CN109366423B - Bolt tightening method - Google Patents
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- CN109366423B CN109366423B CN201811380127.5A CN201811380127A CN109366423B CN 109366423 B CN109366423 B CN 109366423B CN 201811380127 A CN201811380127 A CN 201811380127A CN 109366423 B CN109366423 B CN 109366423B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25B—TOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
- B25B27/00—Hand tools, specially adapted for fitting together or separating parts or objects whether or not involving some deformation, not otherwise provided for
- B25B27/14—Hand tools, specially adapted for fitting together or separating parts or objects whether or not involving some deformation, not otherwise provided for for assembling objects other than by press fit or detaching same
- B25B27/143—Hand tools, specially adapted for fitting together or separating parts or objects whether or not involving some deformation, not otherwise provided for for assembling objects other than by press fit or detaching same for installing wire thread inserts or tubular threaded inserts
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Abstract
Compared with the original bolt elastic region torque tightening method, the bolt tightening method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the bolt can achieve more stable clamping force after being tightened, the assembling precision of parts needing to be assembled and processed, such as a machine body, a connecting rod and the like, is ensured, the stability and the reliability of part assembly are improved, meanwhile, the bolt specification can be reduced as much as possible on the premise of ensuring the clamping force, the quality and the volume of an engine are reduced, and higher specific weight of the engine is pursued.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of engine bolt design and assembly, in particular to a bolt tightening method.
Background
At present, when an engine with a small cylinder diameter is designed, higher specific weight, namely smaller mass volume, is pursued to emit larger power. Therefore, the rigidity of the part design is much lower than that of a large engine, and the part design is more sensitive to the bolt pretightening force.
The conventional bolts are currently torque-tightened bolts used in the spring zone. The axial pretightening force generated by the bolt is obviously influenced by factors such as machining precision, roughness, lubricating conditions, tightening speed and the like of a friction pair, so that the control precision of the axial pretightening force is relatively low, and the pretightening force dispersion sometimes reaches +/-40%. When the friction coefficient is large, the minimum pretightening force cannot be ensured by tightening according to the specified torque; when the friction coefficient is too small, a prescribed tightening torque is reached, which may exceed the yield point of the bolt, and plastic deformation of the bolt occurs.
As shown in fig. 1, which is a 50-40-10 rule diagram of the prior torque tightening method, when the bolt is tightened, 50% of the torque is consumed on the friction of the end face of the bolt, 40% of the torque is consumed on the friction of the thread, and only 10% of the torque is used for generating the pre-tightening force. Since the torque tightening method is affected by external unstable conditions, the torque method in which the preload control is indirectly performed by controlling the tightening torque results in low accuracy of the axial preload control.
From the above analysis, 90% of the torque is consumed by the friction force, and only 10% of the torque is converted into the clamping force. External instability conditions have a great influence on the torque tightening method, possibly causing false torque.
As shown in fig. 2, in order to show the relationship between the pre-tightening force and the friction force in the conventional torque tightening method, as can be seen from fig. 2, most of the torque of the bolts used in the conventional torque tightening method is used to overcome the friction force, only a small part of the torque can be converted into the clamping force, and only large-sized bolts can be selected; the clamping force range obtained finally is large due to the interference of external factors and the same torque, and the hydraulic tension bolt cannot be adopted due to the space limitation of the small-cylinder-diameter engine. Therefore, important positions such as a main bearing hole, a connecting rod big head hole and the like which need to be assembled for a plurality of times are required, if a conventional torque tightening method is used, the fluctuation of the clamping force of each assembly is large, in order to reduce the influence of the fluctuation of the clamping force on the size and the processing quality of parts, the rigidity of a clamped part (such as a machine body, a connecting rod and the like) needs to be enhanced, and the specific weight of an engine is increased virtually.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a bolt tightening method, which is characterized in that a torque and angle turning method is adopted to tighten a bolt, after a rotating screw part reaches a specified attaching torque, the rotating screw part reaches a specified angle to realize the pre-tightening force among workpieces, so that the bolt can reach more stable clamping force after being tightened, the influence of the external environment on the clamping force of the bolt is reduced, meanwhile, the specification of the bolt is reduced as much as possible on the premise of ensuring the clamping force, and the designed engine is reduced in quality and volume and achieves higher specific gravity.
