different single carrier energy consumption and collision probability; and (3) carrying out carrier number distribution according to the user grade, distributing less carrier numbers to users at a close distance, distributing more carrier numbers to users at a far distance, and determining the specific number by comprehensively calculating the collision probability and the energy consumption. The method divides the carrier number according to the distance between the user and the base station in a certain area, so that the carrier number is matched with the distance, the number of the carriers distributed by the user far away from the base station is large, the probability of collision is reduced, and the overall energy consumption in a system is saved. Energy consumption calculation and verification show that the number of the carriers distributed by the method is more advantageous in the aspect of average energy consumption of each user compared with the traditional Aloha scheme.
Furthermore, aiming at the burst service, a poisson distribution item is added on the basis of calculating the collision probability in the periodic system, so that the poisson distribution item can be applied to the burst service.
[ description of the drawings ]
FIG. 1 is a transmission model of a random frequency division multiple access system;
FIG. 2 shows a user using multiple carriers (n)cA curve of the collision probability with the number of users when the number is 4);
FIG. 3 shows collision probability with carrier number n when a user employs multiple carrierscThe variation curve of (d);
FIG. 4 is a curve of collision probability of users with total bandwidth BW in a bursty system;
fig. 5 is a comparison of the variance of the user battery life time using the multi-carrier allocation scheme proposed by the present invention and the conventional slotted ALOHA scheme.
[ detailed description ] embodiments
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to specific steps and the attached drawing figures:
the invention discloses a random frequency division multiple access system multi-carrier allocation method based on collision probability; the method aims to provide an analysis method for the collision probability among users in a narrow-band Internet of things system, and provides a multi-carrier transmission scheme to improve the performance. The method mainly aims at two types of services, one type is periodic service, namely, all users send data to a base station once in a certain time period; the other is bursty traffic, i.e., all users transmit data to the base station only when there is data to transmit. The method comprises the following steps:
1) according to system information including the number of users, bandwidth, time slot length, the number of carriers of each user and the arrival rate of data packets of each user, the collision probability is supplied and calculated;
considering a low-power wide area network system, which comprises a base station BS, corresponding to N users, wherein the total bandwidth of the frequency domain of the BS is BW, the width of a single frequency band is b, and the length of a time slot is tau; for a periodic system, the time domain period is Tb(ii) a For a bursty system, the arrival rate of a new data packet of each user is lambda; in the periodic system and the burst system, the number of the carrier waves transmitted by the ith user is nc,iN, i ═ 1. Due to the characteristics of the ultra-narrow band system, compared with the interference of other users, the noise can be ignored under the extremely narrow bandwidth, but considering the influence of energy consumption, the path loss caused by the distance between the user and the base station needs to be considered. Suppose that the power threshold required for the base station to successfully receive the user's information is PthIndividual user transmission power PnN1.. N, the distance from the transmitting power of a single user to the base station is dn,n＝1,...N(dn> 1), individual user transmission power PnN is 1n,n＝1,...N(dnAttenuation after transmission of > 1) to Pndn -αWhere α is the pathloss coefficient.
1.1) probability of collision of periodic System
Considering a single user (target user), the remaining N-1 users are interference, and assuming that collision occurs when any 2 or more users occupy the same time slot and the same frequency channel (i.e. occupy the same time-frequency resource block), thereby causing the loss of the collided data, the probability of transmission failure for the target user is:
wherein, CiIndicating the ith carrierThe event is transmitted successfully and the event is transmitted successfully,
denotes all ncAll the carriers collide; after mathematical expansion, for each item, the opposite event is obtained:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
indicating that no collision occurs in all i carriers, can be expressed as a product of no collision with all carriers of the rest N-1 users, i.e. the carrier signals are not collided with each other
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the probability that the ith carrier wave of the user and all carrier waves sent by the jth user do not collide is represented; in the above equation (3), the former term on the right side of the equation represents the probability in the same time slot, and the latter term represents the probability in the same time slot but occupying different frequency bands, and in combination with equations (1) -3), the collision probability of the target user can be expressed as:
1.2) Collision probability of a bursty System
Firstly, new data generation of users is a poisson arrival process, the number of new data packets generated in any time slot tau is N (tau), the poisson distribution is obeyed, and the probability distribution is as follows
Since there is no different time slot in the case of a collision in a sudden system, formula (4) can be rewritten as follows in combination with formula (5):
it should be noted that, even though there are the same number of active users in each timeslot, not all the same users are necessarily present, so the average number of carriers of all users is taken
According to the theorem of large numbers, we can obtain:
in summary, the collision probability of the periodic system and the bursty system can be expressed as the number of carriers n of all users in the systemc,iNumber of users N, total bandwidth BW, bandwidth b, time domain period TbSlot length τ, function of packet arrival rate λ; period T of periodic systembThe length of (c) reflects the arrival rate of the packets, with longer periods yielding slower new packets and shorter periods yielding more frequent new packets.