The bolt tightening method comprises the following specific steps: a bolt tightening method for tightening a bolt using a torque cornering method, comprising the steps of: s01), confirming the design clamping force of the bolt and the minimum clamping force F of the yield limit point of the boltmin=Vσ0.2minAS{1+3[3d2d0(p/πd2+1.155UGmax)/2(d2 2+d0 2)]}-1/2Where V is the utilization coefficient, σ0.2minAt a minimum of 0.2% proof stress, ASIs the effective cross-sectional area of the bolt, UGmaxFor maximum coefficient of friction, p is pitch, d2Is the middle diameter of the bolt, d3 is the small diameter of the bolt, d0Is the effective diameter of the bolt, d0=（d2+ d3) Design clamping force less than minimum clamping force Fmin(ii) a S02), determining the fitting torque and the corner of the torque-corner method, wherein the fitting torque is 30 percent FminThe method comprises the steps of obtaining a tensile force curve of a bolt through a bolt tensile force test according to corresponding torque, determining the using position of the bolt on the tensile force curve, finding out the deformation amount and the actual tensile force corresponding to the using position, determining the using times of the bolt, stretching the bolt to the deformation amount corresponding to the using position for multiple times according to the using times, verifying whether the clamping force obtained each time is stable or not, and ensuring that the position stretched by the last stretching bolt does not exceed the sigma2The rotation angle theta required by the torque angle method is calculated from the amount of deformation of the bolt at the position of use, the effective cross-sectional area of the bolt, and the thread pitch, theta =360 · Δ F/(P · k)b) Theta is a corner angle; delta F is the amount of change in the tensile force at the turning angle, i.e. the ultimate tensile forceThe value minus the corresponding tension value of the fitting torque, P being the pitch, kbIs the stiffness coefficient, k, of the boltb=E·ASL, E is the modulus of elasticity of the bolt material, ASIs the effective sectional area of the bolt, and L is the length of the bolt; s03), performing multiple assembly test verification on the tightening data obtained in the step S02 on the real object part, measuring the size of the assembled part for multiple times, and determining the attaching torque and the angle of the torque-angle method after the size of the part and the plastic elongation of the bolt meet the requirements.
Further, the specific step of step S03 is: s31), taking out 1 bolt subjected to heat treatment in the same furnace for physicochemical inspection, recording the yield limit of the bolts, ensuring that the yield limit of the batch of bolts is within an allowable range, and measuring the original length of the residual test bolts;
s32), tightening the test bolt on the real object part according to the joint torque and the corner obtained in the step S02 by using a torque-corner method, then detaching the test bolt, and measuring and recording the elongation of the bolt;
s33), according to the method of S32 and the calculated using times of the bolt, the bolt is stretched on the material part for multiple times, the length of the bolt is measured, and the elongation of each time is recorded;
s34), comparing the bolt elongation data verified by the assembly test with the curve obtained by the bolt tensile force test in the step S02, wherein the bolt length after the last test is not more than 2% of the original length elongation of the bolt, and the fitting torque and the rotation angle used in the test can be determined as the tightening data of the bolt by the plastic zone torque rotation angle method.
Further, in step S02, the use position of the bolt is determined at σ of the tensile force curve0.4-σ0.6If the bolt is used at σ0.4-σ0.5In between, the bolt can be used 4 times if the bolt is used at σ0.5-σ0.6In between, the bolt can be used 3 times.
Further, in step S32, it is necessary to apply thread grease to reduce the friction coefficient when the torque-angle method is used to tighten the bolt.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: compared with the original bolt elastic region torque tightening method, the bolt plastic region torque angle turning method provided by the invention has the advantages that the bolt can achieve more stable clamping force after being tightened, the assembling precision of parts needing to be assembled and processed, such as a machine body, a connecting rod and the like, is ensured, the stability and reliability of part assembly are improved, meanwhile, the bolt specification can be reduced as much as possible on the premise of ensuring the clamping force, the quality and the volume of an engine are reduced, and higher specific weight of the engine is pursued.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a 50-40-10 rule diagram of a prior art torque tightening method;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between pre-tightening force and friction force in the conventional torque tightening method;
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the tensile force curve of a bolt;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a tightening curve of a bolt;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the tensile force curve of the tensile force test in example 1;
FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing of the tensile force curve of bolt No. 1 in 3 tensile force tests;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the torque angle method and the fluctuation range of the torque method.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and specific embodiments.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 3, is the tensile force curve of the bolt, which is a function between the tensile force and the amount of deformation of the bolt. As can be seen from FIG. 3, the tensile force curve has a σ0.2The yield limit point is an elastic deformation area of the bolt before the yield limit point, and is a plastic deformation area of the bolt after the yield limit point, and in the elastic deformation area, if the elastic modulus is constant, according to hooke's law F = KX, the pretightening force F is only related to the bolt elongation X, and the elongation is in direct proportion to the angle degree, so that the influence factors are reduced by adopting a torque-angle method compared with a simple torque tightening method, the control on tightening is finished with high precision, and the utilization rate of materials is fully improved.
As shown in fig. 4, for the tightening curve of the bolt, the essence of the torque angle method is to control the elongation of the bolt, the axial pre-tightening force is in direct proportion to the elongation in the elastic range, and controlling the elongation is to control the axial force, and after the bolt starts to plastically deform, although the axial pre-tightening force and the elongation are not in direct proportion, the mechanical properties of the bolt when the bolt is stretched show that the axial pre-tightening force can be stabilized near the yield load and is relatively stable as long as the axial pre-tightening force is kept within a certain range. The torque cornering method is used by screwing the bolt into the plastic zone, not the elastic zone, because a greater pretension (as shown in fig. 3) and a more stable pretension (as shown in fig. 4) are obtained.
The bolt tightening method in the embodiment specifically comprises the following steps:
s01), determining the design clamping force of the bolt yield limit point.
Since the bolt in the plastic region does not conform to hooke's law in the elastic region, the clamping force cannot be directly calculated by the formula, but the clamping force of the bolt at the yield limit position can be calculated by the formula:
maximum clamping force of the plastic zone torque corner tightening bolt:
Fmax= Vσ0.2maxAS{1+3[3d2(p/πd2+1.155UGmin)/2d0]}-1/2
UGmin is the minimum friction coefficient, v is the utilization coefficient, ASIs the effective sectional area of the bolt; p is the pitch; d0Is the effective diameter (d) of the bolt0=（ d2+ d3) /2), d2 is the bolt pitch diameter, d3 is the bolt minor diameter, σ0.2max0.2% proof stress maximum;
minimum clamping force of plastic zone torque corner tightening bolt:
Fmin=Vσ0.2minAS{1+3[3d2d0(p/πd2+1.155UGmax)/2(d2 2+d0 2)]}-1/2
UGmaxis that the maximum coefficient of friction v is the coefficient of utilization, σ0.2minIs a minimum of 0.2% elastic poleThe stress is limited.
Yield limit sigma of bolts of different grades0.2Are respectively shown in the following table;
| properties of the Material | 8.8 | 10.9 | 12.9 |
| Minimum 0.2% proof stress [ N/mm2] | 640 | 940 | 1100 |
| Maximum 0.2% proof stress [ N/mm2] | 840 | 1060 | 1220 |
The design clamping force of the yield limit point of the bolt is less than FminThe value of (c).
S02), determining the fitting torque and the rotation angle of the torque rotation angle method
Firstly, taking the stress F at the yield limit point of the boltminThe torque corresponding to 30% of (a) is the engaging torque.
And secondly, determining the corner of the torque corner tightening through a bolt tensile test.
As shown in FIG. 5, the tensile tester data of a M22X1.5 bolt from elastic region to plastic region to stretch-break process, the tensile bending of a high-strength bolt made of alloy steel materialThe line trend is approximately the same. It can be seen graphically that above σ0.2After the yield limit there is a straight line (in the plastic region) that tends to flatten out, and the clamping force obtained in this range is very stable and is the position we prefer to reach after tightening the bolt. When the bolt is pulled to sigma5Is very close to the screw-off point. Stretching the bolt to sigma0.5(departure σ)0.2At a distance, into a relatively flat line) to σ2The position between (in the horizontal line, far from the screw-off point, safe) is most advantageous for obtaining a stable bolt clamping force. For example, when we stretch a bolt to σ0.58The bolt can be guaranteed to be used three times, the clamping force obtained each time is stable, but the deformation of the bolt exceeds sigma when the bolt is used for the fourth time2It is no longer safe and therefore the bolt can only be used three times.