2) According to the collision probability, combining the energy consumption of each user, and according to the distance d between the user and the base station, dividing different user grades, wherein each grade corresponds to different single carrier energy consumption and collision probability;
after the results of the formulas (4) and (7) are obtained, the invention provides a multi-user carrier allocation scheme based on the results to achieve the aims of saving the energy consumption of the system and averaging the service life of each user of the Internet of things. The specific distribution scheme is as follows:
due to path loss, each user transmission power needs to compensate corresponding loss to reach a receiving threshold, and in addition, considering that retransmission is needed after transmission failure, energy consumed by any user to successfully complete one-time transmission is as follows:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
indicating the probability of collision for the nth user,
indicates the expected number of retransmissions, EnIt represents the desire to consume energy, and can be adjusted by adjusting the number of carriers of a user in order to average the energy consumed by each user
Further, the energy consumption of each user no matter how far or near the user is close; is defined in formula (8)
Wherein c is0Is a constant such that
The collision probability on the left side of the equation can be changed by adjusting the number of carriers of the users, so that each user can meet the equation (9) as much as possible;
it should be noted that equation (9) cannot be made exactly equal in theory. Because of the distance d of the user from the base stationnIs a continuously valued variable, and the value on the right of the equation is fixed when the internet of things system determines; and the value on the left side of the equation is discrete because the number of carriers is discrete. Therefore, the invention provides a qualitative carrier number distribution method for each user, which ensures that the formula (9) approaches to be equal as much as possible or ensures that the size of each user is relatedIs consistent with the right of the equation; when the left and right approaches of equation (9) are equal, the energy consumed by any user to successfully complete one transmission tends to be equal.
In this step, equations (8) and (9) can be applied to a periodic system and a bursty system, and when applied to a bursty system,
are all replaced by
3) And (3) carrying out carrier number distribution according to the user grade, distributing less carrier numbers to users at a close distance, distributing more carrier numbers to users at a far distance, and determining the specific number by comprehensively calculating the collision probability and the energy consumption.
First, users are classified into different classes according to their distances from the base station. Users closer in distance are at a lower level, and users farther in distance are at a higher level; then, a smaller number of carriers are allocated to the lower rank users at the time of transmission, and a larger number of carriers are allocated to the higher rank users. The classification and the carrier number distribution need to satisfy the formula (9); the method specifically comprises the following steps:
suppose the cell farthest distance is dmaxConsider the range of distances (0.1 d)max,dmax) The users of (1) can be divided into M grades without loss of generality, wherein M is a natural number more than or equal to 1; the number of carriers is allocated as in table 1 below.
Table 1 geographical location dependent user carrier number allocation scheme
The division of distance d in Table 1 is calculated by equation (9) to obtain an approximate result, substituting n in the calculation processcIn the case of M, the distance d in the ith level of M levels ranges from xidmax≤d＜xi+1dmaxM, ═ 1,2.. M; adjusting the number of carriers ncSo that both sides of the equation (9) are equal, the value in the ith level is calculatedUpper limit x of di+1dmaxWith a lower limit xidmaxAnd then the coefficient x is obtainediCalculating a coefficient; finally, user grades divided by distance as shown in table 1 are divided, and the number of carriers n is distributed from small to largec。
Examples
For example: suppose the cell farthest distance is dmaxConsider the range of distances (0.1 d)max,dmax) Without loss of generality, 5 levels are divided and distributed according to the following table 2:
table 2 subscriber carrier number allocation scheme with geographical position dependence
The division of distance d in Table 1 is calculated by equation (9) to obtain an approximate result, substituting n in the calculation processcIn the case of 1, 5, approximate values of the distances d corresponding to 1 to 5 are obtained, and finally, the user classes divided by the distances as shown in table 1 are divided, and carriers are allocated from a small number to a large number.
In addition, for convenience of illustration, this example only lists 5 levels, and in practice, different systems may divide user levels of different degrees according to the amount of resources (e.g., frequency resources, time domain resources, etc.).
Referring to fig. 1, which is a transmission model of a random frequency division multiple access system, it can be seen that each user randomly selects a time slot and a frequency band for transmitting a data packet, and when carriers transmitted by two users occupy the same time-frequency resource block, the two carriers are considered to collide, and at this time, a base station cannot correctly receive signals of the two carriers, that is, two carriers corresponding to a2 and B2 in fig. 1; and the other two carriers a1 and B1 each occupy one resource block, so no collision occurs, and A, B two users can successfully transmit.