Aiming at each bolt used in a plastic zone with different specifications, a bolt tensile force curve is obtained through a tensile force test, the using position of the bolt is determined in the tensile force curve, the deformation amount and the actual tensile force corresponding to the position are found, the bolt with the specification is stretched to the same deformation amount for multiple times according to the using times of the bolt after the using times of the bolt are finally determined, whether the clamping force obtained each time is stable or not is verified, and the position stretched by stretching the bolt for the last time does not exceed sigma2. And finally, calculating the rotation angle required by the torque rotation angle method according to the deformation of the bolt on the abscissa, the effective sectional area of the bolt and the thread pitch. See the following equation:
θ=360·ΔF/（P·kb）
theta is a corner angle;
delta F is the variable quantity of the stretching force at the corner, namely the stretching force value corresponding to the moment when the attaching torque is subtracted from the stretching force value at the final point; p is a screw pitch; k is a radical ofbIs the stiffness coefficient of the bolt.
Wherein k isb=E·ASThe elastic modulus of the bolt material is/L and E; a. theSIs the effective sectional area of the bolt; l is the bolt length.
In the present embodiment, the use position of the bolt is σ of the tensile force curve0.4-σ0.6If the bolt is used at σ0.4-σ0.5In between, the bolt can be used 4 times if the bolt is used at σ0.5-σ0.6In between, the bolt can be used 3 times.
S03), assembly test verification
And (4) carrying out a plurality of assembly test tests on the attachment torque and the corner obtained in the step (S02) on the real object part, measuring the size of the assembled part for a plurality of times, and determining the tightening data of the bolt by the plastic zone torque corner method, namely the attachment torque and the corner, after the size of the part and the plastic elongation of the bolt meet the requirements.
In this embodiment, the specific process of the assembly test on the real object part is as follows:
s31), taking out 1 bolt from the same heat treatment furnace for physical and chemical inspection, recording the yield limit, ensuring that the yield limit of the batch of bolts is within the allowable range, and measuring the original length of the residual test bolts.
S32), tightening the test bolt on the real part according to the joint torque and the corner obtained in the step S02 by using a torque-corner method, coating thread lubricating grease on the thread during assembly to reduce the friction coefficient, then disassembling, measuring the bolt, and recording the elongation.
S33), according to the method of the second section, the bolt is stretched a plurality of times on the material part based on the number of bolt uses calculated before, the length of the bolt is measured, and the amount of elongation at each time is recorded.
S34), the data of the bolt elongation verified by the assembly test is compared with the curve obtained by the bolt tension test in the step S02. And the length of the bolt after the last test is not more than 2% of the original length elongation of the bolt, and the fitting torque and the angle used in the test can be determined as the tightening data of the plastic zone torque angle tightening method of the bolt.
Compared with the original bolt elastic region torque tightening method, the bolt plastic region torque angle turning method provided by the invention has the advantages that the bolt can achieve more stable clamping force after being tightened, the assembling precision of parts needing to be assembled and processed, such as a machine body, a connecting rod and the like, is ensured, the stability and reliability of part assembly are improved, meanwhile, the bolt specification can be reduced as much as possible on the premise of ensuring the clamping force, the quality and the volume of an engine are reduced, and higher specific weight of the engine is pursued.
As shown in fig. 7, which is a schematic diagram of fluctuation ranges of the torque angle method and the torque method, it is verified through a large number of experiments that the fluctuation data of the clamping force of the bolt under different friction environments (friction coefficients of 0.1 to 0.14) under two different using and tightening methods, namely the elastic zone torque tightening method and the plastic zone torque angle method, is obtained, wherein the fluctuation range of the clamping force of the bolt under the elastic zone torque tightening method is ± 23%, and the fluctuation range of the clamping force of the bolt under the plastic zone torque angle method is ± 11%. The data demonstrate that bolts using the plastic zone torque angle method can achieve more consistent clamping forces.
The foregoing description is only for the basic principle and the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and modifications and substitutions by those skilled in the art are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A bolt tightening method, characterized by: tightening a bolt using a torque-angulation method, comprising the steps of: s01), confirming the design clamping force of the bolt and the minimum clamping force F of the yield limit point of the boltmin=Vσ0.2minAS{1+3[3d2d0(p/πd2+1.155UGmax)/2(d2 2+d0 2)]}-1/2Where V is the utilization coefficient, σ0.2minAt a minimum of 0.2% proof stress, ASIs the effective cross-sectional area of the bolt, UGmaxFor maximum coefficient of friction, p is pitch, d2Is the middle diameter of the bolt, d3 is the small diameter of the bolt, d0Is the effective diameter of the bolt, d0=（d2+ d3) Design clamping force less than minimum clamping force Fmin(ii) a S02), determining the fitting torque and the corner of the torque-corner method, wherein the fitting torque is 30 percent FminThe corresponding torque is obtained, and the tensile force of the bolt is obtained through a bolt tensile force testDetermining the use position of the bolt on a tensile force curve, finding out the deformation amount corresponding to the use position and the actual tensile force, determining the use times of the bolt, and stretching the bolt to the deformation amount corresponding to the use position for multiple times according to the use times to verify whether the clamping force obtained each time is stable or not, wherein the position stretched by stretching the bolt for the last time does not exceed sigma2The rotation angle theta required by the torque angle method is calculated from the amount of deformation of the bolt at the position of use, the effective cross-sectional area of the bolt, and the thread pitch, theta =360 · Δ F/(P · k)b) Theta is a corner angle; delta F is the variation of the stretching force at the corner, i.e. the corresponding stretching force value when the final stretching force value subtracts the fitting torque, P is the screw pitch, kbIs the stiffness coefficient, k, of the boltb=E·ASL, E is the modulus of elasticity of the bolt material, ASIs the effective sectional area of the bolt, and L is the length of the bolt; s03), performing multiple assembly test verification on the tightening data obtained in the step S02 on the real object part, measuring the size of the assembled part for multiple times, and determining the attaching torque and the angle of the torque-angle method after the size of the part and the plastic elongation of the bolt meet the requirements.
2. The bolt tightening method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the specific steps of step S03 are: s31), taking out 1 bolt subjected to heat treatment in the same furnace for physicochemical inspection, recording the yield limit of the bolts, ensuring that the yield limit of the batch of bolts is within an allowable range, and measuring the original length of the residual test bolts;
s32), tightening the test bolt on the real object part according to the joint torque and the corner obtained in the step S02 by using a torque-corner method, then detaching the test bolt, and measuring and recording the elongation of the bolt;
s33), according to the method of S32 and the calculated using times of the bolt, the bolt is stretched on the material part for multiple times, the length of the bolt is measured, and the elongation of each time is recorded;
s34), comparing the bolt elongation data verified by the assembly test with the curve obtained by the bolt tensile force test in the step S02, wherein the bolt length after the last test is not more than 2% of the original length elongation of the bolt, and the fitting torque and the rotation angle used in the test can be determined as the tightening data of the bolt by the plastic zone torque rotation angle method.
3. The bolt tightening method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step S02, the use position of the bolt is determined at σ of the tensile force curve0.4-σ0.6If the bolt is used at σ0.4-σ0.5In between, the bolt can be used 4 times if the bolt is used at σ0.5-σ0.6In between, the bolt can be used 3 times.
4. The bolt tightening method according to claim 2, characterized in that: in step S32, when the torque-angle method is used to tighten the bolt, thread grease is applied to reduce the friction coefficient.
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| CN113560860B (en) * | 2020-04-28 | 2022-05-13 | 北京福田康明斯发动机有限公司 | Bolt tightening method |
| CN112729789B (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-10-26 | 东风汽车集团有限公司 | Method for formulating and evaluating tightening process of plastic region of key bolt of engine |
| CN112710423B (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-08-17 | 东风汽车集团有限公司 | Method for measuring and evaluating clamping force of engine key bolt after test |
| CN113758626B (en) * | 2021-08-17 | 2023-06-02 | 江苏徐工工程机械研究院有限公司 | Torque corner method tightening process parameter determination and bolt tightening method |
| CN114251341A (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2022-03-29 | 华能新能源股份有限公司云南分公司 | High-strength bolt fastening method for wind turbine generator |
| CN114147475A (en) * | 2021-12-10 | 2022-03-08 | 航天科技控股集团股份有限公司 | Screw tightening system based on human-computer interactive six-axis robot and screw feeder |
| CN114029893A (en) * | 2021-12-16 | 2022-02-11 | 智沪铁路设备有限公司 | Bolt tightening method adopting electric torque wrench |
| CN115091178A (en) * | 2022-03-03 | 2022-09-23 | 湖南领湃达志科技股份有限公司 | Bolt tightening torque calculation and control method |
| CN115070399A (en) * | 2022-06-20 | 2022-09-20 | 常州远东连杆集团有限公司 | Internal combustion engine connecting rod bolt angle turning method screwing process |
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