Without loss of generality, a system including 1000 users with a bandwidth of 24-120 kHz and a bandwidth of 1kHz per frequency band is considered, a time domain cycle includes 75 time slots, a path loss coefficient α is 3, a base station received signal power threshold is 100mW, a maximum distance is 20km, fig. 2-4 verify correctness of a collision probability result, and then compare the energy consumption and error rate performance of the invention with a conventional random access Aloha scheme, and the result is shown in fig. 5.
FIG. 2 shows a user using multiple carriers (n)c4) along with the change curve of the user number, and it can be seen from the graph that the collision probability of the users increases along with the increase of the total number N of the users; in addition, when the number of users is fixed, the larger the total bandwidth BW is, the smaller the corresponding collision probability is, because the number of total time-frequency resource blocks increases due to the increase of the bandwidth.
FIG. 3 shows collision probability with carrier number n when a user employs multiple carrierscCan be seen from the graph, n is increased at firstcThe probability of system collision will be reduced, however when ncWhen the number of carriers increases, the collision probability increases due to limited resources, so that it is important to select the number of carriers reasonably.
Fig. 4 is a variation curve of the collision probability of users in a bursty system with the total bandwidth BW, and it can be seen from the diagram that the increase of the bandwidth reduces the collision probability of users in the bursty system, and the increase of the total number of users leads to the increase of the collision probability, which is consistent with the periodic system.
Fig. 5 is a comparison of the variance of the user battery life time of the multi-carrier allocation scheme and the conventional slotted ALOHA scheme, and it can be seen that the scheme of the present invention is more advantageous than the ALOHA scheme in terms of average user energy consumption.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (4)
1. A collision probability-based random frequency division multiple access system multi-carrier allocation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) aiming at a periodic system, calculating the probability of collision of transmission carriers among users in the same base station,
calculating the probability that the ith carrier of the target user in the same base station and all carriers sent by the jth user do not collide
By passing
Calculating the collision probability P of the collision between the ith carrier of the target user and the carrier sent by the jth usercollision1(ii) a The above-mentioned
The formula (3) is shown below:
wherein, tau is the length of a time slot in the base station; t isbIs the time domain period of the periodic system, BW is the total bandwidth of the frequency domain in the base station, b is the width of a single frequency band, nc,jN, the number of carriers transmitted by the jth user, j being 1; n,. 1;
collision probability P of collision between ith carrier of target user and carrier sent by jth usercollision1The calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula, CiFor the i-th carrier successful transmission event, i 1,2c；ncIndicates the number of carriers transmitted by the target user,
denotes all ncAll the carriers collide;
by evaluating an independent event for each term in formula (1), as shown in formula (2) below:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
indicating that none of the i carriers collide,
represents the product of all carriers of the rest N-1 users without collision respectively, the combination formula (3) and the collision probability Pcollision1The calculation formula is as follows:
2) by collision probability Pcollision1Calculating the energy expectation E consumed by the target user to finish one-time data transmission in the base stationn，
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
a collision probability for the nth user;
indicating an expected number of retransmissions; pthA power threshold required for the base station to successfully receive the user's information;
in dnThe distance between the nth user and the base station; α is the path loss coefficient;
3) allocating different carrier numbers by users with different distances to a base station, so that the energy consumption expectation of a single user in the base station tends to be constant; is defined in formula (8)
The formula (2) is shown in the following formula (9),
in the formula, c0Is a constant such that
Let the farthest distance between a single user and the base station be dmaxConsider the range of distances (0.1 d)max,dmax) A user within; according to the distance between the single user and the base station, dmaxDividing M grades, wherein M is a natural number more than or equal to 1; different grades are allocated with different carrier numbers;
in step 3), the range of the distance d in the ith grade in the M grades is xidmax≤d＜xi+1dmaxM, ═ 1,2.. M; adjusting the number of carriers ncThe upper limit x of d in the ith level is calculated by equalizing both sides of equation (9)i+1dmaxWith a lower limit xidmaxWithin this range, n is allocatedcNumber of carriers.
2. The method for allocating multiple carriers in a random frequency division multiple access system based on collision probability as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number n of carriers transmitted by the jth user in step 1)c,jAnd n in step 1)cAre discrete data.
3. The method for assigning subcarriers in a random frequency division multiple access system based on collision probability as claimed in claim 1, wherein d in step 2)nIs continuous data.
4. The method for allocating multiple carriers in a random frequency division multiple access system based on collision probability as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 1), for a bursty system, the number of new data packets generated in any time slot τ is N (τ), and the probability distribution is as shown in the following equation (5):
the combination formula (4) is aimed at the collision probability P of collision between the ith carrier of the target user and the jth user transmission carrier in the burst systemcollision2The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
average number of carriers for all users
Combining the theorem of large numbers to obtain the collision probability Pcollision2The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
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